I-Biograge
USaddam Hussein Abb Al-Majid ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe wadlale okuthunyelwe kombuso okuphezulu okuphezulu e-Iraq, kodwa wangena endabeni njengosopolitiki onzima, ka-1979-2003), esethole izinga eliphakeme kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwezwe lomdabu phakathi kwezindawo eziphakathi nendawo.
Kwaziwa ngezinguquko ezinkulu, izenzo zamasosha ne-Iran, zisebenzisa amabutho akhe ngesikhathi sempi yezikhali zamakhemikhali. Ngo-2003, lapho ukuhlaselwa kwabaholi bomhlaba lapho bebhekene nobumbano (i-USA, iBrithani enkulu) e-Iraq, uHussein wabhujiswa, futhi ngemuva kwalokho ukwenziwa okubulalayo kwajeziswa.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Iqiniso elihehayo yincazelo yegama - iSaddam, okusho ukuthi "Ukuphikisana" okuhunyushwe kusuka ku-Arabhu. Le yindlela kungenzeka kanjani ukuveza iqhawe lale biography. Ngokombono wokuqonda kwaseYurophu kwesibongo, lowo owayengumongameli wase-Iraq wayengekho. Igama elithi hussein igama likababa wakhe wendabuko, owayengenalo ingcebo namandla ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, futhi wayengumlimi olula ongenamhlaba.
USaddam wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 28, 1937 edolobheni laseTikrit, noma kunalokho, edolobhaneni elingumakhelwane lase-Al-Audja. Ngaphambi nje kokuvela kwakhe, uBaba Husbesien washona, wanyamalala noma enye yezinguqulo - waphonsa umndeni wakhe. Kukhona futhi umbono wokuthi usopolitiki wazalwa ngaphandle komndeni, kodwa lawa amahlebezi.
Ngaphambi kokuzalwa kombusi wesikhathi esizayo, umama kaSaddam wanenye indodana ebulawa umdlavuza eneminyaka eyi-12 ngesikhathi lapho lona wesifazane esesimweni esijabulisayo. Usizi olubi lwaholela ekucindezelekeni okujulile. Umama wayengafuni ngisho nokubheka umsolwa uHussein. Umfanyana iminyaka eminingana wakhuphula umalume wakhe komugqa womama, kepha ngemuva kokubekwa ejele, njengelungu lokwandulela okulwa nokwamakhosi, uHussein kwadingeka abuyele kunina.
Ngokwesiko labantu abangama-Arabhu, uma umyeni oshonile enomfowethu womdabu, umfelokazi waba ngumkakhe. Ngakho-ke kwenzeka kuMama weSaddam, owathatha umfowabo womfowabo kamuhle weHussein - u-Ibrahim Al-Hassan. Phenduzela ubaba onomusa wohlobo nokhanyayo unzima, waletha igxathu enonya futhi uyisiyalo esiqinile: ukushaya, ukuphoqelelwa ukusebenza kanzima kanzima. Lo mshado unezingane ezinhlanu (abafana kathathu namantombazane amabili).
Ubuntwana bukaHussein badlula ebuphofini obukhulu, esimweni sendlala engapheli. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ubaba otholwa waphoqa i-yunz ukweba izinkomo ngokuthengisa okwengeziwe emakethe. Ukuhlekisa okuvamile komfana kubeka umlolo ofanele esimweni sakhe, kodwa uSaddam akazange avale umphakathi. Wayenabangani abaningi, amaBuddies phakathi kweminyaka yobudala ehlukene yabantu.
UHursein onolwazi onesibindi wabhekana nokomela ulwazi, wacela ukuba uyise umzamo ukumnika khona esikoleni, kepha waphumula, angafuni ukuhlukana nabasebenzi abengeziwe. Lapho-ke umfana wanquma ukubalekela emzini waya emzini wakhe - umSulumane ozinikele, ubuzwe kanye nomthandi kaHitler, ngaleso sikhathi bashiya indawo yokuboshwa. KwakunguMalume owasiza umshana ukuthi abe naye eminyakeni evuthiwe.
ETikrita Saddam wahamba esikoleni. Imfundo akulula ngaye, ngoba eneminyaka eyi-10 Hussein ibingazi nokuthi ukufunda nokubhala kanjani. Ngamaqhinga amahlaya anesibindi nontanga nothisha, ukwephulwa kwesiyalo sombusi wesikhathi esizayo akafakwanga esikoleni.
Ngo-15, le nsizwa yabhekana nengcindezi enkulu - ukushona kwehhashi, okwakungumngane wakhe othembekile. Lokhu kwaholela ekukhubazekeni kwesandla somfana. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa kwadingeka ukuba aphathe uHussein. Kusukela ezinkumbulweni zeSaddama endala kuzwakale ukuthi wabe esekhala okokugcina empilweni yakhe.
Lapho uMalume Hayrallah ethuthela eBaghdad, umshana wanquma ukumlandela futhi wangena e-Authert Academy (1953), kodwa ngempumelelo. Ngonyaka olandelayo, uHussein ungena esikoleni sase-Al-Karh, lapho kutholakala khona imfundo yasekondari eseqedile.
Imisebenzi yeqembu
Ukuqala komsebenzi wezepolitiki kaSaddam Hussein kwakuhlangene kakhulu nokufunda kwakhe okwengeziwe. Isishoshovu sosencane sithweswe iziqu ekolishi "Hark", futhi kamuva sathola idiploma yommeli e-University of Cairo.
Ngo-1952, kwaqala ukuguqulwa kwaseGibhithe, umholi wawo waba ngu-Gamal Abdel Nasser. Le ndoda kwakunguHussein Kumir, isibonelo sokulingisa. Izenzo zokuguqula iholele ekhanda lokuhamba esikhundleni soMongameli waseGibhithe.
Ngo-1956, umbusi wase-Iraq wesikhathi esizayo wangena ezikhundleni zempi eziphikisana neKing Faisal II, kodwa isigcawu asiphumelelanga. Ngemuva konyaka, uHussein waba yilungu leParting Baas, futhi kakade ngo-1958, phakathi novuko olandelayo, inkosi yayisaqhubeka.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-21 ubudala, uSaddam waboshwa njengomsolwa lapho ebulawa kwesinye sezikhulu ezisezingeni eliphakeme labaphathi besifunda. Kungumbono wokuthi inqubomgomo kaMalume yanikeza umshana wakhe umsebenzi ukubulala umphikisi, afanele "agcwaliswe". Endaweni yesehlakalo, amaphoyisa endawo awatholanga ubufakazi obuthile, ngakho-ke ngemuva kokukhishwa kwezinyanga ezi-6 Husbesin kwathi esikhathini esizayo wabamba iqhaza ekusebenzeni okukhethekile kwe-Kasem General.
Ukutadisha e-University of Cairo (1961-1963), uSaddam wazibonakalisa njengosopolitiki osebenzayo, ethole udumo emibuthanweni efanele. Ngo-1963, iphathi yeBaas yanqoba umbuso we-CASEM, uHussein wabuyela endabeni yakhe yase-Iraq futhi wathola okuthunyelwe kwelungu eCentral Pourner Bureau. Ngokusho kwesishoshovu sosencane, abamele abaphambili be-Baan Party benze ngokunganaki imisebenzi eyabelwe kubo, futhi uHussein akazange anqikaze ukukhuluma emihlanganweni yama-Arabhu yendawo yonke. Ngokushesha, amaBaasist asuswa emandleni, futhi uSaddam waqala ukwakheka kwenhlangano yakhe.
Ngo-1964, kwavela ubuholi obusha beqembu (abantu aba-5), uHussein wangena wabasebenzi bawo. Abaholi banqume ukuthwebula i-baghdad, kepha umzamo wawuthweswe umqhele ngokuwa. Enye yezikhungo eziphambili, iSaddam, yafakwa ejele, kodwa ngo-1966 usopolitiki waphunyuka, kwathi ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa waba yiPhini likaNobhala Weqembu leBaas Party. I-spectrum yemisebenzi yakhe yayihlanganisa imisebenzi ehlobene nokuhlola imfihlo ekhethekile.
Ngo-1968, kwaqala, kwaqala ukuhambisana okulandelayo e-Iraq, kwathi ngo-1970, uHussein waba yiphini likamongameli wezwe. Ukuba nethonya elikhulu, waqhuba inqwaba yokuhlelwa kabusha engxenyeni ekhethekile yenkonzo. Umlingisi onzima kaHussein, owakhiwa ebuntwaneni, waboniswa ezindleleni zomsebenzi wakhe.
Bonke labo ababephikisana namanje bajeziswa ngesihluku: Ngezinye iziboshwa bahlekwa usulu, besebenzisa ukushaqeka kukagesi, i-acid, elenga, ubumpumputhe, ubudlova bocansi, nokuphoqelela okungafuneki ukubheka izihlobo zabo. Namuhla, lezi zisu e-Iraq, ngenhlanhla, zikhanseliwe, yize ezinye zazo zisaqhubeka nokusetshenziswa kweziphathimandla zasekhaya.
Ukuba nesimo somuntu wesibili wezwe, uHussein wakhokha ithuba lemibuzo enjengokuthi:
- Ukuqinisa inqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe.
- Ukufundwa kokubhala kwabesifazane kanye nabo bonke abantu.
- Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinkampani Ezizimele, ukwenziwa kwezindawo zasemakhaya.
- Umsebenzi webhizinisi ovuselelayo.
- Ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo ezahlukahlukene zemfundo, izibhedlela, amabhizinisi wezobuchwepheshe, njll.
ISaddam yaba umuntu odumile futhi othembisayo ezweni, lapho ethola inhlonipho phakathi kwabantu abalula futhi ethola ukuphefumula kwangempela kwezomnotho e-Iraq.
UMongameli we-Iraq
Ngo-1976, uHussein waqeda bonke abancintisana naye, wadala ibutho eliqinile ngomqondo "welungelo". Ngokushesha zonke izakhiwo ezibalulekile ze-State applatus, kufaka phakathi izinkonzo namabutho ahlomile, abikwe kusopolitiki aqinile.
Ngo-1979, umongameli wase-Iraq washiya phansi isikhundla sakhe, kwathi isikhundla sakhe samukela umuntu - uSaddam Hussein odumile. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokubusa kwakhe, waqala ukwakha amacebo aphezulu ngesimo sakhe somdabu, efuna ukumbona phakathi kwabaholi bezwe. Ngenxa yemithombo yezemvelo (i-oyili) yendawo yendawo yase-Iraq, kwaba khona ukuphetha ngezivumelwano namazwe ahlukahlukene nokungena ezingeni elisha lokuthuthuka.
Kepha uSaddam wayeyiqhawe ngendlela yabo, wayefuna ukuba naye futhi ahlele. Izimpi ezine-Iran, ezasungulwa nguHussein, kamuva kwaholela emnothweni wase-Iraq ezokwehla.
Kusukela ngo-1991 (isikhathi sangemva kwempi), izwe liye laqala laphenduka i-lair yokucekelwa phansi nendlala. Amadolobha angenawo ukudla, amanzi, "abusa" izifo zamathumbu ezahlukahlukene. Amaningi ama-Iraqis ashiya amakhaya abo efuna impilo engcono ngaphandle kwezwe. Ku-Hussein, u-Davilo UN, futhi uMongameli waphoqeleka ukuba enze isivumelwano sokuvuma kwamafutha okuthumela ngaphandle.
Isikhathi sokubusa kweSaddam sihlotshaniswa nabantu abehlukene ahlukanisa. Abanye ngokuziqhenya bathi wayengumbusi omkhulu owanikela ngokulondeka kwabantu bakhe, abanye, kunalokho, bagxeka umongameli ngesihluku, kanti okwesithathu kuyikhaya nje.
Ukuhlaselwa kwethu
Ngo-2003, i-United States ihlangana emhlanganweni onobumbano nabaholi bomhlaba ukuze bayogumbuqela amandla eSaddam Hussein e-Iraq. Kwahlelwa umsebenzi wamasosha, wahlala iminyaka eminingi (2003-2011).
Izizathu zokuhlasela kwebutho laseMelika liye e-Iraq Territory lingabizwa ngokuthi okulandelayo:
- Ukuxhumana kwe-Iraq nobuphekula bamazwe aphesheya.
- Ukubhujiswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali (ifektri yasebenza e-Iraq).
- Lawula amadiphozithi kawoyela wezwe.
UMongameli wase-Iraq waphoqeleka ukuba agijime afihle njalo emahoreni amathathu ezindaweni ezahlukene, kodwa ngo-2004 watholakala edolobheni laseTikrit futhi waboshwa. Emasizini asenkantolo eBaghdad endaweni lapho amabutho ahlomile e-United States akhona, uHussein wethulwa ngamacala amaningi: Izindlela ze-Antichelovic zikahulumeni, ubugebengu bempi, ukubulala amaShites ayi-148, njll.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
USaddam Hussein washada amahlandla amane. Izinqumo zakhe zokuqala kwakuyintombazane egama linguSadhid, okwadingeka ukuba nomzala. Wazala uHursein emshadweni wezingane ezinhlanu: amadodana amabili (dyuwu nokuluma) namadodakazi amathathu (uRagad, uHalu nesilolo). Le nyunyana yahlelwa ngabazali bezingane lapho uHussein eneminyaka emihlanu kuphela ubudala. Isiphetho sazo zonke izingane kanye nomzukulu walowo owayengumongameli wangaphambili wase-Iraq (ebulawa).
Umshado wesibili wommemezeli wabanjwa ngo-1988. I-porinering futhi indoda eyayibanjwa yathandana nonkosikazi womqondisi wezindiza. Uphakamise umyeni walokho othandekayo wakhe wehlukanise umkakhe ngokuthula. Kwathi kwenzeka.
Ngo-1990, uHussein washada okwesithathu. UMnyuziyamu wakhe wayengowesifazane ogama lakhe linguNidal Al-Hamdani, kodwa akakwazanga ukugcina ubuntu obunenkululeko endaweni yokuhlala yomndeni.
Ngo-2002, "uYise wabantu" abuye ashade. Kulokhu, indodakazi ka-27, u-Iman Hulash yaba uthando lwakhe. Ngalesi sikhathi, izithuthuthu ziqala yi-United States, ngakho-ke ziphawula umshado ngokuzwakalayo nangokubabanjelwa kabanzi kwakungenjalo. Umkhosi wabanjwa embuthanweni othule, onobungane.
Mayelana nokufika kothando lwe-Iraq Ruler Go Legends. Kuthiwa amantombazane anqabile uMongameli wakudala ngokusondela, adlwengulwe futhi abulawa. Emlandweni wempilo yomuntu siqu yomuntu ophikisana naye, owesimame ogama lakhe linguMacicia Khater waphawulwa. Uveze ukuthi umshado wabo womphakathi wahlala iminyaka engu-17, kodwa uHussein wacela ukuba abambe ubuhlobo babo ngasese. Kukhona nezinye izintokazi eziveze ukuthi zinezingane ezivela eSaddam, kodwa manje kunzima ukukufakazela.
Abalingani bakaHussein bebelokhu bemthatha njengomfazi osemthethweni nazhid kuphela, naphezu kokuzilibazisa njalo kanye "nemishado yokucabanga" yabalingani babo.
Ukushona
Ngo-2006, umbusi wakudala we-Iraq wagwetshwa isigwebo sentambo ngokulengiswa. NgoDisemba 30, wathathwa wabeka ukubulawa kwalaba. Ngaphambi kokushona kukaHussein, wahlaselwa ngezinhlamba ezahlukahlukene waze wamkhafulela eceleni konogada bakaShiitov. USaddam wazama ukwenqaba, eqiniseka ukuthi wayefuna ukusindisa izwe, kodwa ngemizuzu yokugcina wayene-prii futhi waqala ukuthandaza.
UHussein akazange ahlupheke, ukufa kwakhe kwaphela ngaso leso sikhathi. Umbukiso owesabekayo wakwazi ukudubula kuvidiyo kusuka ocingweni wedwa kusuka konogada (kunezithombe), ngakho-ke ukwenziwa komuntu onomlando okhanyayo wabona umhlaba wonke. Abezindaba baphendulwa nguMongameli wase-Iraq eDestot, kusho umashiqela oqinile, emthethweni wobubi, okwakudingeka alwe nabo.
Ngemuva kwekufa kwakhe, kwavela amahemuhemu avela kutsi bekungekho mbumbulu, neSaddamu siyaphila. Kwabuye kwathiwa uHesein wafa ngo-1999, futhi esikhundleni sakhe ezweni, imithetho yamawele, eyayingakwazi ukuletha izwe ngokwanele kule nkinga nokunqoba impi. Ngalesi sihloko encwadini ye-Latif Yahai, eyayiyi-Iraq Kombat, umqondisi uLee Takamaori ngonyaka ka-2011, yahlunga ifilimu elibizwa nge- "Devil's Double".