I-Biograge
Emeran Ivanovich Pugachev - umholi weNational Uprising kanye neMpi Yezokubutha 1773-1775. Umkhohlisi owazikhiphe yena ngombusi uPeter III.
Imvuthuko yesikhathi esizayo yazalwa ngonyaka we-1742 edolobhaneni laseZimovoye (manje isifunda seVolgograd) emndenini wakwaDon Cossack. Abantu abahlala ezweni le-Don esifundeni babenomsindo wothando. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-110 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kuka-Emelyan, owandulelayo wavela lapha - uStepan Rabin. Umkhulu uPugacheva wayegqoka igama lesidlaliso uMikhail Pugach, awela esisekelweni segama lokugcina. Emndenini wabazali baka-Ivan Ivan Mikhailovich no-Anna Mikhailovna, indodana yabahlali bedemoni namadodakazi amabili yavuswa - u-Ulya naseFedosya. UPugachevs wazibiza ngokuthi ama-Orthodoxy, ngokungafani nabahambi - abahlukumezanayo.
Ngo-1760, le nsizwa yangena enkonzweni yavele yangena emkhankasweni wamasosha walwa noPrussia. Izihlobo ezivakashelwa ngezikhathi ezithile, i-pugachev yavakashela izimpi zeminyaka eyisikhombisa nezaseRussia-Turkey. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-10, u-Emelnan waqokwa esimweni sezibonakaliso, kodwa, wakhonza kulo nyaka we-range, wahamba wayogijimela emaphethelweni aseNyakatho Caucasus. Kwanikezwa ithuba elinjalo ngemuva kwesifo esithathelwanayo, okwakuyimbangela yokuthumela kwakhe ikhaya. Ukululama, u-Emeran uguqula nomyeni nemisho yomyeni wakhe uSi. Pavlov ukuba abe yi-Deserders.
-Nenkungu
Isizathu sokuvukela imizwa, u-Emelnan Pugachev wabekwa ngaphansi kwawo, wawukwamukelwa ngo-1762 umyalo we-Imperial "ezivalweni zobukhosi". I-Serfdom ilungiselelwe eminye iminyaka eyi-100. Ngaleso sikhathi, zonke izindawo zaseRussia zezindawo, abathengisi kanye nabalimi abagijimayo bezikhula kulo lonke elaseRussia. Abantu abayizigidi ezingaphansi kwesigidi baye bethukile, kepha isikhundla sakhe asikashintshi. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezendlalelo ezicindezelekile zabantu kanye nabanini bomhlaba kwabizwa. I-Pugachev, njenge-expression yemibono yabantu, yathatha isikhundla salowo mholi, okwazile ukusondela ephusheni elimpofu leFree State.
U-Emelynan Ivanovich uhlala efudukela, akusathuthukisi endaweni eyodwa. Imvamisa, i-Cossack Resorts amanga, ibizwa uma kunesidingo lapho kunesidingo esidala noma i-splitter, kodwa kuvame ukuba yimicikilisho emikhakheni yobuqaba. I-Pugachev iminyaka emithathu ivakashele i-ChergeiGov, eGomeli, emazweni asePoland, emfuleni i-IRGIZ, yayihlala emadolobhaneni ama-cossacks we-terek kanye nama-cossacks-Nekrasovtsev.
Ngo-1773, ePugachev, ngemuva kokuhlubuka okungaphumelelanga, kwaboshwa kanye nangesinqumo somhlangano oyimfihlo ezindabeni zikahulumeni, watholwa enecala lokuphila kwethusi edolobhaneni lasePhelim. Kepha kusukela ekuthungeleni kwejele kwabaleka ngempumelelo ehlobo lonyaka.
Isiphetho
U-Emelnan wezwa ngokuvinjelwa kokuvundulwa kwezindawo zokuvuselelwa kwezindawo ezihamba phambili futhi waphuthuma kuma-Urals ukuze azikhiphe uPeter III futhi abe yinhloko yamasosha amaCossack amabutho oMbusi. I-Pugachev yanquma ukuhlanganisa ibutho eliqinile ukuze lidlulele ezweni lamahhala lesikhumba futhi lapho ukuze lihlale nezindawo zokugcina. IMISEBENZI I.N. Zarubin-Chika, M.G.Shigayev, T.K.Myasnikov, D.K. Karavayev, M.A. Gozheyev, M.A. Gozheyev, m.A. Gozhevnikov ulungiselele inganekwane yalowo umholi futhi waqala ukubiza i-Ataman Petru III.
Isikhundla esidayisayo siphupha ngokwakha umbuso wamahhala - umlimi we-losser, ekhanda lawo azoma inkosi yenkosi. Ukubukwa okungenangqondo kwePugachev kwathola impendulo ezinhlizweni zezindawo zokungagculisiswa agculisekile kanye nabantu abampofu abacindezelekile.
I-Pugachev iya emgomweni oyinhloko, isebenzisa ubudlova, ukungahambisani, udlame olubi olungenangqondo nabanini bomhlaba kanye nezempi. Ngenxa yobugebengu nokudalulwa, ukuvalwa kwa-Don Ataman kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yiqembu lezigelekeqe. Imithombo yomlando ayivumelani ngombono wokuthi ngabe uPugachev wayeyisivakashi esamukelekayo emadolobheni nasemizaneni evakashelwa nguye, noma abantu besaba lesi sihlubuki. Mayelana nokufihlwa kwemibhalo endabeni yePugachev bunt iminyaka engaphezu kuka-200, amaqiniso amaningi asafihlwa yizomlando.
Impi Yempi
Ekwindla ka-1773, kuhlelwe amasosha amakhulu amabutho ePugachev, okwakumele axhase ama-serfs. U-Emelnan wayesekelwe emiphakathini kazwelonke yeBashkirov, amaTatar, Kazakh, amaKazakhs, eKazakhs, ngaleyo ndlela edumisa inzondo uhulumeni waseRussia. Ebuthonyeni bebutholi, iqhawe labantu baseBashkir babulala uSalavat yulaev kanti amabutho akhe basiza iqhawe labantu baseBashkir.
Umkhohlisi waphathwa ebusika bama-1773 ukuqoqa amabutho ayizinkulungwane ezingama-25, e-Arsenal lapho kwakukhona izibhamu ezingama-86 kanye nezinto zokuhlinzekwa ze-Ural zezempi. ENhloko yenhlangano yezempi kwakumi uMkhandlu, owayebandakanyeka ekuxazululeni izinkinga zezempi, ezepolitiki nezenhlalo ezikoleni zamavukelambuso. "Imfihlo ye-Duma" ePugacheva yayisePugacheva eBerdy Sloboda, okubangelwa yilokho okwasatshalaliswa yiwo wonke amamaki athunjiwe e-manifesto anezithembiso ezilingayo egameni likaMbusi uPeter III.
Ngezinzuzo zenhlangano ezisobala zePugachev, wenza amathuba amaningana amasu athonya umphumela wokuvukela umbuso. Umuzi wokuqala, owathatha izihlubuki, waba yidolobha lase-Naitsky, khona-ke uPal Orenburg. Ukusula izindawo ezisenyakatho, i-pugachev ithumba izitshalo zezempi, ngaleyo ndlela zinikeze amabutho abuciko. Ibutho le-cossack elihlomile liyehlela ezindaweni eziphansi zeVolga, kuyo yonke imizi ematasa yahlangana nabantu ababingelela inkosi.
Udondolo olunqobayo lwakwazi ukudonsa i-Pugachev ngezindleko zokuthembisa kwakhe ukuqedwa kweSerfdom kanye nokunciphisa ama-Shaver. Insimu embozwe nguPising ikhule isuka entshonalanga yeSiberia iya eSikonke YasePerm, esifundazweni saseTambov futhi yehlela ezindaweni eziphansi zeVolga. I-Pugachev yathumba idolobha laseSaransk, uPenza, uSaratov, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, Krasnoufimsk. I-Ataman yasungulwa amandla ku-magnetic, karaga, petropavlovsk, i-steppe ne-Trinity Fortress. Kepha labo abasele ngemuva kwesifunda saseVolga baba yi-Springboard ukuze baphendule amabutho kahulumeni kubavukeli.
Ekupheleni kwehlobo lika-1774, amabutho e-Michelson anqobe izikolo eziseduze naseTsaritsyn, eguqula isitha ukubalekela ogwini lolwandle lweCaspian. Kuma-ruble ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu, i-pugachev yakhaphela ozakwabo F. F. E.KUKUMOKOV, I.p.feduleveau kanye ne.A.Indlela yeSifunda saseVolga, eduze komfula, isiboshwa esikhulu, umholi wabavukeli uyaboshwa.
I-Pugacheva ibekwa ekhejini, lapho kungenzeki ukuqeda konke ukukhula, futhi kuleli fomu, ngaphansi kweConvider of Alexander Suvorov, ukuletha enhlokodolobha. Icala lomkhohlisi nezimvuni zakhe zibandakanyeke enkantolo yeSenate. Isigwebo sentambo sihlanganiswa mathupha nge-EMPress Catherine II. Ngaphezu kwe-Emely Pugacheva, A. P. Pugchav, M. G. Shigayev, T. I. Pryrov, V. I. Tornov ugwetshwe ngekota.
Umphumela weZithuthuthu zeMpi Yempi kwakuwukubhujiswa kwemindeni engaphezu kuka-3 000 ehlekisayo, izitshalo ezingama-60 ze-Ural. Izinqaba zezempi zacekelwa phansi, amasonto ama-Orthodox aphangwa futhi abhujiswa, kwashiswa amadolobha. Ama-Pugachev Cossacks ayengonomusa ukubaka izikhulu zikahulumeni, wadlwengula omkawo namadodakazi abo. Abavukeli babulele abapristi, kanye nabantu abalula, ngaphandle komnene noma izingane, noma abantu abadala. Amacala enziwa emphakathini enkantolo. Umgomo kaPugachev awufinyeleli, uphuthume ebugebengwini begazi.
Impi yabampofu yathusa ngempela lesi sihloko esiseRussia. Uhulumeni futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, iNdlovukazi yaseCatherine II sebethathe izinyathelo ezeqile zokuqeda inkumbulo yabavukeli kubantu. Idolobhana lapho u-Emelthan azalwa edluliselwe kwenye indawo futhi wathola igama likaPotemkin. UMfula iYaik uqanjwe kabusha ngama-urals, kanye nama-cossacks we-yaitkaya - kuma-urals. I-Zaporizhia Schish yaphela ukuthi ikhona njengemfundo enobungozi eyunivesithi. Izindawo eziningi ze-Cossack zidluliselwe kude nendawo futhi zihlukaniswe.
Ukushona
Ngemuva kokuthi icala lokuqulwa kwecala lasePugachev kanye nabangane abane bagwetshwe iziteshi. Kepha ukubulawa okunokhahlo okungaqondile kwancishiswa, kwathi ngoJanuwari 10, 1775, esiqwini soBolotnaya sazo zonke izihlanu kwanqunywa ikhanda kuqala, wabe esephuthuma.Ngaphambi kokubulawa kuka-Emely Pugachev kwazola, wahlale ubhapathizwa kuwo wonke amacala amane, emakhetheni, abonakala kude, futhi acele intethelelo evela kubantu abangama-Orthodox.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1760, u-Edulnan Pugachev wathatha umfazi kaSophia Dmitmieving Nawhyuzhezhev, ongowokuzalwa edolobhaneni lase-Esalovskaya. Kepha kungekudala abasanda kushada bathunyelwa empini nePrussia, futhi lowo oshade naye wahlala ekunakekeleni abazali bakhe. Ngemuva kokubuya kwesikhashana kwesikhashana esitokisini ezweni lakubo ngo-1764, izibulo - indodana trofim izalwa emndenini. Kamuva, uSophia wabeletha izingane eziningi ezimbalwa, kepha yindodakazi eyodwa ka-Alathen naseChristine, ngo-1768 no-1770 kwasinda iminyaka eyi-1770. Ngemuva kwendiza yasePugachev ezikhubeni ze-yaitsky, ekugcineni wahlukana nomkakhe nezingane futhi waqala ukuhola indlela yokuphila yamahhala.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1774, efika edolobheni lase-EmelySky, u-Edely Pugachev wadonsela ukunaka entombikazi intombazane u-Utiny Kuznettov, indodakazi yesikhukhula sendawo, eyayineminyaka engu-17 ubudala. I-Pugachev yathumela umenzi womdlalo endlini kamakoti izikhathi eziningana, kodwa isikhathi ngasinye lapho ethola ukwenqaba. Ekugcineni, i-Ataman yanquma ukubanjwa u-Untretyni ngamandla nobuqili, kwathi ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari, umshado wenzeka esontweni lendawo.
Ngemuva komshado, intombazane yahlala "emagcekeni asebukhosini" futhi ayikwazanga ukuzidelela. Kepha namanje u-Ustinya ubesesikhundla sakhe. Umshado esitokisini esilula wenza buthaka ukuzethemba kwe-Atamans to Pugachev, ngokuqondene nombusi ogama lakhe, washaya ukungathembani komuntu wakhe, okwakugcina kuholele ekukhasheni.
Ngemuva kokuboshwa kwePugacheva, umndeni wokuqala kanye ne-Ustinya Kuznettova, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi baqashelwa abangenacala, baya kubhekiselwa kwinqaba yeKexholm, lapho kwaze kwaba khona ukuphela kwempilo. I-Catherine II ngisho nangemva kwesikhashana ayizange ikhanselele umusho.
I-Pushkin mayelana ne-pugachev
Indaba kaBunt, ngaphansi kobuholi basePugachev, yayifihlwe yithiphu yombuso iminyaka eminingi, kepha isithombe seqhawe sagcinwa kwinkumbulo yabantu. Omunye wabaphenyi wokuqala abanesifiso sobuntu bePugachev, u-Alexander Pushkin waba.
Umlobi wadala imibhalo emibili enikezelwe ku-Emelyan Ivanovich: "Umlando Pugacheva" kanye "nendodakazi kaCaptain". Endabeni yokuqala, umbhali uchaza izenzo nezenzo zesihlubuki esinesibindi, ngokuya ngalo lonke ulwazi olwaziwa ngaleso sikhathi. Umkhiqizo wesibili ubhale ngolimi lobuciko, kepha isimilo se-pugacheva kuyo sinikezwe okulungile, okuqinisekiswe yimibhalo eshicilelwe yakamuva.
Ukukhumbula
I-Biography Pugachev ihlala ibangela isithakazelo phakathi kwababhali kanye nezibalo zezimboni zefilimu. 13 Amafilimu ngesihloko sePugachev bunt adutshulwe. Isithombe sokuqala soviet ngo-Ataman savela ngo-1937, iKonstantin Skorobogatov yadlala umlingiswa ophambili kwidrama.Iziteshi ezidumile kakhulu zefilimu ze-pugachev zithathwa njengomsebenzi we-evgenia matveev ethepheni "e-Emile Pugachev" noVladimir Mashkov "noVladimir Mashkov ku-Ronshocle" Russian Bun ".
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Edolobhaneni laseZimovoye, ngaphezu kuka-Stepan Rabin no-Emelynan Pugacheva, kwazalwa elinye icala labavukeli eDenisovich. IsiCossack saba umhlanganyeli lapho kulungiswa ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula ukuqeda umbusi u-Alexander III, kepha ukuhlinzwa akuphumelelanga, futhi abakwakhe uzungu baboshwe. Ojenene babulawa kanye nalabo abaphambi: le nsizwa inqume ikhanda.
- I-Ekaterina II ifihliwe mayelana nePugachev Ukuvukelwa KwabaseYurophu. Kepha inxusa laseJalimane libala i-solms liphawule ukuntuleka kwe-caviar emnyama ezimakethe ezinkulu futhi yenza isiphetho esifanele ngokuziphatha kweZindla kuVolga
- Kucatshangwa ukuthi u-Emelnan Pugachev waqoqa amagugu amangalisayo asempumalanga yeHangey. Izesikhathi esiphindaphindayo sasisilo salokhu kuhlubuka kuqinisekisile ukuba khona kwesihlalo se-saddle namapayipi edayimane ku-Ataman. Kepha ngemuva kokuboshwa kwePugacheva, akukho mcebo owatholwa. Amagugu asebeseshwa kamuva kwezindawo zokupaka amabutho ePugachev emirenini eseningizimu, kodwa abatholanga lutho.
- Kufakazelwa ukuthi u-Emelnan Ivanovich uthole usizo lwezimali eMbusweni we-Ottoman naseFrance. Kunzima ukusungula kahle, kepha ngokolunye lwezinguqulo zika-Emilen Pugachev kwakungu-ejenti wangaphandle, obekufanele anciphise iRussia futhi avikele impi yaseRussia - eTurkey. Ngokudlulisa amabutho amakhulu ukusuka ngaphambili kuya ekulweni ne-Ataman, eRussia kwaphoqeleka ukuqeda ukuxabana neTurkey ngaphansi kwezimo ezingazuzisekanga.