I-Biograge
I-Alexandra Mikhailovna Kolndondtai - Inguquko yegagasi lokuqala, i-CommisSussical of State Charity, inxusa lase-USSR eScandinavia naseMexico.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Alexandra wazalwa ngoMashi 19, 1872 eSt. Petersburg emndenini we-General kusuka Infancer Mikhail Alekseevich Dontovovich, Ukrainea. Ubaba we-Alexandra wabamba iqhaza emkhankasweni wamasosha ngokumelene neHungary, wazihlukanisa eMpini YeCrimea. UMikhail Aleksevich wawunawo emphakathini wendawo, wabhala umsebenzi wezempi, unyaka ayekhonza njengombusi wesifundazwe saseTarnov.
Umama wenguquko yesikhathi esizayo, iFinnish ihanjiswe u-Alexander Masalina-Mavinskaya, yayimncane kakhulu kunomyeni wakhe, kodwa wayesengumshado wokuqala ngemuva kwamahlombe akhe. Kusuka enhlanganweni yangaphambilini, wayenendodakazi ka-Eugene Mavinskaya, edume ngomculi we-Opera. Umkhulu kulayini womama, enezimpande zabampofu, wadala inkampani egawula izingodo, lapho futhi ecebile.
UShura wazalwa lapho uyise esevele eseneminyaka engama-42 ubudala, kanjalo noMikhail Aleksevich, waba nobudlelwano obufudumele kakhulu. Indodakazi egxilile egxile emlandweni, i-geography, yezepolitiki. Uma ubheka ubaba, intombazane yafunda ukucabanga ngokuhlaziya. Abazali banakekela indodakazi yakhe yasekhaya. Ekupheleni kwesikole, uShura waveza ngokukhululeka ngesiFulentshi, isiNgisi, isiFinland, isiSwedish, isiNorway nesiJalimane.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, u-Alexander wadlula ezivivinyweni ezidingekayo ngaphandle futhi wathola idiploma kaGogcess. Umama oqinile wabheka ezemfundo eqhubekayo ubusuku bonke, futhi intombazane yahlatshwa umxhwele ngokupenda. Ngaphezu kwamakilasi okudala, le ntokazi esencane yaba khona amabhola, lapho, ngokusho kwabazali, kwadingeka athole umkhwenyana ohloniphekile. Kepha u-Alexander omkhulu wayengafuni ukushada nale ndawo, yize ejabulela impumelelo emangalisayo phakathi kwabamele umphakathi ophakeme kakhulu.
Maphakathi nawo-1990s, u-Alexander wahlatshwa umxhwele ukunyakaza okubhubhana, intombazane yazwela ngemibono yenguquko kusukela ebuntwaneni, ilandela isibonelo sikaMfundisi uM. I. Umshuwalense. Ngemuva kuka-Alexander, cishe ngokumelene nentando yabazali bashade nesihlobo esingesihle, uVladimir Kollloktaya futhi wasuka endlini, le ntombazane yazizwa ikhululekile. Owesifazane osemusha waqala ukunyamalala eqoqweni eliyimfihlo lokuthi ajwayelene ne-Elena Dmitrievna Stasov, intombi eseduze yethemba leKrupkaya naseVladimir Ulyananov.
U-Alexandra Kollondty waphathiswa ukuba yisithunywa. Intombazane ebeka engcupheni impilo negama, ukuya ezindaweni zokusebenza ngokungasebenzi namaphasela anqatshelwe izincwadi. Izothando lwenguquko yenguquko yasheshe yathatha intokazi, futhi washiya konke ukunakekelwa kwakhe kwasekhaya. Esikhathini sakhe samahhala, uKollondtai wafunda uLenin noMarx.
Ngo-1898, u-Alexander uxazululwa lapho efuduka phesheya, okubhubhisa ngokuphelele umshado wakhe. ESwitzerland, kwavela izinguquko ezisencane eyunivesithi, umeluleki wakhe uyoba uSolwazi Heinrinech Gercner, ama-theoretics omnotho. Uncoma umfundi omangalisayo ongavamile ukuya eNgilandi ekuhloleni abasunguli beLondon School of Economics and Labars Abaholi Baholi eSydney kanye neBeatrice Webbami.
Ukubuyela iminyaka emibili eRussia, u-Alexander uba yilungu leqembu le-Russian Social Democratic Workerf. Ngokusho komyalo weqembu, inguquko iphinde yathunyelwa kwaphesheya, lapho kungenzeki omunye umcimbi obalulekile e-Alexandra. Ngo-1901, eGeneva, wahlangana nesiguquli saseRussia esidumile uGeorge Plekhanov.
Inguquko
Ngo-1903, eCongress ye-II ye-RSDRDP, kwaqhamuka phakathi kwe-RSDRP, ngenxa yalokho kwavela amaphiko amabili: ama-bolsheviks noVladimirim Lenin ekhanda nasezinhlathini uJulius Martov abhekiswe kuwo. I-Menshevik Party ifaka i-Plekhanov ne-collatai. Kepha ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-11, u-Alexander washintsha imibono yakhe futhi wema ngaphansi kwamabhanela eBolshevik Wing.Ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa kweSocialist yokuqala yango-1905, okwahlulwa, i-Collauntime yaxhasa abesifazane abasebenzayo, isakaza incwajana ye-Finnish nezenhlalo. Ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwabavukeli, ukubalekela ukushushiswa kanye nokubhekisisa, inguquko yayicashe phesheya. U-Kollondtai akahlali endaweni eyodwa, uyahlale ehlangana neDemocrats yezenhlalo eDenmark, eSweden, eFinland, eGreat Britain, eFrance, eNorway.
EJalimane, u-Alexandra wakwazi ukwenza ubungane nabaholi beqembu lamaKhomanisi ngeRosa Luxembourg noKarl Liebrnecht. Izinguquko zisiza ukuhamba nomlingani omusha eSweden lapho iJalimane imemezela ukuqala kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.
Ngemuva kokuxoshwa kwezinguquko ezingabazisayo kusuka eStockholm kuthuthela eDenmark. Kuleli phuzu kuqhubeke, inhlawulo ye-Collittai ngeBolsheviks.
Ngokuthola ukuxhumana nobuhlakani besiJalimane nokuthola imali engenamkhawulo, amaBolshevik abe abaholi benhlangano yezinguquko eRussia. Kepha uhulumeni wesikhashana ngemuva kwemicimbi kaFebhuwari uyakwazi ukubopha u-Alexander ukuze athole i-Espionage evumayo eJalimane.
E-AWrentia, eCongress yeqembu, iCollantantai ithatha amalungu ekomidi eliphakeme. Isishoshovu esinesibindi saba ngowesifazane wokuqala emzimbeni weziphathimandla zeBolshevik, kanye noStalin, Sverdlovy, Lenin, Trotsky, Dzenev, Bukharin.
ULenin, ophinde walandelwa uhulumeni wesikhashana, ngalesi sikhathi ucashe ezindlini eziyimfihlo. Ekwindla, i-collantantai isivele ishiye ejele futhi ibamba iqhaza emihlanganweni yeqembu, kwenziwa isinqumo sokuvuselwa esihlokweni esihlokweni.
Inguquko yenziwa ngo-Okthoba 25, futhi ngezinsuku ezi-2 Umzimba omkhulu wamandla wenziwe - UMkhandlu Wezwe, lapho uKollondtai uphathiswe khona okuthunyelwe komlutha we-MUR. Eqinisweni, lesi yisikhundla sikaNgqongqoshe lapho izinguquko zihlala khona ngaphambi kokuqala kwentwasahlobo yango-1918.
Inxusa le-USSR
Ngo-1922, iSoviet Union yadalwa. Intsha edingekayo Isimemezelo Sezwe, ngakho-ke abantu abanolwazi phesheya kanye nokuxhumana e-European Social Movie Party bakhethwe njengama-diplomats. U-Alexander Kollontai ngesicelo sakhe uhulumeni waqoke inxusa laseScandinavia. "IValkyrie Revolution" ithunyelwa eNorway, lapho ifuna ukuqashelwa kwezepolitiki kwe-USSR, ngokufana ngokuthengisa ubudlelwano bezohwebo phakathi kwamazwe.
Ngo-1926, uKollondtai uqoke ummeleli weNyunyana eMexico, kodwa, ngaphandle kokulungiselela isimo sezulu esishisayo, esithinta kabi umsebenzi wenhliziyo, u-Alexander uphinde uphinde uhumushe e-Oslo.
Kusukela ngo-1930 kuya ku-1945, ukuba ngummeleli we-USSR eSweden, uKollondtai wenza inqwaba yokunqoba kwezombusazwe. U-Alexander Mikhailovna, phakathi nezingxoxo, uyakwazi ukunqanda ukwethulwa kwamasosha aseSweden ensimini yenhlangano ngesikhathi somkhankaso waseFinland, kwathi ngo-1944, uKollondtai uqinisekisa iFinland ukuphuma empini yamasosha aseSoviet. insimu yaseYurophu.
Zonke izibopho zezepolitiki ezinamandla emhlabeni weScandinavia zazisezandleni zowesifazane onesibindi, ngakho-ke uStalin akazange azithinte ngesikhathi sokuhlanzwa kwezepolitiki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umholi wabantu wayengowokuguqula amahlaya, ngaphandle kokubona uCollittai njengesitha esibi, ehlala embozwa. Futhi, u-Alexander Mikhailovna wayisekela ngokuphelele inqubomgomo kaJoseph Vissariovich.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
U-Alexandra Kolndondtai, njengesihlobo sangempela, esifisweni sokuba yinto enhle yenkululeko uhambe kuze kube sekupheleni, ngakho-ke isihloko sothando samahhala sasihambelana naye ngeminyaka emincane. Ngenkathi esemncane kakhulu, u-Alexander waphikelela ekukhetheni kwakhe umkhwenyana, owaba khona waba yi-Vladimir Kollontai yasekude kakhulu. Abazali ngazo zonke izindlela bavimba lo mshado, futhi amadoda acebile nabacebile, anjengoGeneral Ivan Tuolmin, indodana ka-General Doulmirov, wanikela ngesandla nezinhliziyo. Kepha intando yentombazane ayiphumelelanga kunoma ngubani.Umshado wenzeka ngo-1893, kwazalwa indodana kaMisha emndenini. Okuningi okuvela ekuweni kwezingane bekungenjalo. Thatha ukuqondiswa kwabazali, u-Alexander uza ngaphansi kwethonya lezinguquko kunokubhubhisa umndeni. Ngo-1898, intokazi inquma ukubalekela eYurophu futhi ishiye umyeni wakhe nendodana yakhe kuze kube phakade. Umshado phakathi kuka-Alexander noVladimir wanqanyulwa kuphela ngo-1916 kuphela, kepha igama elithi Revolution alizange lishintshe.
Ngemuva kokuba ngowesifazane wamahhala, uKollondtai wavutha ochungechungeni lwezothando lwezothando, olude nokuhamba. Amadoda akhe aba osopolitiki abadumile ngaphansi kwakhe, ngoba u-Alexander uqobo wayehlale ebheke emncane kakhulu kunaseminyakeni yakhe.
Empilweni yomuntu siqu kaKollondandland kwamemezela "umbono wamanzi amanzi", okwakususelwa eqinisweni lokuthi uthando ludinga ukunikezwa wonke umuntu oludingayo. I-collantaia kwakungeyena umlobi walesi simangaliso, kodwa kuphela izithiyo zakhe ezikhanyayo. Isikhathi eside, i- "Valkyrie of the Revolution" yahlangana no-Alexander Gavrilovich Hatpnikov, owayengumngane wakhe kaLenin.
Kepha ngo-1917, isiphetho soShuri nge-Pavel Dybenko ye-Pavel yaseTheku, eyashada naye uKollondtai. Ukubhala umshado uColatay noDubenko baba ngowokuqala eNcwadini Yokubalwa Kwezenzo Zomphakathi. Ubudlelwano abuhlali isikhathi eside, kulokhu ngenxa yokungathembeki kukaPaul. Akumangazi, njengoba amasosha ayephansi kweminyaka engu-17. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1922, u-Alexander ushisa amabhuloho namaqabunga aphesheya.
ENorway, inguquko ijwayelana nemikhumbi yaseFrance yaseMarseil Yakovlevich body. Kepha uhulumeni waseSoviet wangenela ebudlelwaneni bezezimali kanye nomdala osemusha, futhi lo mbhangqwana wahlukana.
Ekupheleni kwa-20s, u-Alexander Mikhailovna ekugcineni wakhumbula umfazi ongamaziyo, unkosikazi wesibili kaVladimir Kollondty. Isiguquli siza neMikhail ekuqaleni kwe-Berlin Premitration, bese siye e-USSR Embassy eLondon naseStockholm. I-Collaga inakekela umzukulu kaVladimir, owazalwa ngo-1927.
Ukushona
Ngosuku lokuphela kwempi enkulu yokuthanda izwe lonke, amaKollollian akakwazanga ukuma ngokweqile, futhi waba nesifo sohlangothi. Kulokhu, i-biography yezepolitiki yase-Alexandra Mikhailovna, njengesikhulu, yaqedwa. Maphakathi no-Mashi 1945, i-prozomat yathunyelwa ngenxa yomngcele eMoscow, lapho kwaqala khona ukuvuselelwa kabusha.
Eminyakeni eyisikhombisa, uKollondand waboshwa esihlalweni sabakhubazekile futhi waphila wasondela efulethini lakhe emgwaqweni omncane waseKaluga. Ukukhubazeka okuyingxenye komzimba akuphazamisanga ukufeza imisebenzi yomeluleki ezingcupheni zenqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe: inkonzo yakwelinye izwe yayaziswa. UCallock washona ngoMashi 9, 1952 ekuhlaselweni yinhliziyo, okwenzeka ephusheni. Ithuna lokuguqula litholakala emathuneni eNovodevichy.