I-Biograge
I-Stepan Timofeevich ralwane - I-Ataman of the Don Cossacks, ehlele ukuvuselelwa okukhulu kakhulu kwe-Docerer Isikhathi, esabizwa ngokuthi yimpi yabampofu.
Umholi wesikhathi esizayo wezikolo ezihlubukayo wazalelwa edolobhaneni laseZimovskaya ngo-1630. Eminye imithombo ikhombisa enye indawo yokuzalwa kukaStepan - Cherkask City. Ubaba wesikhathi esizayo se-Ataman Timofey wavela eVoronezh Territory, kodwa wasuka lapho waya khona ngenxa yezizathu ezicashile emabhange kaDon.
Le nsizwa yanamathela phakathi kwabahlali bamahhala futhi ngokushesha yaba yisikhukhula sasekhaya. UTimofey wayehlukile emikhankasweni yezempi isibindi nesibindi. Kusuka komunye umkhankaso, iCossack iholele endlini ethunjiwe iTurkhanka yamshada. Lo mndeni wazalwa amadodana amathathu - u-Ivan, uStepan noFrol. Unkulunkulukazi womzalwane ophakathi waba amabutho ka-Ataman weKornil Yakovlev.
Isikhathi sezinkinga
Ngo-1649, "umyalezo weCathedral", osayinwe yiNkosi, u-Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov, eRussia ekugcineni wahlanganisa iSerfdom. Lo mbhalo umemezele isimo se-serfdom futhi savunyelwa ukukhulisa isikhathi sokufuna ukugijima iminyaka eyi-15. Ngemuva kokutholwa koMthetho ezweni lonke kwaqala ukugcwala izisulu nokuvukela, abalimi abaningi bethule lapho befuna ukusesha amazwe okuhlala.
Kwakunesikhathi esingacacile. Izindawo zokuhlala zeCossack zazikhula ziba yi-pier "golitby", abampofu noma abaphathi abampofu ababekade besondelene nezindawo ezicebile. Ngokwesivumelwano esingekho emthethweni kanye nezindawo zokugcina "ama-Domovite" ze-runaway, amaqembu adalwe, abezibandakanyeke ekuphangashweni nokweba. UTerkskie, uDon, ama-cossacks anezindawo anda kakhulu ngenxa ye- "TICAmber" Cossacks, amandla abo ezempi akhula.
Ubusha
Ngo-1665 kwenzeke umcimbi, owawuthonya isiphetho esengeziwe sikaStepan Rabin. Umdala mfowethu u-Ivan, owabamba iqhaza eMpini Yempi yaseRussia wanquma ukushiya isikhundla futhi athathe umhlalaphansi nebutho ezweni lakubo. Ngokwesiko, iFreecariage ayizange iphoqelekile ukulalela uhulumeni. Kepha amabutho ombusi yu. A. Delgorukov wabanjwa namanxiwa futhi, ebamemezela ngabalindi, ababulawa. Ngemuva kokushona kukaMfoweth 'uStepan, ukufutheka kwabadala baseRussia nakho kwanquma ukuya eMoscow ukuze akhiphe iRussia emazweni. Isikhundla esingazinzile sobunikazi futhi sabangela ukuvuselwa kwemvula.
Kusuka kuStepan osemusha kwahlukaniswa ukususa nokubhema. Akakaze ahambe ephila, kepha asebenzisa ama-diplomacy kanye necebo, ngakho-ke esemncane uyingxenye yezitha ezibalulekile ezivela kwizindawo zaseMoscow nase-Astrakhan. Amaqhinga ozolwazi uStepan angaxazulula noma yiliphi ibhizinisi elihlulekile. Ngakho-ke umkhankaso odumile "we-zipunov", owaphela e-razsky squad ehlekisayo, angaholela ekuboshweni futhi ajezise bonke ababambe iqhaza bakhe. Kepha uStepan Timofeevich kangaka wakhuluma kahle ne-tsarist voivod lviv ukuthi wakhipha wonke amasosha ekhaya, ehlondisa izikhali ezintsha, wanika isithonjana se-startan yentombi.
Wazizwa yena kanye nomenzi wokuthula phakathi kwabantu baseningizimu. E-Astrakhan, wenza umlamuleli engxabanweni phakathi kwamaTatar nama-Nagyabakian namaKalmys futhi akazange avume ukuchitheka kwegazi.
Isiphetho
Ngo-1667, ngoMashi, uStepan waqala ukuqoqa amabutho. Kusukela ngo-2000, i-Ataman, u-Ataman, wahamba emkhankasweni wabathengisi kanye nemikhumbi ye-boyar eVolga. Ukuphanga akubonwa yiziphathimandla ezinjengesiphithiphithi, ngoba ukweba kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuba khona kwezindawo zokuba khona kwezindawo. Kepha u-rasin wahamba nge-mismISmune ejwayelekile. Emzaneni waseBlack Yar Ataman wahlela ukubulawa kwabantu phezu kwamasosha asemuva, bese ake ayeke kuzo zonke izinkomba. Ngemuva kwalokho waya ku-yeiar. Amabutho esihlumbu esivukela ebuqiweyo angena enqabeni ebhekise e-Ural Cossacks futhi ayithobekile.
Ngo-1669, amabutho abuyiselwe kwabalimi abakhanyayo, ngaphansi kobuholi bukaStepan, uRazin waya eCaspian, lapho afunda khona ukuhlaselwa okuningana kwamaPheresiya. Empini neFlotilla Mademed-Khan, iRussia Ataman yafinyelela kumkhuzi wasempumalanga. Ama-Ripples alingise ukuphunyuka emikhunjini yasePheresiya, ngemuva kwalokho amaPheresiya anikeze umyalo wokuhlanganisa imikhumbi engama-50 futhi azungeze amabutho ama-Cossacks. Kepha u-rasin waphenduka ngokungazelelwe wabhekisisa umkhumbi omkhulu wesitha, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho waqala ukucwila wadonsa yonke imikhumbi. Ngakho-ke amabutho amancane uStepan Rabin aphuma empini e-Swine Island abe ngumnqobi. Ukuqonda ukuthi ngemuva kokuhlulwa okunjalo, ama-Seefidudes azoqoqa amabutho amaningi ngokumelene namanxiwa, izikolo zadlula nge-Astrakhan ukuba zinikele.
Impi Yempi
1670 Ukulungiswa kwamasosha ase-stepan rasin aqala ukukhankasela eMoscow. I-Ataman yakhuphuka iVolga, ithumba amadolobhana asogwini namadolobha. Ukuheha inani labantu bendawo ohlangothini lwalo, umehluko osetshenzisiwe "izinhlamvu ezibukekayo" - izincwadi ezikhethekile ayesabalalisa phakathi kwabantu basedolobheni. Ezincwadini kwathiwa ukushaywa kwabafana kungalahlwa uma bejoyina amabutho amavukelambuso.
Hhayi izingqimba ezicindezelwe kuphela, kodwa futhi namakholwa amadala, izibunyoni, uMari, uChuvash, amaTatar, amasosha aseMarys amabutho kaHulumeni, adlula ohlangothini lwezindawo zokugcina. Ngemuva kosizo lokuhlaziya, amabutho asebukhosini aphoqeleka ukuba aqale ukuheha ama-mercenaries avela ePoland nasezifundeni zeBaltic. Kepha ngamaqhawe anjalo, izikolo zazinonya, zaveza zonke iziboshwa zabezinye izizwe zokubulawa.
UStepan Rabin usakaze amahlebezi wokuthi i-tsarevich alexeevich elahlekile icashile ezikhubekeni, kanye nenzalamizi ezihlobene ne-nikon. Ngakho-ke, u-Ataman waheha ngokwengeziwe futhi anelisekile ngohulumeni wamanje. Phakathi nonyaka, izakhamuzi zaseTsaritsyn, e-AstraKhan, eSaratov, Sarara, Alakhan, Saransk, Kozmemodeyansk zishintshele ohlangothini lwamanxiwa. Kepha empini ngaphansi kwe-symbirsk flotilla yezicucu, amabutho ePrince Yu. N. I-BAYERATInsKy yahlukaniswa, futhi uStepan Rabin ngokwakhe waphoqeleka ukuba abuyele kuDon.
Isigamu sonyaka esidala safihlwa ngokulinganiselwa edolobheni laseKagalnitsky, kodwa izikolo zasendaweni ezicebile zanquma ngasese kwikhomishini ye-Ataman kuhulumeni. Abadala bangesaba intukuthelo yenkosi, eyayingalala kuzo zonke izikolo zaseRussia. Ngo-Ephreli 1671, ngemuva kwesivunguvungu esifushane senqaba, uStepan Rabin wathunjwa wayiswa eMoscow kanye nendawo ezungezile.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yangasese ye-Ataman emibhalweni yolwazi emlandweni ayigcinwanga, kodwa iqiniso lokuthi eKagalnitskius, umlingani kaJalimali waphila nendodana yakhe u-Athanasius. Umfana wangena ezinyathelweni zikayise futhi waba iqhawe. Ngesikhathi sokuqina nama-azov tatars, le nsizwa yabanjwa ibheke esitha, kepha washeshe wabuyela ezweni lakubo.
Esenganekwane mayelana noStepan, kukhulunywa inkosazana yasePheresiya. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi le ntombazane yafika izikolo ngemuva kokulwa okudumile kolwandle lweCaspian. Waba ngunkosikazi wesibili uWalin waze wakwazi nokubeletha isikhundla sezingane, kodwa kusukela eJury Ataman emkhumulele ePuchin yeVolga.
Ukushona
Ekuqaleni kwehlobo lika-1671, uGregory Koshagov, ogadwe nguVoikov u-Orrey Bogwanov nomfowabo Frol, balethwa eMoscow ukuze baqulwe icala. Ngesikhathi kuphenywa kwezigxobo, bahlukunyezwa ngesihluku, kwathi ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-4 baholele ekubulaweni, okwenzeka eBolotnaya Square. Ngemuva kwesigwebo somusho we-stepan rasin waxabana, kepha umfowabo akakwazanga ukusukuma futhi wacela isihe ukushintshana ngolwazi oluyimfihlo. Eminyakeni eyi-5 kamuva, engatholi amagugu aqhoshayo athenjiswa yiFrol, kwanqunywa ukuthi akhiphe umfowethu omncane ataman.
Ngemuva kokushona komholi wenhlangano yenkululeko, impi yaqhubeka nezinye izinyanga eziyisithupha. Amaphoyisa aholwa yi-Atamannan Vasily Musl noFyodor Sheloojak. Abaholi abasha babengenaso ne-charisma nokuhlakanipha okwenele, ngakho-ke ukuvukelwa kwakwenhlanganiswa. Umzabalazo wabantu uholele emiphumeleni edumazayo: Iserfdom yaqiniswa, izinsuku zokushintshwa kwezilwane ezivela kwabanikazi zikhanseliwe, kwavunyelwa ukukhombisa izinga lesihluku ngokweqile maqondana nenqaba edumazayo.
Ukukhumbula
Indaba yokuvukela kukaStepan Rabin isikhathi eside yaqhubeka nenkumbulo yabantu. Izingoma ezi-15 zabantu zizinikele kwi-Hero kaZwelonke, kufaka phakathi "ngenxa yesiqhingi eStrazhen", "kukhona imfuhlumfuhlu", "Hhayi-ke hhayi kusihlwa." I-biography yezindonga zaseRazin yabangela ukuba nentshisekelo yokudala phakathi kwababhali abaningi nezazi-mlando, ezinjenge-A. A. Skolov, u-A. A. Gilyarovsky, E. EVTushenko.
Isakhiwo sezinhlaka ze-Hero yempi yempi yasetshenziswa lapho zidala ifilimu lokuqala laseRussia ngo-1908. Le filimu yabizwa ngokuthi "ubuthi wolnitsa". Ngokuhlonipha i-rasin, imigwaqo yaseSt. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Yekaterinburg, Ulyanovsk kanye nezinye izindawo zibizwa.
Imicimbi yekhulu le-XVII yabeka isisekelo sama-opharetha nezinkondlo ze-symphinic zabaqambi baseRussia uN. AwanaSyev, A. D. Shostakovich.