Umlando Wemilingiswa
Isazi sefilosofi esikhulu, umlobi wezinduku zembuzi wathandwa ngabafundi bekhulu le-XIX kusuka encwadini yokuqala emaphephandabeni. "Bazali" bakhe "baphawula izimfanelo eziphambili zeqhawe - ukukhuthazela okungenamkhawulo kanye nokwehluka komqondo wokuhlekisa.
I-Kozma Pastsuu ingeyababhali bendawo yonke yezitatimende ezidumile nama-aphorisms. Amapharele aphuma emaphanini womlobi ngokuqala abonakale engenamqondo, kodwa maduze nje, iqiniso nencazelo ejulile kubonakala kahle. Isibonelo, kunzima ukuphikisana neqiniso lokuthi ukuqhekeka komuntu kusuka phansi, hhayi ngaphezulu - into enengqondo, ngoba izesekeli ezimbili zithembeke kunaleso.
Umlando wendalo
Izinduku zembuzi - ama-alias ahlangene wababhali nezimbongi eziningana ngasikhathi sinye. U-Alexey Tolstoy, abazala bakhe, uVladimir, u-Alexey no-Alexander Peluzhnikov, fihla ngaphansi kwemaski ebhalwe phansi. Imbongi uPelr Ershov yafakwa ekwakhiweni kwamaqoqo amazwi, ama-aphorisms kanye nabasekeli, kanye nesithombe esihle sezinduku sikweleta amapharele aseLero.
Umlando wokudalwa kwemfihlakalo ekhazimulayo ye-satire yaseRussia waqala ngokuhlalwa kwehlobo kusihlwa ka-1851, lapho idolobhana lasePavlovka labuthana eholidini lika-Alexey Tolstoy nabazala bakhe. I-Ishind nama-jokers Cornney amawashi e-pellery kanye nokuhleka usulu ngezinto zesikhathi nesikhathi kanye nezimo zokuphila.
Wonke umuntu wayala izinto zakhe: uTolstoy wahehwa yithiphu ye-epistolar, u-Alexey Peluzhnikov weza nezimo zamahlaya zeshashalazi yasekhaya, u-Alexander wayehlelele ukujabulela izindaba ezihlekisayo eBhesto, naseVladimir wayenesipho se-parody. Lokhu kwazalwa ngokukhanya kwenganekwane yokuqala ye-Prutkov Prutkov "Khohlwa-hhayi ngesigxobo," futhi ngemuva kochungechunge lwezindaba zokuziphatha kwafinyelelwa - "heron kanye namathrekhi okugijima", "umqhubi weholide noTarantul" nabanye. Abafowethu bathathwa kangangokuba lapho kuphela ehlobo, kwaqongelelwa imisebenzi ye-sterirical ebekiwe.
UVladimir encwadini eya kumngane wakho waphawula ukuthi umsebenzi wamahlaya wasungulwa njengobufakazi be- "ferry dundula" - i-basni itholakala kwabanye abantu ababi kakhulu. Futhi futhi ingezwe:
"... Lapho ebuyela eSt Petersburg ... noMfoweth 'u-Alexei nografu A. UTolstoy weza emcabangweni ukuyobhala kumuntu oyedwa okwazi zonke izinhlobo zobuciko."Izinduku ezazalwa ngokungahleliwe kamuva zavela izimfanelo sezivele zinembeza. Maphakathi no-50s, uPeter Ershov wajoyina uBalancy 'walolo uVladimir wahlangana naye lapho esebenza eTobolsk. Ngokubambisana noMdali we- "Skate-Gorboon", bakhombisa umhlaba i-Operacy Operetta "castle, Siren Femorist". Lo msebenzi wabe usuza kumfundi ngaphansi kombhali kayise kaKozma Prutkov. Ngakho-ke uhlamvu olusunguliwe luthole i-pedigree.
Igama lamaPardutes lethulwe nguVerkhevnikov, nokho, labizwa ngokuthi yi-Kuzma. Kamuva, "U" washintsha waba ngu- "O" ngesandla sokukhanya kuka-Alexander. Cishe ngasikhathi sinye, umhlali omusha we-Olimpiki Lemibhalo "wamukele" umsebenzi kanye nesikhundla, oshadile, inzalo.
Imisebenzi yombhali oqanjiwe yafika kubafundi ngo-1854. Emakhasini esicelo kumagazini "Okwesimanje", incwadi ehlekisayo ethi "I-Yelash Yelash" yaphulwa "ukuzilibazisa kukaKozma Prutkov", futhi ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu yahlekisa ngo- "Pooh nezimpaphe. Okwezinye izikhulu zezokungcebeleka kozma Prutkov. "
Ukuphelela kwesithombe, ababhali bashicilela "imicabango kanye nama-aphorisms", kanye nama-anecdotes "avela kumanothi omkhulu wami" kumagazini "Spark". Uqedele umsebenzi wokubhala we-faictal Hero yokushicilelwa e- "WLAyela Ikhwela" wango-1863.
Zonke izincwadi zePrurtkov eya eRevolution zazibhekele izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-10, kwathi ngekhulu lama-20, amashalofu ezitolo zezincwadi acetshiswa ngokuthi "ukuqoqwa okugcwele kwemibhalo yeKozma Prutkov."
I-Biograge
I-biography kaKuzma Petrovich yaqala ngo-1801, noma ngo-1803 - ababhali abazange bathathe isinqumo. Kepha ngosuku lokuzalwa, babeka usuku oluqondile - Ephreli 11. Kwakukhona izinkoleloso zesikhathi esizayo kanye nesazi sefilosofi edolobhaneni laseVentinelian Vologda esifundazweni sabampofu, kodwa izicukuthwane ezihlonishwayo. Ifa eliyinhloko lomlando lasePrukov lisuka kuMkhulu Fyodor Kuzmich: "Izinto zomlando", yize zibhalwe ngolimi "olungenakwenzeka, kepha zibalulekile emicabangweni enobuhlakani.
KuZenith of Glossion, umzukulu uzoshicilela amaparele omkhulu wakhe futhi aziqhenye ngokuzibandakanya ezincwadini zohlobo lonke, oluzofakazela uhlelo lukaTobolsk operetta. Ngokusho kokwelashwa kwezimbuzi, umsebenzi waziswa kakhulu nguDerzhavin, Khmelnitsky ngisho naseSusarokov uqobo.
Kufundwe izinduku zezinduku ekhaya, lapho umpristi enza khona njengomfundisi. Ithalente lemibhalo selivele libunjiwe lisencane, ngoba ukuhlolwa kwezincwadi zaseRussia kuphathwa ngokuthi "kuhlolwe," Imigwaqo yempilo ilandelwa kuma-aphorisms ayo. Isibonelo, ebusheni bakhe uKozma waqonda iqiniso:
"Uma ufuna ukuba muhle, iya kuma-hussars."Ngakho-ke, ngo-1820 kubanzi. Ikwazile ukubamba eshalofini le-hussar, leli qhawe laliyakwazi iminyaka emibili, kepha kwathi kwenzeke umcimbi omubi, kamuva owaba yinto yokunakwa okusondelene nabezindaba zakhe, - okujwayelekile kwakuphupha ngokujwayelekile, lapho kuphela Izindlela zazivela ezingutsheni.
Imbuzane yembuzi esencane yamukelwa eMnyangweni Wezezimali weSt. Petersburg esimweni esiqinile segumbi lethebula, lapho enza khona umsebenzi wokudilizwa, eza esondweni eliqondisa iChamber futhi athole umyalo weSt. I-Stanislav 1st degree. Kuyaqapheleka, impumelelo itholile ngaphandle kokuthandana, ngenxa yokubonga ngentshiseko yayo. Isikhulu esikhazimulayo saphenduka umholi onekhono kunakhe ngokwakhe ayeziqhenya, engakhohlwa ukusho:
"Umqondo wami kanye nokungazethembi, kusekelwa uFree Weeneeness ongapheli, kwakha ukuvikelwa kwami."Njengoba eseke waphila ikota yekhulu leminyaka, izimbuzi zezinduku zashada no-Antonide kuya esijezisweni futhi zinamaphindi ezinganeni zezingane, nokho, kwaba yishumi kuphela asaphila.
Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, lo mlingisi wathola ukudlulisela isiyingi sentsha, esasifakwe yiPearl Brothers kanye negrafu u-Alexei Tolstoy. Kuze kube manje, izinduku azizange zicabange ngemisebenzi ebhaliwe, kepha ama-comrade aqinisekisa umngani omusha kumakhono akhe ahlukile wombhali. Kudwetshwe ukwesekwa okunjalo, iKozma yabhala "iphupho" lamahlaya. Umsebenzi waze wafaka e-Alexandria Theatre, kodwa ngokushesha wawela ku-OPAL kwiziphathimandla futhi wavinjelwa.
Lapho-ke umlobi osanda kwenziwa waqala ngokubhala uBassen, futhi ngonyaka olandelayo, unyaka wayezoshicilela iqoqo lemisebenzi ngomfanekiso wakhe, kepha ukucwaninga kufakwe izinti emasondweni. Noma kunjalo, umlobi ohlakaniphile onobumnandi ophrintiwe omagazini.
Ngiphile uKozma Petrovich iminyaka engama-60. NgoJanuwari 13, 1863, inhliziyo yombhali omkhulu ime ngesikhathi somsebenzi emavesini alandelayo.
Izitatimende nama-aphorisms
Izinduku zembuzi zinemithi ehlukahlukene yezincwadi. Ipeni elibukhali lalingasabi amazwi namahlaya, amadrama kanye nezinganekwane, ama-epigram namanzi amaningi. Futhi hlobo luni lwempikiswano eyayenzeka ezindabeni zezintatheli! Ubuhlakani bakhe baletha umhlaba wezimpawu zokupenda, futhi izingcaphuno zaba yimishwana embozwe:Siphila, iminyaka yokufunda. "Amaqanda awafuni amahlandla amabili. Uma unomthombo, ukuvala; Nikeza ukuphumula nomthombo. Lib! ZRIes empandeni! Yini abanye abayishoyo ngawe, uma wena ngokwakho ungakusho lutho ngawe? Akekho ofuna ukujabula, waqanjwa igama elangeni, Cwilisa amehlo akho, futhi ubona ngesibindi amabala kuwo. Uma ubuzwa: Yini ewusizo kakhulu, ilanga noma inyanga? - Thola: Inyanga. Ngoba ilanga liyakhanya phakathi nosuku lapho kungenjalo ngaphandle kwalolo khanyisa; Futhi inyanga isebusuku. Lapho isiqalo saphela khona ukuqala kwayo, kungcono ithi akukho okuncane, kodwa kuhle. Uthando oluncane okungenani, luzondiza ngewindi. Kumuntu oyedwa, kuyabekezelela enye iTokmo indawo yokuhlala. Kunzima ukuqeda: a) ukudla ukudla okuhle; b) Ukukhuluma nomngane obuya emkhankasweni kanye c) ukuklebhula lapho kubukeka khona.Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Into kaKozma Prutkova imakwe ezikhumbuzweni. Ukuqothuka kwe-bronze kombhali oqanjiwe kuhlobisa ithemba leChumbarova-Lucinsky e-Arkhangelsk. Vele, isithombe esibunjiwe saboniswa yi- "Homeland" kaPrutkov - ukugcwala kufakwe ekuguqukeni kwedolobhana laseVidaze (Lipetsk esifundeni). Eduze kwale ndawo yokuhlala kwathola indawo lapho "abazali" bayo ababebuthene khona. Futhi ukuziqhenya kwemnyuziyamu ebhaliwe eBryansk yi- "Prutkovsky Hall", lapho izivakashi zijwayelana khona nobuciko bombhali bass futhi udlala.
- I-cinema nayo ayidlulanga izimfihlakalo zemibhalo. Kusukela emasha aphathelene nomthombo weKozma Prutkova uqala "umthombo" wamahlaya (1988) Umqondisi we-Yuri mine.
- Ekupheleni kweminyaka engama-90 yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, umkhosi wokuqala wePrurtkov wabanjwa, owamaka ekuqaleni komkhosi we-satire namahlaya. Isiqubulo sezenzakalo, vele, sibolekwe kumlobi: "Ukubheka umhlaba, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungamangali."
- Ukuhlonipha usuku lokuzalwa lwe-200 lomlingiswa, i-Premium yama-parodirs "uKozma we-Casting" avele.
- Kusukela ngo-2004, amaqoqo aphelele ama-Essay alinde umfundi esizeni esakhiwe ngokukhethekile, esinikezelwe ethekwini.