I-Biograge
Ngokuphila kuka-Alexey Nikolayevich Tolstoy "Igrafu ebomvu", ukugcizelela indikimba ye-biography yakhe: ngo-1917, amaBolsheviks abiwa ngezihloko nezithwali zazo, kepha indlela eminyene yayingenakwenzeka. "Ukubalwa Kwabakhumbuza" kwaba ngumbono wokuyekethisa: Ukuzonda amaBolsheviks, wasebenza ngokuzinikela njengombuso futhi wakwazi ukuthola imiklomelo emithathu ye-stalinist.Ubuntwana nentsha
Umlobi wazalwa ngoJanuwari 1883 edolobheni lesifundazwe saseNikolaevsk Samara. Ubuntwana bomlobi "I-County Caliostro" futhi "ukunakekela imihlambi" kudluliselwe emafayeni lomhlaba, owayesebenza kuhulumeni waseZemstvo, u-Alexey Bostrom epulazini Sosnovka eduze kwaseSamara eduzane naseSamara eduzane naseSamara eduzane naseSamara.
Ubani ubaba wofuzo u-Alethei Tolstoy - ukuphikisana namhlanje. Umama womlobi u-Alexander Lexandev Turgeevna waphunyuka kumyeni wakhe - umnikazi womhlaba waseCice Samara, isikhulu se-Life Guarse Regiment kanye ne-Countnioning Nikolay Alexandrovich Tolstoy, ekhulelwe. Waya eBostrom, washiya umyeni wakhe izingane ezintathu. Abalaleli kanye nezindawo eziphilayo u-Alethei Tolstoy abize uYise womlobi weBostroma Land Lown. Kufika eminyakeni eyi-13 ubudala, i-prosaic egqoke igama lakhe lokugcina futhi labheka ubaba wayo wendabuko. Ushade no-Alexei Bortrom Alexander Leontievna akaphumanga: Akavumeli isonto.
Lapho u-Alyosha evuthwa, umama waqala ngokumangalelwa, efuna ukubuyisa indodana yesihloko se-GRAF, igama nomzali wendoda yokuqala. Ukuqulwa kwecala kuphele iminyaka engu-17 ka-Alethei Nikolayevich: Ngo-1901, waba yigrafu iTolstoy, engawazi umuntu ilungelo lokubonisana nesibongo.
Uthando lwezincwadi nombhali ufaka u-Alexey Tolstoy Mom, abazukulu bomshana kaNikolai Turgenev. Isebenza - amanoveli nezincwadi zezingane - wasayina i-psechanderanym alexanderanym alexander bostrom.
Imfundo yokuqala umbhali wesikhathi esizayo we- "Garina Eneineer's Hyperboloid" etholwe ekhaya. Kepha ngo-1897, umndeni wathuthela eSamara, lapho uTolstoy waba umfundi wesikole sangempela. Ngo-1901, insizwa yaqhubeka nemfundo yakhe eSt. Petersburg, ibhalisa eFacty of Technology Institute.
Into yokufunda
Ukuqoqwa kwezinkondlo zeTolstoy "Iculo" kwaphuma ngo-1907. Abagxeki baphawule emsebenzini wokuqala ka-Alexei Tolstoy oneminyaka engama-24, ithonya likaNikolai Nekrasov kanye neNekston imbewu: umbhali osemusha walingiswa nguMaram. Kamuva u-Alexey Nikolayevich wayenamahloni ngombhali weqoqo futhi azame ukungamkhumbuli amavesi.
Indaba yokuqala ethi "Umbhoshongo wakudala" wavela ngemuva kohambo oluya kuma-Urals, lapho umfundi athunyelwe khona ukuba azokwenza. Inyanga nengxenye u-Alethei Tolstoy wayehlala eNevyansk yasendulo, lapho aqoqa khona izinganekwane, imininingwane yomlando ngesifunda kanye nokuheha kwayo, kubandakanya ne-Nevyansk oblowle tower.
Ngo-1907, u-Alexey Nikolayevich uphume esi-Institute futhi wazinikezela ngokubhala. Ngokusho kukaTolstoy, "wahlasela isihloko sakhe", esiphakanyiswa yizindaba zomama nezihlobo: Kwakuyizwe eliphumayo le-Notices, abamele abameli abanemibala futhi behlekisa. "
Iqoqo lokuhola kanye nezindaba ze- "ZavalzHye" Abagxeki, kufaka phakathi uMaxim Gorky, kepha u-Alethei Tolstoy wasanelisekile ngomphumela, wangibiza ngokuthi "ukungasebenzi kahle."
Eminyakeni yabafundi, uTolstoy ngaphansi kwethonya lika-Alexei Remizov athathe intuthuko yolimi. Izinto ezicebile kunazo zonke zaphenduka izinganekwane zasendulo, izinganekwane, imibhalo ye-avvakum nezinceku zokwahlulela zekhulu le-XVII. Maduze "Izinganekwane ze-Soupy Fairy" kanye neqoqo lesibili (lokugcina) "ngemuva kwemifula eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" kwavela.
Amavesi amaningi u-Alexey Tolstoy akazange abhale. Kepha izindaba, izinganekwane, le ndaba namanoveli azalelwa enanini elikhulu - umbhali wasebenza, hhayi ukusonta izandla, umangaza ozakwabo ngokusebenza kahle okuhle. Ngo-1911, wabhala inoveli elithi "impilo emibili", ngonyaka olandelayo inoveli ethi "Chrome Barin" yavela, khona-ke le ndaba "ngemuva kwesitayela" nezindaba. Izingcezu ze-tolstoy zibeka imidlalo yeshashalazi encane yedolobha. Ngasikhathi sinye, umlobi wakwazile ukuya emaphathini, avulele ama-Aishes, ama-salon nawo wonke ama-premieres aseshashalazini.
IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yathi u-Alethei Tolstoy Tringictlent: Ubhale ama-Essays Omugqa Wangaphambili wephephandaba laseRussia Vedomosti, avakashele eFrance naseBrithani. Ngo-1915-16, izindaba "ezisentabeni", "ngaphansi kwamanzi", "ntokazi enhle" yavela. Mayelana neDrama, umlobi futhi akazange akhohlwe - ngo-1916, amahlaya athi "amandla angcolile" kanye ne- "liquefaction" aphuma.
Imicimbi yezinguquko yango-Okthoba 1917, u-Alexey Tolstoy wathatha iWarnyay. Ehlobo lika-1918, wathutha umndeni waya e-Odessa, abalekele amaBolsheviks. Indaba ethi "CALIOSORTro ukubala" kanye nothando "uthando yincwadi yegolide" yavela edolobheni eliseningizimu.
Kusuka e-Odessa, umndeni othe xaxa wafuduka eConstantinople, wabe esepharis. Empilweni yalowo mlobi, ukunyakaza akuzange kuthinti: U-Alexei Tolstoy wasebenza, engavuli umhlane wakhe. EFrance, le ndaba ethi "ubuntwana bakwaNikita" yazalwa nengxenye yokuqala ye-trilogy "ehamba ngefulawa."
Impilo phesheya kwakubonakala kubuqili baseRussia kanye nomlobi ongakhululeki. Kujwayele ukunethezeka kanye nenduduzo, igrafu laseTolstoy laboniswa ukungasinaki impilo. Ekwindla ka-1921, wathutha umndeni waya eBerlin, lapho athatha khona iminyaka emibili. Ubudlelwano u-Alerei Nikoleyevich onomhlaba ofudukayo owonakalisiwe.
Ekupheleni kwehlobo, ngo-1923 u-Alexey Tolstoy wabuyela eSoviet Russia kuze kube phakade. Ukubuya kwakhe kwabangela ukusabela okunesivunguvungu nokudideka: imibuthano emibi ibizele lo mthetho ngokukhaphela futhi yamisa i- "Soviet Graph" ngeziqalekiso. AmaBolsheviks amukele umlobi ezingalo ezivulekile: UTolstoy waba ngumngane kaJoseph Stalin, wathola ubulungu be-Academy of the USSR yaseSoviet. U-Alexey Nikoleayevich akukhona ukuthi wamukele - wabuyisana ngohlelo olusha, njengakungatholakali. Wethulwa efeni eBarvikha, wanikeza imoto nge-chauffeur.
U-Alexey Tolstoy wakhungathekisa i-trilogy "ehamba ngokuhlushwa" futhi wethula abafundi abancane inqwaba yezindatshana. Ezinganeni, uphinde waphinda anenganekwane Carlo Callodi mayelana nokufika kwe-Pinocchio, ebiza indaba yakhe "ukhiye wegolide, noma ukufika kwePinocchio".
Ngo-1924, le ndaba yazalwa ukuthi abagxeki bemibhalo babheka umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu ka-Alexei Tolstoy - "ama-adventures eNevzorov, noma i-Ibikus". Umlobi wethule umhlaba othakazelisa kakhulu imisebenzi emihle - amanoveli athi "Aelita" kanye ne- "Hyperboloid Engineer Garina", Indaba yase-Utopian "Amadolobha aluhlaza". Kepha abafundi bathatha imibhalo emnandi ye- "Comrade Yezibalo" Warry, kanye nozakwabo - u-Ivan Bunin, izimpande ze-chukovsky, uYuri Tyanyanov - uyangabaza. Ukuqonda amanoveli amasha wombhali kwakuthokozela kuphela i-Maxim Gorky, ebikezela inkazimulo kumanoveli ohlontwe lwezinganekwane.
Ngo-1937, u-Alethei Tolstoy wabhala indaba ethi "Isinkwa", lapho akhuluma khona ngendima evelele ye-Stalin ekuvikelweni kweTsaritsyn ngesikhathi sempi yombango. Kepha incwadi eyinhloko, umbhali wasebenza kuyo iminyaka engu-16 edlule yokuphila, kwakuyinombolo yomlando "Petru kuqala". Ngemuva kokufunda umsebenzi, kwakuwukuthi ngisho okuncane kakhulu ngezincomo, u-Ivan Bunin, ongathandi uTolstoy.
Eminyakeni yempi enkulu yokuthanda izwe, u-Alexey Tolstoy wabhala "u-Ivan Grogy" e-Ivan Grozny "nendaba" yohlamvu lwaseRussia ".
Kepha kukhona imibhalo ebizwa ngokuthi iPeru ye- "Red Graph", lapho afa khona, engafuni ukuqaphela ukubhala. Le ndaba enobuqili "iBanya", ebizwa ngokuthi ngumsebenzi wokuqala wobulili obungcolile weRussia wangaphambi kweRussia. Kepha isiqinisekiso sokuthi le ndaba yabhala u-Alexey Tolstoy, ayikutholanga yini: noma ezincwadini, noma ezinyangeni zombhali zishiya amamaki omsebenzi. Abanye abagxeki basikisela ukuthi i- "bath" yabhala ibhubesi talstoy, kepha kukhona labo abakhombisa uNikolai Leskov.
Mhlawumbe u-Alexey Nikolayevich weza enanini "labasolwa" ngenxa yokucabanga okunengqondo mayelana nokubhalwa komunye umsebenzi, lapho kunezici zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Le "Diary of Celecular", yavela ngo-1927 - Kubhalwe ngo-1927 - Kubhaliwe (mhlawumbe) u-Alexei Tolstoy noPavel Schegolev ngesicelo sabaphathi badelela umndeni wasebukhosini.
U-Aleksey Tolstoy Works adinwe. Abanye ("Barin" bakwa-Chrome "," bahamba ama-flinks ") izikhathi 3-4. Enhliziyweni yamafilimu "ifomula yothando", "PETER Okokuqala", "osemusha kaPeter", "ukhiye wegolide", "Aelita", "i-Hyperboloid Engineer Garna" kanye "ne-Hyperboloid Miell" amanga asebenza ngegrafu yeSoviet.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umlobi wabizwa ngokuthi u-lefanelas noBonvivan. Empilweni, u-Alexei Tolstoy wayengumshado owodwa. Owokuqala noYulia Roggy, indodakazi kaMetisor wasekolishi. Umbhali wajwayelana nentombazane eSamara, ekuzivuseleleni kokudlala enkundleni yemidlalo yase-Amateur. Ngo-1901, ngemuva kokuba ihlobo elichithwe ndawonye ezweni laseRozhansky, uTolstoy wancenga uYulia ukuba ahambe aye eSt. Petersburg, lapho angena khona esikhungweni sezokwelapha. Ngonyaka olandelayo, lelo bhangqa layenzekile, kwathi ngoJanuwari 1903 indodana kaYuri yazalwa (yafa ngo-1908).
Ngemicimbi yezinguquko, u-Alethei Tolstoy waya eJalimane, lapho ahlangana khona nomculi uSophia Chimshitz. Umfazi wokuqala wahlukana ngokusemthethweni ngawo-1910. USimish Sophia wamukela ama-Orthodoxy futhi ashadile uTolstoy. Ngo-1911, indodakazi kaMarianna yazalwa.
Ngokushesha, umlobi onothando wadonsela ukunaka kwenkondlo uNatalia Krandiyevskaya washiya umlingani wesibili. Ngo-1914, uTolstoy noCrandiyevskaya bashada, umshado wahlala kuze kube ngu-1935. Ebunyeni noNatalia Vasilyevna, owaba yi-prototype kaKati esuka "emnandi kufulawa," amadodana kaNikita noDmitry bazalwa.
Ngo-Agasti 1935, unobhala omuhle weLyudmila Krestinskaya-barsheva wafika endlini eTolstoy. Ngo-Okthoba, uLyudmila, owayeqonde ukwedlula umncane u-Alethei Nikolayevich, waba ngumkakhe. Bendawonye bephila ngaphambi kokufa komlobi.
Ukushona
Ngo-1944, odokotela babeka u-Alexey TOLSTOY ukuxilongwa kabi: umdlavuza wamaphaphu osheshayo. Isigamu sonyaka womlobi ahlukunyezwa ubuhlungu be-hellish. Ushone ngoFebhuwari 1945 eMoscow, ngaphandle kokusinda ekunqobeni.
U-Alexey Tolstoy wangcwatshwa emathuneni eNovodevichy, ememezela ukulila isimo.
Ngo-Okthoba 1987, enhloko-dolobha e-Spiridonovka Street, lapho umlobi uLudmila uhlala khona enhlokodolobha, wavula umnyuziyamu.
Quotes Alexei Tolstoy
- Lomhlaba uzokufa ngokungafanele. Lapha, ezinye zijabulisa ziphila ngokuhlakanipha.
- Kumele kube lapho umuntu enakho konke, khona-ke akajabuli futhi akajabuli.
- Ukusuka eSoldion kwakudinga ngenkani futhi ngokulalela ukufela kulezo zindawo lapho kukhonjiswa khona ebalazweni.
- Abantu angeke bashiywe ngaphandle kwabaholi. Badonswa ukuba babe kubo bonke abane.
- Lapha balwa okwabo: umfowabo kumfowabo, uBaba oseNdodaneni yakhe, kumaKum eKuma, kusho ngaphandle kokwesaba nangonomusa.
- Kuyadingeka ukuthi inani legolide lilinganiselwe, ngaphandle kwalokho lizolahlekelwa yiphunga lesithukuthuku somuntu.
I-Bibliography
- 1912 - "I-Chrome Barin"
- Ngo-1921 - "Ukubalwa kweCaliosttro"
- 1922 - "Ingane yeNikita"
- 1923 - "Aelita"
- Ngo-1924 - "Izithakazelo zeNevzorova, noma i-Ibikus"
- Ngo-1927 - "I-Hyperboloid kaGarina"
- 1922 - "Ukuhamba ngofulawa. Odadewethu "
- 1928 - "Ukuhamba ngofulawa. Unyaka we-18 "
- 1941 - "Ukuhamba ngofulawa. Ukugibela ekuseni »
- Ngo-1934 - "PETRU OKUQALA"
- Ngo-1942 - "U-Ivan Grozny. Ukhozi no-Orlitz "
- 1943 - "U-Ivan Grozny. Iminyaka Enzima "