I-Biograge
USaladine ungumbusi waseGibhithe noSyria, owayehlala ngekhulu le-XII. Ummeleli wokuqala wobukhosi be-Ayubid, owangena endabeni njengenhloko yezempi yokumelana namaSulumane kuma-Knights-Crusaders.
Umholi wesikhathi esizayo weMuslim Middle East wazalwa ngo-1138 eTikrit. Umkhulu noyise womfana bebevela emthonjeni wamaKurds futhi bakhonza emapholosheni aseTurkic-Aramu ngamaphoyisa, kodwa umfana kusukela ebuntwaneni bekukusayensi, hhayi ekuqeqeshweni kwezempi. Wafunda i-algebra, iJiyomethri, ikakhulukazi, wayejwayelene ne-euclide ne-Almagest. Kepha ngaphezu kwakho konke, uSaladin wayenesifiso sezimfundiso ze-Islam. Le nsizwa icaphune noma kuphi kusuka kuHamas, iqoqo lezinkondlo zababhali bama-Arabhu, kanye nemisebenzi nge-Abu Tammama. USaladine walithanda iScakunov futhi wayazi okuningi ngabo. Wahlasela ohlwini lozalo lwabantu futhi wawuphindisela umlando wanoma yiliphi iqhawe lesikhathi esedlule noma samanje.
Ukucabanga ngekusasa lomhlaba, le nsizwa ngonembeza yazimisela ukuba iqale umsebenzi wezempi. USaladina usevele ekhathazekile ngesiphetho somhlaba wama-Arabhu eminyakeni yokuqala, okwamvikela uyise kanye nomkhulu wakhe. Umalume Asad Ad-Din Shirkuh uba ngumeluleki wokuqala wensizwa ekufundiseni icala lezempi. ISaladin ikwazile ukuthi ingene kwabayishumi abaphezulu bamaqhawe anamandla webutho i-Amir Damaseku Nur-ad-dina.
Ngemuva kokuqala kwama-crusade ngo-1096, amaSulumane ahlala afunwa ukudedela idolobha elingcwele elingafanele, lapho ukunyuselwa komprofethi u-Muhamed esibhakabhakeni sesikhombisa kwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, ababusi abangama-Arabi balwela umzabalazo ovuthayo kanye nama-crusaders ilungelo lokuthola iJerusalema, futhi le mpi selibe yincazelo yempilo kaSaladin.
Ngo-26, uSaladine wabamba iqhaza emkhankasweni weCairo wenkululeko wamasosha kamalume wakhe. UShirkuh wasiza ukubuyiselwa kweBhodi Yama-Visier aseGibhithe aseShevara, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye wahlela ukuthathwa okwengeziwe kwezindawo zombuso. Isimo esinjalo sezinto asizange sivumelane nombusi, futhi wacela usizo eJerusalema inkosi yase-Amori Mina. Umkhosi weShirkuha wayesenkanyelweni yeBilbeis, lapho umphikisi aqala khona ukuwela. I-Saladine kulezi zimpi zahlonipha amakhono ezempi, kanye nekhono lokucabanga ngamasu.
Njengoba sengikhanyise ukuvinjezelwa kwezinyanga ezintathu, amaqhawe aseShevara, kanye nama-crusaders, abuyela ogwadule, otholakala entshonalanga neGiza. USaladin wakwamukela umyalo wephiko elifanele lebutho, futhi ngemuva kokuba impi yegazi ehlulekile yanqoba isitha, yaxosha amaqhawe aye emasimini angashubile amahhashi. I-Shirchuch yaphuma empini ngumnqobi, kodwa ngokulahlekelwa okuphezulu komuntu.
Indawo yokungenisa izikebhe ezisindile nokuzithoba kwinzuzo yabathintekayo, yaba inhloko-dolobha yaseGibhithe, kanti uSaladin noShirkuh bahlala e-Alexandria. Ngemuva kweminyaka emine, ama-Crusaders avuma ukushiya iGibhithe. Ngemuva konyaka, uShevar wathunjiwe wabulawa yimpi kaShirkuha, kwathi uSaladin wathatha indawo yakhe. Umbusi waseNur-Ad-Dean, owayekade elalele iqhawe elinesibindi, aligculisekile ngosawoti kaSaladin, kodwa ngokushesha umbusi amabili wathola ulimi olujwayelekile.
Indikimba Ebusayo
Ngo-1174, uNur-Ad-Dean wafa ngokuzumayo ukusuka e-angina enamandla e-angina, futhi i-Sultan Egypt yakwazi ukuba yi-Amir Damasku nombusi weSyria. Kusetshenziswa ukuphazamiseka kwezepolitiki ezindabeni zomholi olahlekile weDamaseku, kanye namandla okuhlasela, i-saladine yamukelwa njengenhloko yombuso nokhokho we-Ayubid Dynasty. Ukuhlanganisa umhlaba iGibhithe neSyria, uSaladin waba umbusi wensimu enkulu kunazo zonke eMiddle East.
Ukuze uqinise amandla abo, i-saladin isebenzise izihlobo eziseduze kuzo zonke izikhala zombuso. Umkhuzi wadala ibutho lesimanje, elalingalingani ngaleso sikhathi, laqinisa i-flotilla. Ukuguqulwa kombuso kanye nebutho likaSaladin kwamenyezelwa impi nenkundla engalungile eyayihlala eMalaya Asia. Umakhelwane onjalo wethukile yi-Emperor Byzantium Alexey I futhi waphoqa ukuthi acele usizo nokuvikelwa ku-Pope.
Ukulwa
Impi yokulwa ne-crusaders, eyayihlala eJerusalema, yaqala uSaladin ngo-1187, lapho isivele idale umbuso onamandla ezungeze insimu yedolobha elingcwele. Amabutho angenakuphikwa ahlanganisa abacibisheli abahlukahlukene, ubuciko behhashi kanye nezinsana, ngalesi sikhathi bathola ukunqoba okukhulu.
Ukusebenza kwamasosha okuqala okuhlose ama-knights kwakuyimpi yeKhattin. Ngenxa yeqhinga elakhiwe kahle, ukugcotshwa kwabaseYurophu emasimini angenakunqotshwa, amaSulumane ahumusha ngaphezu kwengxenye yebutho lesitha futhi athumba ama-kneity ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20. Ama-crusaders asezingeni eliphakeme ashaye onqobayo, kanye ne-Commander-in-induna yebutho laseYurophu.
Ngemuva kokunqoba eduze kweLake Lake, i-saladin yathatha i-acre ne-jaffu, amadolobha asePafestini, ayengaphansi kokulawulwa kwama-knights. Emva kwalokho, ekwindla ka-1187, amabutho e-saladin angena eJerusalema, namandla edolobheni adlulela kwabalandeli be-Islam. Ngemuva kokugujwa kokunqoba uSaladin wakwazi ukugcina ubuso bomuntu: Iziboshwa eziningi zashiya impilo futhi zivunyelwe ukuhambela izindawo ezingcwele zaseJerusalema. Kusukela kumaKristu, wafuna eyodwa kuphela - hhayi ukukhulisa inkemba kumaSulumane.
Kepha iVatican yayingeke inikele, futhi amalungiselelo aqala umkhankaso wesithathu wama-crusaders, owaqala ngo-1189 ngaphansi kobuholi bababusi be-England - Inkosi uRichard Lion Heart, iFrance - I-Philip II neJalimane - Emperor Fryrich I. AbaseYurophu abakwazanga ukuthola imvume futhi ekuqaleni baxabana kakhulu kodwa ngemuva kokushona koMbusi WaseJalimane kanye nokuwa kwamabutho akhe ngasohlangothini lwamaKatolika, kuphela amabutho amabili asele.
Ekuqaleni, amaKristu aze anqoba. Ngo-1191, ngemuva kokuthatha idolobha lase-Acra, uFilip II waphuthuma ukubuyela ekhaya, washiya inkosi yesiNgisi iyodwa nebutho laseSaracinov.
USaladine akazange azenze alinde isikhathi eside kwathi ngoSepthemba 7, ngo-1191 wenza umsebenzi wezempi nedolobha lase-Arsufe. Ukuvuselelwa kwamabutho amabili kwaphela ngonyaka ngokusayina isivumelwano, esihlinzeke ngokuphila okungekho emthethweni kwezinkolo ezimbili ezweni laseJerusalema ngamandla amaSulumane. USaladin wahlonipha izindawo zobuKristu futhi waze wathandaza ebhokisini leNkosi. Lapho iBhodi likaSultan lalingabhujiswa yiliphi ithempeli lobuKristu.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
I-Saladine, njengomSulumane weqiniso, yayiqukethe abafazi abaningana, kepha amagama abo ayengagcinwanga ezinkomani. Kuyaziwa ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi ngemuva kokushona komfelokazi kaNur Ad-Dina Sultan, u-ALMAT al-Dean Hatun waba ngumfasi wombusi olandelayo. Kuye, uSaladin wazalelwa amadodana amabili - uGazi no-DAUD.Sekukonke, ngemininingwane yomlando, uSaladin wayenabafazi abangu-4 noma aba-5, hhayi ukubala izancinzana. Ngokomthetho wawuthathwa njengezingamadodana ayi-17.
Ukushona
USaladine wahamba emgomweni wakhe - ukubuyisa i-caliphate yase-Arab. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ngasekupheleni kuka-1192 kwaqala amalungiselelo omkhankaso wokuya eBaghdad. Kepha ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari 1193 ngokuzumayo gijima.
Isizathu sokugula kwakuwumkhuhlane ophuzi. NgoMashi 4, uSaladine washona ngokuzumayo enhlokodolobha yaseSyria. Izifiso zika-Asultan zahlala zingaziwa, futhi uMbuso wabahlangene wawuhlukaniswe amadodana ngemuva kokushona kwakhe ezindaweni eziningana.
Ukukhumbula
Isithombe seqhawe elikhulu kanye nomnqobi, ababhali abaphefumulelwe kaninginingi kanye nama-cinematographs ukudala imisebenzi yobuciko. Omunye wabantu baseYurophu bokuqala abakhanga ubunikazi bakwaSaladin kwakunguWalter Scott, owadala incwadi ethi "Talisman". Umsebenzi wawususelwa encazelweni yokuhamba kokugcina kwamaKristu aseJerusalema nase-biography kaSaladin.
Embonini yamafilimu, igama le-Commander litholakala kwifilimu elithi "umbuso wezulu", okubuye kwanikelwe emzabalazweni wama-crusaders anamaSulumane anamaSulumane. Umlingisi we-Arab uGassan Masswood, owahlulela isithombe, unokufana okukhulu kwangaphandle nomlingiswa ongokomlando, wakhuluma njengoSultan waseGibhithe. Futhi ngo-2004, uchungechunge lwe-saladin animated uchungechunge, amaqhawe awo ayenesibindi sabantu baseGibhithe naseSyria abaholwa ngumbusi omncane nohlakaniphile.