I-Biograge
Lapho kukhuphuka i-jumper, kubuhlungu kakhulu impilo yenzalamizi yaseMoscow futhi lonke iRussia libonakaliswa yilesi saga saseRussia. Ukuhamba komuzi olula ubusuku bonke kwaba intandokazi yenkosi, kodwa futhi ngokushesha ulahlekelwe yi-sana enkulu. Igama lenzalamizi lixhumeke nomcimbi emlandweni - ukuhlukaniswa kweSonto LaseRussia Orthodox.
Emhlabeni we-nizhny novgorod, edolobhaneni laseVeldemanovo, ngoMeyi 17, 1605, kwavela umcimbi ojabulisayo emndenini womlimi olula: umfana wazalwa, owabizwa ngokuthi uNikita ngesikhathi sokubhapathizwa. Ukusuka e-biography yabazali benzalamizi yesikhathi esizayo, yonke iRussia yaziwa kancane: Uyise womfana kaMnumzana Mini kwakunguMarizi, kanti umama wakhe washona ebeletha.
UNikita wakhuliswa esimweni esiqinile, uyise wayevame ukungabikhona ekhaya, ngakho-ke ingane yaqhubeka nokunakekela umama wokutholwa. By the way, unkosikazi wesibili wezimayini wayenamandla futhi angenawo umlingiswa onesihluku: umfazi wazonda umfana ngomhlahlandlela omncane, kwesinye isikhathi anciphise uNikita ucezu lwesinkwa nokubulawa kwesinkwa solwandle. Ubaba womndeni, owayecasukile ekucabangeni komfazi wesibili maqondana nendodana yakhe, ukubuyela ekhaya wayevame ukushaya oshade naye. Kodwa-ke, kwakufanele imayini iphume umkhawulo wendlu, ukuthotshiswa okungapheli komfana omncane kwaqhubeka.
UNikita wabhekana nesimo sengqondo esiphelele somama wokutholwa, ukuthola induduzo emiBhalweni, kanye nomfana ucindezele uthando lukagogo. Ungqongqoshe wesikhathi esizayo webandla wawuyingane enesiphiwo, okuthi esikhundleni semidlalo emoyeni omusha kanye nabafana abathanda idiploma.
Orthodox
Lapho ukushiya komndeni wabampofu kuneminyaka eyi-12, umfana waya eZhovesyDodsky Makariyev Monastery, ebhokisini lesobunxele leVolga, lapho ahlala khona afinyelela ku-1624. Kepha ekugcizeleleni kwezihlobo eziyenga le nsizwa ekonhlonipho ngenkohliso, uNikita uphoqeleka ukuba abuyele ekhaya emzaneni wakubo, lapho athola khona ukufa kogogo wakhe amthandayo.
EVelduManovo Nikon ashada futhi athathe iSan Ierie. Ekuqaleni, umpristi uphethe amasiko esonto edolobhaneni elingumakhelwane laseLyskovo, kodwa ngemuva kokuzenzekelana, kusho ubuthi eMoscow eMoscow, ngoba abathengisi bedolobha elikhulu bafunda ngokwakhiwa nokufunda kukaSelsanin. Kwakusenhloko-dolobha yaseRussia ukuthi ukuqhekeka kwekusasa lesikhathi esizayo seSonto Lobu-Orthodox kuzokwenzeka.
Impilo yomndeni uNikita nabalingani bakhe kunzima ukubiza bajabule: Lo mbhangqwana wehlulekile ukuqala inzalo, ngoba izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zishonile eminyakeni yobuntwana. Umpristi wabona ukulahleka okudabukisayo njengophawu lokuphela, okusho ukuthi ukususwa okuvela empilweni yezwe. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1635, i-IERIA yaqinisekisa lowo oshade naye ukuba abe yisigodlo sezindela ze-Alekseevsky.
Ukushiya imali yokuqukethwe komkakhe, uNikita mini minin oneminyaka engamashumi amathathu uthatha ithawula esigodini saseSudtack futhi athole uNikon: ukubiwa kwesikhumba sika-Eleazar uqobo kwakwenza lesi siko. Ngokusekelwe enkolweni yama-Orthodox, umuntu othathe izikhwebu eziya ezimoni zifela impilo yezwe yangaphambili futhi athathe elinye igama, athole isiqalo esisha esingokomoya.
UNikon waphikiswa ngokuphila kanti uBustle waseNikon ubheka impilo ye-monastic, engadini kahle, ufunda izincwadi ezingcwele futhi athandaze, anikeze intando nomphefumlo ekukhulekeleni uNkulunkulu. Impilo eSkete, egcwele emabhange echibini eliyindilinga, yayiqinile, le mibhalo bekufanele ifunde imibhalo yesandla yasebhayibhelini ubusuku bonke, ingawagezi ngamehlo akhathele. Ukudla endaweni yokuhlala izindela akuzange kuhluke ubuningi: Abatholakele banikwa amandla yizinqolobane zamajikijolo nezithelo, kanye nopheya owuhlaba umbuso woMbuso.
Ngenxa yenkonzo ye-pious kanye nokubhala, uNikon uba yi-novice eyintandokazi ka-Eleazar Anzersky, okuthi ngokuzayo unikeza i-minion ukwenza amasiko angaqondakaliyo okuzimela, futhi isikhungo sikaNikon siyathenjwa.
Kepha ngo-1639, u-Inok Nikon noMdala Omdala u-Eleazari banokungaboni ngaso linye ngokwakhiwa kwesonto elisha, ngakho-ke, abakutholi ukusekelwa kwabafowethu, abangaphunyula ekuhlaleni okuqhubekayo lapho akhonza khona isikhathi eside.
Ngemuva kokuzulazula, uNikon uthola induduzo esigodini sesikhumba sesikhumba, kwathi ngemuva kokushona kwethempeli lasethempelini liba yi-Igumen.
Ngo-1646, abefundisi babuyela enhlokodolobha yaseRussia ukuqoqa iminikelo yesigodlo sezindela nangokusho kwesiko lomkhosi wakudala kuza nomnsalo u-Alexey Mikhailovich.
UNikon washaya izinkulumo zeKosi nezemfundo. Ngendlela, u-Alexey Mikhailovich wahamba le ndoda azinikele kakhulu futhi inkolo yama-Orthodox nebandla lalihlehlisa.
Ngemuva kokuxhumana nompristi, isikhulu sabona ukuthi ufuna ukubona lo muntu eMoscow, ngakho-ke u-Iguman wahumusha enhloko-dolobha. Ezinye izikebhe zazingalithandi ukuhlelwa okunjalo kwenkosi kumdala olula, kodwa, kepha ukuhamba komndeni kwabampofu kuba ngu-Archimandrite wesigodlo saseNovodAssas Orthodox.
Ukuba senkonzweni, uNikon uba yilungu 'lomomo wokuhlonishwa', owakhiwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17.
Kamuva, ngo-1649, i-minin iba yi-metropolitan ye-novgorod diocese futhi ngenkuthalo ekhethekile yenza izibopho, okwenza izinsizakalo zemithetho esungulwe ngokuqinile.
Ngo-1650, ukuvukelwa okuthandwa okuthandwayo kwaqubuka eVeliky Novgorod, isizathu sokunganakwa kwezakhamizi kwakungukunyuka okubukhali kwamanani esinkwa. Abahlanganyeli bakuvukela kwakukhona abantu bezigaba ezahlukahlukene, kusukela kubacibishelayo, kwabampofu nababangeli: Abantu baseRussia baphikisana nesimo soMbusi. Kepha ngenxa yesikhundla esimeme saseMetropolitan Nikon, esivikele izintshisekelo zika-Alexei Mikhailovich kanye nabanye abangane, i-Novgorod BUnk yayicindezelekile.
Abaholi bakwa-Upring babelinde isigwebo sentambo, kamuva esashintsha saba saba khona ekushayweni kwesiswebhu. Ukuhlala isijeziso kwenzeka ngenxa yedolobha elikhulu, elingahlali lingenandaba nabantu bomhlaba: UNikon bavakashela izikhalazo futhi balalela nezikhalazo zabantu abazimele, ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izakhamizi zithola induduzo ezinkulumweni ze ekhethwe i-metropolitan.
Izimoto zasolwandle
UNikon waba owemukela ubungcwele bakhe uJoseph, owashona ngo-Ephreli 25, 1652 waya ngoLwesine olukhulu. I-Poos ifuna isonto laseSan Patriarch ukunikeza umsunguli wokuhamba kwe- "Jenees" Stefan, kepha wenqaba ukuqoka ungqingili waKhe, ngoba wayengeke akwazi ukuncintisana nesilwane sasekhaya senkosi.
Ngombuso waseRussia ngekhulu le-17, isihloko somBishop - i-Primer sanika umpristi igunya: Inzalamizi yalo lonke iRussia ingaxazulula izinkinga zezepolitiki ebukhosini, ngakhombisa inkosi yamaphutha, kanye nokuvimbela abantu abephule imithetho engokomoya. Eqinisweni, u-Alexey Mikhailovich wenza uNikon umngane wakhe.
Ngesikhathi sokwakha uHegumen ePatriorestsstsky San Nikon, u-Alexey Mikhailovich wawina isithembiso sokuthi akukho ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo ezizophazamisa ezindabeni zesonto.
Izinguquko kanye Nokuhlukanisa Isonto
U-minin wasala izintandokazi zabantu futhi ethonye izindaba zezepolitiki, ngenxa yenzalamizi eMoscow ngo-1654, ukuhlangana kabusha kweRussia ne-Ukraine, futhi uNikon wayenesifiso sokwakha nokubuyiselwa kwamathempeli.
Umsebenzi wokuguqula inzalamizi yaseMoscow futhi wonke amaRussia Nikon ashiye umkhondo emlandweni ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kweSonto LaseRussia Orthodox ngo-1650-1660.
Isizathu sokuhlukaniswa kwaqala ukuvela kusukela ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa 'komhawu kaPhisankulu'. Abahlanganyeli eqenjini lezenkolo baxoxa ngodaba lokuhlanganiswa kwabefundisi futhi bafuna ukufana kokufunda imiBhalo nokwenza amasiko. Lapha kuphela mayelana nokwamukelwa kwesampula yasekuqaleni kulokhu okuhlangene lapho kungaboni ngaso linye: Omunye wayezibophezele emasikweni aseByzantine, lapho abanye bethembela emibhalweni yesandla yakudala yaseRussia.
Ngokuqala kwezimayini kwinzalamizi, isiyingi sentsha sawa, kepha amakholwa amadala athukuthelisa osopolitiki bakaNikon aqhubeka nokuphikisana nokuvuselelwa kwezinzalamizi. UNikon wethula imithetho emisha yeLitilogical ngo-1653, okwadala ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwabangane nabakholwayo bamalungu amadala.
Izinguquko zikaNikon zazinjengokulandelayo:
- Izincwadi zesonto zaphinde zabhalwa kabusha futhi zihunyushwe ngokwemikhakhasi yamaGreek
- Isibonakaliso esinezindlela ezimbili ezethulwe kanye nobhapathizo lweRussia lwathathelwa indawo ngenhloso emithathu. Kwaba babambe iqhaza 'bakudala base-Orthodoxy ", iminwe emibili yayisho imvelo emibili yobumbene, kwathi abathathu bafanekisela uZiqu-zintathu oNgcwele. Ngakho-ke, kungabonakala, ushintsho oluncane kangaka enkonzweni lwalubalulekile kubantu benkolo.
- Washintsha ukubhala igama likaKristu: U-Izu wayeba uJesu
- Iminsalo yomhlaba yaguqulwa ngamabhondi e-bowl
- Igama elithi "Aliluya" laqala ukubiza kathathu esikhundleni sababili, njll.
Amakholwa amadala ayenelisekile kuphela ngemithetho emisha yesonto, kodwa futhi nezindlela ezinzima ezaholwa yinzalamizi nikon, ngokwesibonelo, abalimi beminwe emibili bamenyezelwa bahlubuki futhi bahlukaniswa yi-Anahema. Umphikisi wokuqala obeka phambili ukuphikiswa izinguquko ezintsha kwakuwukunamathela 'kwezenkolo ezindala "amaprothophu e-avvakum.
U-Alexey Mikhailovich uhloniphe uNikon futhi wanikeza umnumzane wakhe isihloko se- "veliky Soviet" (ubaba uMikhail Fedorovich Filaret sasisetshenziselwa i-nikon Titul), kodwa ngokushesha kwaba nokungqubuzana phakathi kwenzalamizi nenkosi. Isizathu sokungavumelani nekhodi yeCathedral yamukelwa ngo-1649. Le mbuso yemithetho yombuso inciphisa isimo seSonto Lobu-Orthodox futhi senze lancike ngokuphelele kuhulumeni.
Futhi, ama-wayars angathandanga indlela kaNikoni enkosini, eshayele umhlangano wokukhathazeka, futhi umphumela awuzange uzenze walinda: inhlebo eshintshe isimo sika-Alexey Mikhailovich siye eMinin. Ngenxa yemicimbi esongelwe ngumfundisi, uNikon uphoqelelwa ukungavumelani ukushiya iMoscow.
Ngo-1666, inkantolo yesonto lesonto laseRussia yanquma ukukhipha uNikon kusuka ekuPatriarstsky Sana futhi ayishayisele kubupristi "ngendiza yendiza".
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwenzalamizi yenzalamizi uNikon kwakuyindoda efundile futhi efundwe kahle eyamangaza hhayi kuphela ulwazi oluphelele lwemiBhalo Engcwele, kodwa nokuhlakanipha kwansuku zonke. Kunzima ukwahlulela ubunikazi be-nikon, njengoba amakholwa amadala kanye nabasekeli bezinguquko ezintsha babonisa lo muntu ngezindlela ezihlukile. Abanye empilweni libhalwe ukuthi uNikon uyisibalo esihlakaniphe kunabo bonke, izinguquko zakhe zazuza; Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi minin umuntu onamandla, ohahayo futhi ononya umuntu owayekulungele ukuya kuyo yonke into eyothola indawo yenkosi.
Lapho amajaji asusa uNikon eSana, iBhodi lahola i-arch yazo zonke "amacala" enzalamizi, futhi yilokho okwakukhona kulowo mbhalo wesandla:
"UNikon ngaphandle kokuzicabangela kwakhe amasonto akhe yena uqobo waphuca umbhishobhi kaPavel Kolombe Sana, uFerephae, wakhipha ingubo noPaul, nokuthi kungani uPawulu elahlekelwa yingqondo nabampofu bafa izilo, noma wawela emfuleni wafa. "Kodwa-ke, akekho noyedwa wezazi-mlando ongahlulela ukuthembeka kwalolu lwazi.
Ukushona
I-Scere to Cyril-Belozersky Monaster, lapho izisekelo ezinonya zakhula, uNikon wabeka impilo yakhe.
U-Aleksevich omusha omusha u-Aleksevich uzwelana ne-StartA exoshiwe, ngakho-ke, ngokungafani nesifiso sebandla, wavumela lowo obezikhe abakhonzayo ukuba abuyele esigodlweni sesigodlo sovuko. Indela egula kakhulu ayikuhlezi kahle umgwaqo omkhulu futhi yafa eYaroslavl Earth ngo-Agasti 17, 1681.