I-Biograge
Umsunguli wesayensi yezakhi zofuzo e-USSR, i-Academian, isazi sebhayiloji kanye nowokuzala. Umuntu we-Encyclopedic Mind, owathumela izilimi ezinhlanu zaseYurophu, eminyakeni engama-41 ubudala waba nguMongameli weSikole Sezolimo.
UNikolai Ivanovich Vavilov wazalwa ngonyaka we-1887 emndenini wakwaMthengisi weMoscow weNilling yesibili ka-Ivan Ililch Vavilv, i-nugget evela kwabalimi. UVavilov waphatha i-shoe manuff, kwathi ngo-1909 u-Ivan Ilyich wakhetha ilungu lomhlangano wedolobha duma. Umndeni we-Industrialist wayehlala endlini yakhe emazweni aphakathi. Umama - Alexander Mikhailovna postnikova - kusuka emndenini we-moscow ochumayo wabasebenzi be-puns.
Izingane ezintathu kweziyisikhombisa zakwaWavilov zafa ebuntwaneni. Udadewabo omncane kaNikoloi - uLydia Vavilov, udokotela wezifo ze-microbia - udokotela wafa emnyama ngo-1914, etheleleke ngesifo esibulalayo kuloluhambo. Umfowenu omncane kaSergey Vavilov, i-physics edumile kanye ne-academian, ayengekho ngo-1951 (wabulawa ngokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo).
Ubaba waphupha ukuthi amadodana ayeya ezinyathelweni zakhe futhi aqhubeka nebhizinisi lomndeni. Kepha okudala, sekwenzile phansi imifino namamephu wendawo, ama-biology ezincwadini, omncane wathathwa yi-physics kanye nemathematics. Ubaba wazama ukuthi "inzalo" enzalweni ngosizo lwebhande, wabacoca, kepha amadodana azuze ekhanda lomndeni liwumlingiswa onzima.
Ngemuva kokuphothula e-Gymnasium, uNikolai naseSergey elahlekile kuYise futhi wangena esikoleni nge-Oozen, kodwa amaphupho omsebenzi wesayensi anqobile. UNikolai, engafuni ukuchitha unyaka ukuze ahlole ulimi lwesiLatin adingekayo lapho engena eyunivesithi ye-Imperial Moscow, ngo-1906 waba ngumfundi wezikhungo zezolimo, ekhetha ezolibi. USergey wangena kwi-physics kanye ne-mathematics ubuhlakani beNyuvesi yaseMoscow.
Othisha baseVavilov eyunivesithi yezolimo bayi-Master Botanist Nikolai Khudyakov kanye nomsunguli we-Chemistry Chemistry Dmitry Sanids, Shining Soviet Agrance Science. Ngaphansi kokuqala kwabo, uNikolay wasungulwa njengososayensi.
Ukukhetha kanye neGenetics
E-Institute, ekuqaleni kwe-Acatimian ne-Biochemistry, uDmitry Spikemikova Nikolai Vavilv wafunda ukukhetha. Njengoba usuthole idiploma ye-Academy, wathuthela eSt Petersburg Bureau ye-BOTAny esetshenzisiwe.
Ngo-1913, kwathunyelwa isaliso le-bioloyaliyali yethalente lokufunda phesheya. Emihlanganweni vilmren eFrance, wajwayelana nokuzala imbewu, eJalimane Jena kanye nesiNgisi uMelrton wasebenza ezindaweni zokucwaninga. Izinyanga eziyisithupha zisebenze ne-biologist edumile kaWilliam Baton. ECambridge, uNikolai Vavilov waqhubeka nokuhlola isinkwa, imbewu yembewu elethwa eRussia eya epulazini laseyunivesithi.
Kwaqubuka umkhankaso wesayensi ngenxa yeMpi Yezwe Engiqala. Umthumeli omenyiwe wadedelela usosayensi osemncane eMkhaleni: UNicholas wakuthola ukulimala kwamehlo okude.
Ngo-1916, uVavilov wavakashela eNyakatho Iran, Fergana noPamire. Ukuhamba kuqoqe izinto zesayensi, kwaqhamuka nemithetho yochungechunge lwe-homolous futhi yasungulwa ukugxila kokusabalala kwezitshalo ezitshaliwe.
Imicimbi yezinguquko yango-1917, yathumba iRussia, yathola uNikolai Vavilov eSaratov, lapho athola khona uthisha eYunivesithi. Ngokushesha isizinda semfundo esizayo sishicilele isifundo sokuqina kwesitshalo ekungeneni kwezifo lapho kuqala khona ukuthi okokuqala kuveze izakhiwo zofuzo lokungavikeleki.
Ukuvulwa kwezazi zezinto eziphilayo zikaSolwazi zifunde ngawo-1920s eCongress yabafuyi be-saratov. Umbiko Wesosayensi ukhanyisela ngesisekelo sethiyori yokuhlukahluka. Ozakwabo Nikolai Ivanovich babiza ukuvulwa kweVavilov okuhambelana nesilinganiso sokutholwa kwe-Dmitry Mendeleev ku-Chemistry kanye nokuvula amathemba abanzi kakhulu wokuzijwayeza.
Ngemuva konyaka, uNikolai Vavilov waveza umthetho wochungechunge lwezwe eMelika, eCongress Yezolimo Yezizwe. Umbiko weVavilov obizwa ngokuthi yi-Sentatational, Portraits yososayensi waseSoviet wahlobisa abahleli bamaphephandaba.
Kamuva, ngemuva kokushicilelwa nguNikolai Vavilov, ucwaningo ngezikhungo zemvelaphi yezitshalo ezitshaliwe, ososayensi bathola uhlobo lwekhampasi, evumela ukuzulazula ezweni elingenamkhawulo lomhlaba.
Ngo-1921, uNikolai Ivanovich wamenyelwa ePetrograd, lapho aneqembu labafundi nakubantu abanomqondo ofanayo ahlele i-All-Union Institute of Creeces. INyuvesi, etholakala edolobhaneni laseRoyal, yadlula eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule yokuphila kososayensi odumile.
Ngo-1929, uNikolai Vavilov uba yimfundo kanye noMongameli Vaschnil. Umongameli oneminyaka engama-42 uxazulule oxhumana nabo nozakwabo abavela eMelika naseYurophu. Izakhi zofuzo zaseSoviet ngawo-1930 kanti ingxenye yokuqala yama-40s ihamba ngesinyathelo esisodwa ngaphambi kwesayensi yaseNtshonalanga.
Ukuhamba Ngemvelo
Ingxenye yempilo kaVavilov yenzeka ekuhambeni. Kumfundi, usosayensi osemusha waya eToucasus Tendee naseNyakatho Caucasus.
Ngawo-1920s, usosayensi ungumholi ohlonishwayo we-biology yeSoviet kanye namaLuminaries of Agroan Science - aqinisile ukuvulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezicebile kakhulu, ezaqoqwa kanye nabafundi ezifundweni zesayensi.
Ngo-1924, uProfesa wavakashela uNuristan - uvale abaseYurophu esifundazweni sase-Afghanistan. Ukuphuma kwamanye amazwe eMedithera, e-Afrika naseNdiya kucebisa ngendlela emangalisayo iqoqo lembewu. Usosayensi wabhala ukuthi eNdiya "wathola i-prazhi" futhi "gindukush ehunyushwe amahlandla amane, kanye ngasendleleni ka-Alexander Makedonsky."
Maphakathi no-1920 Hedes, wavakashela uhambo lokuya e-HIVInsky Oasis of Uzbekistan, kwathi ngo-1926-27 waqhuba umsebenzi wokucwaninga e-Algeria, eMorocco, eSyria nasePalestine. UNikolay Vavilov wafunda umhlaba we-Greece wezimbali, eningizimu yeFrance, wasakazwa iSpain nasePortugal. Imizila ehamba ngezinyawo yaseVavilov namaqembu akhe babe ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2, futhi impahla eqoqwe yayiqukethe izinkulungwane zamasampula.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1920 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1930s, usosayensi wavakashela eJapan, eChina naseNingizimu Melika. Ngemuva kokuphuma kwezikhathi, umsebenzi wakhe wesibili obaluleke kakhulu ezikhungweni zemvelaphi yezitshalo ezitshaliwe, lapho u-V. I. Lenin Award unikezwe.
UNikolai Ivanovich wempilo emfushane eyenze uhambo olufushane eMelika nase-Eurasia, owacebisa isayensi yomhlaba futhi wamlethela i-lavra yomhambi omkhulu. Umphumela wokuphuma kwezimali kwakuwukuqoqwa okucebile kwezitshalo ezitshaliwe, ezifinyelele kumasampula ayizinkulungwane ezingama-250 eminyakeni engama-40 futhi sekuyibhange lokuqala le-genel.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ofunda nabo e-Vavilov ekilasini e-Vavilov e-Academy bamangala e-Academy Academy, bafunda ngokuthandana kwe-nikolai ehlakaniphile nabakwa-Nikolai abafundi uKatya Sakharov. UCatherine uyindodakazi yomthengisi waseSiberia, akukho buhle, "okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", intambo yomile ngokuxhumana. Kepha uNikolai Vavilov wathandana nentombazane ngengqondo yakhe ebukhali. NoKatya, wakhuluma zonke izingqikithi. Baseduze nokuzijwayeza esifundazweni sasePoltava. Washada ngo-1912. Ayikho inkulumo yokuhamba yomshado eyayihamba - kuleyo minyaka, i-Acometimin yesikhathi esizayo isivele ihlala kumodi ye- "Vavilovsky" kanye nokuphuma kwezinyanga eziningi, umsebenzi okhathazayo, umsebenzi wesihlanu wosuku wawunala.
Endlini kababa ebunzini eliphakathi nendawo, lapho imibhangqwana ixazululwa khona, iwina leKhabhinethi likhanywa kuze kuse.
I-Sr Vavilv ayizange yamukele iRevourse Yase-Okthoba futhi yathuthela eBulgaria ngo-1918. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokusuka, umthengisi wangaphambilini u-Ivan IringIch Vavilov waba ngumkhulu: UNikolai noCatherine babene-Oleg eshiwo okokuqala. Umkhulu wabona umzukulu ngo-1928, ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe. UNikolai Ivanovich wancenga ubaba wakhe ukuthi abuyele eRussia, kwathi ngemuva kwesonto, u-Ivan Vavilov washona.
Impilo yomuntu siqu kaNikolai Vavilov no-Ekaterina Sakharov abasebenzi. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kweNdodana, usosayensi waya emsebenzini eSaratov. UKatya nendodana encane wahlala eMoscow. Ngemuva konyaka, umyeni wafunga, futhi umndeni wahlangana. Kepha uVavilov wayenomunye umuntu wesifazane. Ngo-Elena Barulina, usosayensi wahlangabezana kuloluhambo. Umfundi othweswe iziqu ngaphandle kwememori wathandana noprofesa wekhono le-agronomic, adala iminyaka engu-8.
UNikolai Vavilov uzame ukusindisa umndeni: Ngo-1921, esethuthele eLeningrad, wabiza umkakhe neNdodana yakhe. Kepha uCatherine wenqaba, eqaphela ukuthi le ndawo enhliziyweni yomyeni wakhe yayimatasa. Owesifazane wasala eSaratov, wabe esebuyela eMoscow, lapho ahlala khona nendodana yakhe u-Oleg endlini ebunzini eliphakathi.
Ku-Elena Barulina Nikolai Vavilov washada ngo-1926. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, indodana kaYuri yazalelwa emidlalweni.
Amadodana kaVavilov abe yizinhlelo zesayensi. U-Oleg Vavilov, othweswe iziqu eMsu, wasebenza njengabaphenyi belebhu yemisebe ye-cosmic. Ngo-December 1945, ngemuva kokufa kukaYise, wavikela umbono wakhe. Washona ngo-1946 eDombay, lapho ahamba khona neqembu labagibeli.
U-Yuri Vavilov uthweswe iziqu e-University of Leningrad, lapho afunda khona efezeni ye-physics yenuzi - okukhethekile kuvalwe izingane 'zezitha zabantu.'
Bopha
Iziphathimandla zesiFunda ngawo-1920, eminyakeni engama-30S Vavilov yazizwa indandatho icindezela kuye. Kusuka esikhungweni sokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, abahlanganyeli beVavilov abaseduze baxoshwa.
Ngo-1929, izinqumo zaqiniswa: Onjiniyela abangewona abahlanganyeli, ososayensi kanye nabasolwa bezomnotho ababizwa ngokuthi "ama-matteists alungile" kanye "nezinambuzane", babulawa. UNikolai Vavilov wacela ozakwabo abaningi, igunya lakhe elingavumeli ukuthi abaphathi bazithathe isikhathi eside.
Indima Eyindilinga Ekude Kwesibuhlungu se-Acatimic sadlala iTrofim Lyswenko. I-Agronomisha encane evela kubantu ekuqaleni kwe-30th Vavilov yaseVavilov yasekelwa, yize ibingakwanga ukuthi akudingekile ukubala imiphumela emihle eqhubekayo evela ku-Lyswenkko eqhubekayo ye-surnenko (ukuvezwa kwamazinga okushisa aphansi ekuthuthukisweni kwesitshalo).
Ososayensi abasebasha bathande i-Joseph Stalin "nemvelaphi yabantu futhi bathembisa ukufeza isivuno sokusanhlamvu okumangalisayo konyaka nesigamu. Nini, eCongress of Confessional Farmers - I-Trofim Lyswenko ithe "izinambuzane kwisayensi", futhi abalimi abahlangene "banikeza umnotho ohlanganyelwe"
Ngo-1938, iTrofim Lyswenka yaba ngumongameli weVavilov, esikhundleni seVavilov kulokhu okuthunyelwe. Kusukela ngo-1939, ngokwesekwa yi-Stalin, uLyenko nabasekeli baphange izakhi zofuzo, ebiza imboni ye-Bourgeois LZhenauka.
Ehlobo lika-1939, leso sihla esizihlangene nesokunene sikaTrofim Lyswenko - U-Isaac Israyeli okhona - othunyelwe ngusihlalo woMkhandlu we-USSR, i-vyacheslav molotov, iMemorandamu lapho uNikolai Vavilov noHeagcus noLwamukeli genetic genetic. Okwamanje kwaphakamisa ukuthi iCongress izoba "ngezindlela zokulwa nesayensi ethuthukile."
I-VII International Congress yenzeka, kepha hhayi enyunyana, kodwa eScotland. UNikolai Vavilov akazange athole imvume yokusuka, futhi usihlalo wesihlalo esiteji wawungenalutho.
Ngo-Agasti 1940, uNikolai Vavilov, owayesendleleni yesayensi eChernovtsy, waboshwa. Uphenyo luthathe izinyanga eziyi-11. Usosayensi wabizelwa ukuphenywa ngezikhathi ezingama-400, nesikhathi sokuphenywa ngemibuzo kwathatha amahora angama-1700. Uphenyo kwakuwudondolo lwe-NKVD Alexey Vrashat kanye noSultan Albogachius. Ikakhulu "izamile" ukubamba okubunjiwe, okwakusebenzisa ukuhlukunyezwa ukuhlukunyezwa uVavilov.
Ngo-2000, kusho uMqondisi u-Alexander Pukhkin ngonyaka ka-2000 ezenzakalweni zawo-1940s ku-Drama "Nikolay Vavilov". UVavilova udlale uKostas Smororigas, njengoba iTrofim Lyswenko kanye nabakwaComrades bakhe ababukeli abakhona babona i-bogdan metha noSergey Gazarov.
Ukushona
Impilo kaVavilov, ukuhlukunyezwa nendlala, ohlehlise ekuhambeni, ukuhlukunyezwa nendlala, kwabangela ukufa kososayensi. Isigwebo sokufa esikhanseliwe asiguquki noma yini esiphethweni se-academian. Ejele laseSaratov, ukuqeda amandla kanye ne-dystrophy kuhluleke uNikolai Vavilov wagula ngokuvuvukala kwamaphaphu. Ngenxa yokwehla komsebenzi wenhliziyo ngoJanuwari 26, 1943, kwafika ukufa.
Usosayensi omkhulu wangcwatshwa ethuneni elivamile leziboshwa, indawo eqondile yokungcwaba ayaziwa. Ovukweni lwamathuna eSaratov, ithuna elilodwa nesikhumbuzo esiya eVavilov.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ekuqaleni kwempi enkulu yokuthanda izwe, eyasungulwa nguVavilov esigodini saseTsarskoye, isitshalo sokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo saba neqoqo elikhulu kakhulu lembewu emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi seBlockade, abasebenzi be-Institute bagcina iqoqo lapho bengekho ugesi kanye nokuphazamiseka ngokushisa.
- Ebusika, ngo-1941-1942, abasebenzi abahlanu abasebenza ngokubulawa kwabantu babulawa ngenxa yendlala, benqabile ukubheka amasheya ezinhlamvu njengokudla. Ehlobo, ososayensi batshala imbewu ngaphansi komoya we-artillery.