I-Biograge
UFrancesco Petrarch uyimbongi yase-Italy yekhulu le-14, eyaba umsunguli wobuntu bokuqala. Uma ucabanga ngomeluleki weNonk-Monk Varlaam Kalabrichsky, wadlala indima enkulu ePratiness yase-Italy futhi waba yimbongi yenkolo yeNkathi Ephakathi.
UFrancesco uphethiloli wazalelwa e-arezzo ngoJulayi 20, 1304. Uyise waba nguPietro Disti Surirate, ummeli weFlorentine owayexoshwa eFlorence ngasikhathi sinye noDante, ngokusekelwa kweqembu "elimhlophe". UParonnzo waba nesidlaliso Petrakko - mhlawumbe ngenxa yalokhu kwakha i-pseudonym yembongi. Umndeni wakwaParonzo wasuka edolobheni elilodwa uTuscany waya kwelinye, kwathi lapho uFrancesco ephenduka eneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye, wahlala e-Avignon yaseFrance. Kamuva, umama wePetrarca wathuthela edolobheni elingumakhelwane waseGarra.
E-Avignon, umfana waqala ukuya esikoleni, wafunda ulimi lwesiLatin futhi waqala ukuba nentshisekelo ngemisebenzi yezincwadi zamaRoma. Ngo-1319, uFrancesco uthweswe iziqu esikoleni, ngemuva kwalokho uYise weluleka ukuba afunde ilungelo. Yize ubuqili belingasondeli eFrancesco, umfana wenze intando kaYise, wabhalisa eMontpelfer, ngokushesha - naseYunivesithi yaseBologna. Ngo-1326, ubaba kaPetrarki washona, futhi insizwa ngokwayo yagcina yabona ukuthi abalobi bakudala kuye babethakazelisa ngokwengeziwe ngezenzo zomthetho.
Okuwukuphela kwafa uFrancesco akwamukelwa ngemuva kokushona kukayise kwakuwumbhalo wesandla wemibhalo ye-versil. Ngokwengxenye ngenxa yesimo esinzima sezimali, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yesifiso semfundo engokomoya, ngemuva kokuphothula e-University of Petrarca yanquma ukwamukela ubupristi. I-Italian ixazululwe eNkantolo yePapal e-Avignon futhi yasondelana nabamele umndeni ogunyaziwe wekholamu (ikholomu yeJacomo - umngani kusukela ngesikhathi sokufunda eyunivesithi).
Ngo-1327, uFrancenko waqala wabona okusha, uthando olungafanelekile lwakudala lwamshukumisela ukuba abhale izinkondlo ezazibhekwa njengeliphezulu lekhono leShethwese.
Ukudala
UPetrorta wayengukuthandwa okukhulu kakhulu kwePetrarca, ebhalwe ngesiNtaliyane. Ingxenye enkulu inikelwe e-Laure of de New (yize igama layo eligcwele seliseyimfihlakalo, kanti ama-laura de entsha angumuntu ofanelekile kakhulu ngeqhaza lomculo wePetrarch). Imbongi ngokwayo ibika nje othandekayo lapho igama lakhe nguLaura, oqale wabona ngo-Ephreli 6, 1327 esontweni laseSanta Chiara, futhi ukuthi ngo-Ephreli 6, 1348, lona wesifazane ushonile. Ngemuva kokushona kukaLaura Francesco uphonsele inselelo lolu thando iminyaka eyishumi.
Ukuqoqwa kweKanzon nama-Sonnets anikezelwe kuLaurea kubizwa nge- "II Courzoniere" noma "Rime Sparse". Iqoqo liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili. Yize iningi lemisebenzi lingena kulo lichaza uthando lwe-Petrark ku-Laure, "eChancellier" kwakukhona indawo ngamavesi amaningana okuqukethwe: inkolo nezepolitiki. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuqala kwekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa, leli qoqo laliphinda liphrintsh amahlandla amabili. Ukubuyekezwa kwama-sonnets aqukethe ama-poets nososayensi abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene, babone ukubaluleka okungenakuphikwa kwemisebenzi yeFrancesco yokuthuthuka kwezincwadi zase-Italian nezwe.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uPetrarch uqobo akazange alandise kakhulu izinkondlo zakhe zase-Italy. Yize kwakuyizinkondlo ezivikezele umphakathi, futhi ekuqaleni uPetraque wazibhalela ngokwakhe futhi wazibona njengezibonakaliso nama-belligelliger asiza ekunciphiseni umphefumulo. Kepha ubuqotho babo nokuqondisa kwabo kwawela ukunambitheka komphakathi wezwe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, le misebenzi yaba nomthelela kubantu besikhathi sikaPestrark kanye nakwababhali bezizukulwane ezalandela.
Inkondlo kaPetrard ekhuluma isiNtaliyane ngaphansi kwegama elithi "TRIMPSS", lapho impilo yakhe yefilosofi yathola khona futhi yaziwa kabanzi. Kuyo, uMlobi ngosizo lwemililo utshela ngochungechunge lokunqoba: uthando lunqoba umuntu, ubumsulwa - uthando - ubumsulwa, isikhathi sokufa buthela isikhathi.
Ama-Sonnets ase-Italy, chancen, uMadrigals Francesco waba nomthelela hhayi izinkondlo kuphela, kodwa futhi nomculo. Abaqambi XIV xiv (ngenkathi ukuzalwa kabusha kuhlala), bese i-XIX Sekubeka amavesi njengesisekelo semisebenzi yabo yomculo. Isibonelo, uFrenc Sheet wabhala "ama-Sonnet Petrark" epiyano ngaphansi kombono ojulile wezinkondlo zenkondlo ezinikezelwe kulayini.
Izincwadi ku-Latin
Emisebenzini ebalulekile kaFrancesco, ebhalwe ngesiLatini Faka izincwadi ezilandelayo:
- I-Autobiography "Epistola AD posteros" ngefomethi yezinhlamvu ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Kule ndalo, uPetraka ubeka umlando wempilo yakhe ngaphandle (izinkulumo ngezehlakalo ezisemqoka ezenzeka endleleni yakhe yokuphila).
- I-Autobiography "de ControPu Mundi", ehunyushwa ngokuthi "mayelana nokudelela umhlaba." Lo msebenzi womsebenzi wabhala ngefomethi yengxoxo ne-Brissufuful Augustine. I-autobiography yesibili yembongi ayisho kangako ngokubonakaliswa kwangaphandle komlando wempilo yakhe, malini ngokuthuthuka kwayo kwangaphakathi, umzabalazo phakathi kokuziphatha komuntu kanye nokuziphatha okuhle, njalonjalo. Ingxoxo no-Augustine iphenduka ibe yi-duel eyingqayizivele phakathi kokubukwa kobuntu nokwenkolo ne-ascetic, lapho ubuntu buwina khona.
- Ukuhlola (izinkulumo zokusolwa ezithukuthele) maqondana nabamele izigaba zamasiko, ezepolitiki, zenkolo. UPetrarch wayengomunye futhi izibalo zokuqala zokudala ezikwazi ukubheka izitatimende, izimfundiso kanye nokuqiniseka kwesimanje ngombono obucayi. Ngakho-ke, ukuphenya kwakhe ngodokotela, owabheka ukuthi isayensi ibaluleke kakhulu kune-enoqonde nezinkondlo. Futhi, uFrancesco uvezwe ngokumelene nezimali eziningi zaseFrance (abamele abefundisi bamaKatolika abaphakeme), ngokumelene nama-averrosoists (abalandeli bemfundiso yefilosofi ethandwayo yekhulu le-XIII.
- "Izincwadi ngaphandle kwamakheli" - Isebenza lapho umbhali egxeka ngesibindi izimilo ezihlekisayo zeRoma XIV Century. UPetrairka, phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, wayengumKatolika owayekholelwa ngokujulile, kepha akazange asabe asabe ama-Sans angokomoya aphezulu, okuxakekeke kwawo athathwa njengengamukeleki, futhi akazange anamahloni okubagxeka obala. "Izincwadi ezingenazo amakheli" zibhekiswe kwalezo zinhlamvu ezisunguliwe, bese kuba ngabantu bangempela. Imibono yokubhala isebenza efomethi leFrancesco ebolekwe eCicero naseSeneki.
- I- "Africa" iyinkondlo e-epic enikezelwe kwizibonisi zikaShypion. Iqukethe imikhuleko namahubo aphendukayo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Uthando lwempilo yonke kaPetrarch kwakunguLaura, ubuntu obungahleliwe. Ngemuva komhlangano nale ntombazane, imbongi yeminyaka emithathu echithwa e-Avignon, yanethemba lokuthi izobamba ukubukeka kwayo okungahleliwe esontweni. Ngo-1330, imbongi yathutha i-ebbeble, kwathi emva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa yathenga ifa elisezingeni eliphansi lokuhlala eduze naseLaura. Lapho esemukele iSan engokomoya, uPetrarch wayengenalo ilungelo lokushada, kodwa akazange ahlangane nezingcweti zenyama nezinye zabesifazane. Indaba ithi uPetrarch wayenengane emibili ebabazekayo.
ULaura uqobo, ngokusobala, wayengowesifazane oshadile, othembekile kumkakhe nonina wezingane eziyishumi nanye. Okokugcina imbongi ibona othandekayo ngoSepthemba 27, 1347, kwathi ngo-1348 owesifazane wafa.
Imbangela ngqo yokufa ayaziwa, kepha izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi kungaba yisifo, ngenxa yalokho ingxenye enkulu yabantu be-Avignon yenzeka ngo-1348. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uLaura angafa ngenxa yokukhathala ngenxa yohlobo oluvame kakhulu, kanye nesifo sofuba. Akukaziwa ukuthi ngabe ama-petracks asho ngemizwa, futhi uLiaura wayazi ngobukhona bakhe.
Izimbongi zibonile ukuthi uma uLaura eba ngunkosikazi osemthethweni uFrancesco, akazange akwazi ukubhala namanga amaningi angena edumo lakhe. Isibonelo, iByron, Karamzin, kanye neSviet Poet UGuberman wakhuluma ngalokhu. Ngokubona kwabo, kungukuvuselelwa kwabo lo mthandi, ukungakwazi ukuba ne-petrarca yakhe kwavumela ukuthi babhale imisebenzi enomthelela omkhulu kuzo zonke izincwadi zomhlaba.
Ukushona
Impilo yasePetrarch, imisebenzi yayo yezemibhalo yahlolwa ngumphakathi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, yathola izimemo ekukhohliseni kwe-laurel wreath eNaples, eParis naseRoma (cishe ngasikhathi sinye). Imbongi yakhetha iRoma, lapho iVeieden yayinguLaurel Wreth eCapitol nge-Easter 1341. Kuze kube ngu-1353, wayehlala efeni lakhe eSigodini, ngokumshiya ngezikhathi ezithile ukuhambela noma ukushumayela ohambweni.
Kusuka Phakade Kushiya Le Ntfokuqala Kwama-1350s, uFrancesco wanquma ukuhlala eMilan, yize anikelwe ekusebenzeni eMnyangweni We-Florence. Ukusetha enkantolo yaseVisconti, waqala ukubulawa kwemisebenzi yezombusazwe.
Kamuva, imbongi yayifuna ukubuyela e-Avignon yayo yendabuko, kodwa ubudlelwano obukhulu obunegunya eligunyazwe leNtaliyane buvimbele ukuba bakwenze. Ngenxa yalokho, wathuthela eVenice wahlala eduze komndeni wendodakazi yakhe engekho emthethweni.
Kepha lapha petrarka akazange ahlale isikhathi eside: wahamba njalo emadolobheni ahlukahlukene ase-Italy, futhi ezinyangeni ezedlule ayesedolobhaneni lase-Arkva. Lapho, imbongi ishonile ebusuku kusukela ngoJulayi 18 kuya kuJulayi 19, 1374, lapho ishiya iminyaka engama-70 iphile usuku olulodwa. Indaba ithi uFrancesco waya emhlabeni wonke etafuleni, ehlezi emsebenzini wempilo kaKhesari ngepeni esandleni sakhe. Wangcwatshwa emathuneni endawo.
I-Bibliography
- Incwadi Yezingoma
- Ukunquma
- Mayelana nokudelela umhlaba
- Incwadi yabayeni abaziwayo
- Incwadi eya kwinzalo
- Izinhlamvu ngaphandle kwekheli
- Izingoma ze-Bhonolic
- Kubunjwe AmaHubo