I-Biograge
UNikolai Nekrasov ungumenzeli wenkulumo entsha ebhaliwe, eyaphola ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 yaqala ngempumelelo futhi yathuthukiswa.
Inguquko kaNikolai Alekseevich yayishesha ngezindlela ezimbili: Injongo (umbhali wathinta imisebenzi yesihloko, ebingamukelwanga ngisho nasekupheleni) kanye ne-metric (izinkondlo, ukuncipha kuye kwathola i-arsenal ecebile enemibala emithathu osayizi).
Izincwadi zaseRussia, njenge-Russian Social Life, kuze kube sekupheleni kwama-60s athuthukiswa njengengxenye yeDichotomy. UNekrasov emsebenzini wabo waphoqa imingcele yokwazi, echazela abantu ukuthi umbuzo ofanayo okungenani unamaphuzu amathathu okubuka.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UNikolai Aleksevich Nekrasov wazalwa ngoNovemba 28, 1821 esiFundazweni sasePodolsk, lapho umhlangano wesiNgisi angama-36 wanqotshwa, lapho uYise akhonza khona njengokaputeni.
Inhloko yomndeni u-Alexey Sergeevich wayengumdanso, oziqhenyayo ngemvelaphi yakhe enhle. Umgembuli okhukhulayo wayengenandaba nazinkondlo noma prose. Indoda engenakulinganiswa engqondweni yayilungile kuphela ezintweni ezimbili - ukuzingela nokuhlaselwa kwezandla. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi u-Alexey ubukade enezicelo zobuhlakani, wawusemtapweni wezincwadi, osemusha uNekrasov ufunda okwenqatshelwe ngasikhathi sinye. I-Pushkin "Ubuntu".
Umama u-Elena Alekseevna wayephambene ngqo nomuntu oshade naye. Mnene ngenenekazi elincanyana lenhlangano yenhlangano ngaso sonke isikhathi i-musitis futhi ifundwe. Ezweni eliyingqophamlando lezincwadi, kwasindiswa kusuka ezingokoqobo zansuku zonke. Kamuva, lona "Owesifazane oNgcwele" kaNekrasov uzonikela ngenkondlo "Umama" no "Knight ihora."
INekrasov kwakungeyona ukuphela kwengane. Ngokwesimo esinzima sokusweleka kwesihluku sikababa ngaphezulu kwababunguwe, ama-orgies anamandla ka-Alexei Sergeyevich anenkinga yezinqaba nezinceku ezinesihluku "ezinye izingane eziyi-13 zakhula.
Ngo-1832, uNekrasov wangena eYaroslavl Gymnasium, lapho ayefinyelele khona ebangeni lesi-5. Ubaba wayefuna njalo ukuthi iNdodana iye ezinyathelweni zayo futhi yaba yizempi. Ngo-1838, uNikolay oneminyaka engu-17 ubudala waya eSt. Petersburg ukunquma iqembu lobukhosi.
Enhloko-dolobha yamasiko, le nsizwa yathatha isinqumo somuntu wakubo - u-Andreri Glusheshotsky, owatshela imbongi ngentsha yokufunda esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme. Ugqugquzelwe yiNekrasov, okuphambene nemiyalo kababa, inquma ukufaka ubuhlakani be-Faculty of St. Petersburg University. Kodwa-ke, umfana ovelayo ulimaza ukuhlolwa kokungena futhi uhola isimo se-WUSTER (1831-1841.
Ukuba ngumfundi, uNikolai Nekrasov waba nesidingo esibi. Kwesokunxele ngaphandle kokusekelwa ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, walala ubusuku emanenekazi nasemagumbini wakubo, wabona isidlo sakusihlwa esigcwele kuphela emaphusheni. Ukuncishwa okwesabekayo akuzange kulungiselele umlobi wesikhathi esizayo ngenxa yokudala, kodwa futhi wazenza lukhuni isimilo sakhe.
Into yokufunda
Iqoqo lokuqala lezinkondlo zeNekrasov esencane kwaba "amaphupho nemisindo". Incwadi yalungiswa ngo-1839, kepha uNekrasov akazange aphuthume ukushicilela "nengqondo" yakhe. Umlobi wangabaza ukuvuthwa kwezinkondlo kwezinkondlo zakhe futhi wayefuna umeluleki oqinile.
Ukuba nezandla zokufunda, umbhali wokuqala wacela umsunguli we-Romanticism v.a. UZhukovsky ujwayelane naye. UVasily Andreevich weluleke ukuthi angaphrinti incwadi ngaphansi kwegama lakhe, echaza lokho ngokuzayo, imisebenzi emikhulu izobhala ngokuzayo, futhi ngenxa yalokhu "uNikolai Aleksevich ongeyena u-" UNikolai Aleksevich, uzoba namahloni.
Ngenxa yalokho, iqoqo la lishicilelwa ngaphansi kwe-pseudonym n.n. Leli qoqo aliphumelelanga emphakathini, futhi ngemuva kokugxekwa kwe-Vissarion Grigorieving Belinsky ku-Literary Magazine "Amanothi Wezimali" abhujiswa mathupha ukusuka eNekrasov.
Ngokubambisana nomlobi u-Ivan Ivanovich Panayev, imbongi yaqasha "ophikweni" ebusika bango-1846. Ukushicilelwa kushicilelwe ababhali abathuthukile nabo bonke abaye bazonda isicebe. NgoJanuwari 1847, udaba lokuqala "lwesimanje" lwenzeka. Ngo-1862, uhulumeni wamisa umsebenzi wephephabhuku okungafuneki ngezikhundla eziphakeme kakhulu, kwathi ngo-1866 kwamhlaba nakancane.
Ngo-1868, uNikolai Aleksevich wathenga amalungelo "amanothi asekhaya." Lapho, i-classic yashicilelwa yonke iminyaka eyalandela impilo emfushane.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi eminingi yombhali, izinkondlo "Abesifazane baseRussia" baqokonyiswa kakhulu (1873), "Frost, Izingane ezibomvu" (1863), "Izingane ezimpofu" (1861), "kuVolga" (1860) kanye Inkondlo "Umzukulu kaMamay noHares" (1870), "umfufula kanye nama-marigolds" (1861), "i-Green Noise" (1862-1863 ntam), "
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Naphezu kwenqubomgomo ephumelelayo yemibhalo kanye nenani elikhulu lemininingwane umlobi akhiphe njalo ngenyanga (ngaphezu kwamashidi aphrintiwe aphrintiwe) futhi acutshunguliwe, uNekrasov wayengumuntu ongeyena ngokweqile.
Ukuhlaselwa ngokungazelelwe kokunganaki, lapho imbongi yamasonto angenayo ukuthintana nanoma ngubani, futhi i- "Cart" yempi "yenzalo impilo yomuntu siqu cishe ayinakwenzeka.
Ngo-1842, kusihlwa sezinkondlo, uNikolai Aleksevich uhlangana nonkosikazi womlobi u-Ivan Panayev - avdotia. Owesifazane wayemuhle ngokwakhe, waba nengqondo evelele nama-oratories amahle kakhulu. Njengomsingathi we-salon yemibhalo, njalo "waqoqa" izibalo ezidumile zezincwadi (Chernyshevsky, Turgenev, Belinsky).
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi u-Ivan Panayev wayeyisibhamu esinamandla, futhi noma yimuphi umfazi angakujabulela ukuqeda umyeni onjalo, uNekrasov kwadingeka enze imizamo enkulu, ukuze athole indawo yentokazi ebukekayo. Kuyaziwa ngokuthembekile ukuthi uFodor Dostoevsky wayethandana nobuhle, kepha wehluleka ukufeza ukuphindisela.
Ekuqaleni, owesifazane ophambukayo wenqaba ukuthandwa kweNekrasov eneminyaka engu-26 ubudala, yingakho acishe azibulale. Kepha ngesikhathi sohambo oluhlanganyelwe esifundazweni saseKazan, i-brunette emnandi kanye nomlobi omusha wethemba esamukelwa komunye nomunye ngemizwa. Lapho bebuya, baqala ukuphila umshado wombango efulethini lasePanayev ukuba umbhangqwana onomyeni osemthethweni we-avdoti.
Inyunyana enezindlela ezintathu ikhona iminyaka engu-16. Sonke lesi senzo sabangela ukuba asole emphakathini - ngoNekrasov wathi uhlala endlini engaziwa, uthanda umfazi womunye umuntu futhi uqhubekele nesimo somhawu emyeni osemthethweni.
Ngaphandle kokuqothuka nokungaqondi, uNekrasov noPanayev bajabule. E-Tandem, abantu abathandekayo babhala umjikelezo wenkondlo, bambiza ngokuthi "Panayevsky". Izinto ze-Biofical kanye nengxoxo ngenhliziyo, khona-ke ngesizathu, okuphambene nale nkinga, yenza imisebenzi kuleli qoqo ngokuphelele akufani ne- "Denisyevsky umjikelezo" kaFyodor Tytchev.
Futhi ekubhaleni ubudlelwano be-NEKRASOV ne-STANITSKY (i-pseudonym of avdoti yakovlevna) amanoveli azalwa "amazwe amathathu okukhanya" (1848-1849) kanye "neLake Lake" (1851).
Ngo-1849, imbongi edumile yaseMusa yabeletha indodana yakhe. Kodwa-ke, indlalifa yamathalente "umlobi waphila nje amahora ambalwa. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha, le ntokazi iphinde yabeletha ukukhanya komfana. Ingane yayibuthakathaka kakhulu futhi ngemuva kokushona kwezinyanga ezine. Emhlabathini wokuhluleka ukuba nezingane nge-Nekrasov nasePanayeva ziqale izingxabano. Umbhangqwana ovumayo ongasakwazi ukuthola "amaphuzu ajwayelekile wokuxhumana".
Ngo-1862, umyeni osemthethweni we-Avdoti - u-Ivan Panayev uyafa. Ngokushesha lona wesifazane uyabona ukuthi uNikolai Aleksevich - iqhawe akuyona inoveli yakhe, futhi lishiya imbongi. Kuyaziwa ngokuthembekile ukuthi umlobi uzoba nokushiwo 'uthando lwempilo yakhe.'
Ohambweni lwangaphandle ngo-1864, uNekrasov wayehlala emakamelini nabangane bakhe - udadewabo ka-Anna Alekseyevna kanye nowesifazane waseFrance uSelina Lefers, ahlangana naye eSt. Petersburg ngo-1863.
USelina wayengumlingisi weqembu laseFrance, elalichithe eMikhailovsky Theatre, futhi ngenxa yalona kalula, okungalungile akubonanga ubuhlobo nembongi. Ehlobo lika-1866, uWilen uchithe eKarabikha, kwathi entwasahlobo yango-1867 kwaphinde kwavela phesheya neNekrasov. Kodwa-ke, kulokhu ubuhle bedwala eliya eRussia abusebuyi. Akuzange kuphazamise ubuhlobo babo - ngo-1869, lo mbhangqwana wahlangana eParis futhi wabamba wonke u-Agasti wasolwandle eDipte. Ekuzibulaleni ngokuzibulala, umlobi wakusho.
Eminyakeni yobudala engama-48 kaNekrasov wahlangana nentombazane engenacala eneminyaka engu-19 ubudala eneminyaka engu-19 ubudala uFekla Anisimovna Vistorova. Futhi yize le ntokazi ayizange ibe nedatha yangaphandle evelele futhi yayinesizotha kakhulu, impahla yegama elibhaliwe ayelithande ngokushesha. UFekla, imbongi yaba yindoda yempilo yakhe yonke. Akagcinanga kuphela ukuvula owesifazane ebuntwaneni lothando, kodwa futhi wabonisa umhlaba.
Iminyaka emihlanu ejabulisayo yayihlala ndawonye uNekrasov nomngane wakhe omncane. Indaba yabo yothando ikhumbuze lolu hlaka lokudlalwa kukaBernard Shaw "we-pigmalion". Izifundo zesiFulentshi, zohlelo lolimi lwaseRussia, kanye nomdlalo okwipiyano uguqule umfazi wombhali kangaka kangangokuba esikhundleni segama elaziwa kakhulu, imbongi yaqala ukukhulisa uZinaida Nikolaevna, anikeze igama eliphakathi esikhundleni salo .
Imbongi yathola imizwa yesisa kakhulu kuFekle, kodwa empilweni yakhe yonke, nobabili e-Arencher French Franger Selina Lefren, ayenothando lwabo, kanye nothando lwase-Avdier Yakovlevna.
Ukushona
Iminyaka yokugcina yempilo yombhali omkhulu yayigcwele ubuhlungu. "Amathikithi e-One-Way" UPustrost walitholela ekuqaleni konyaka we-1875, lapho egula kakhulu.
I-classic ayizange inakekele impilo yakhe ngokukhethekile yabuza udokotela ngoDisemba 1876 ngemuva kokuthi ibhizinisi lakhe laba mncane kakhulu. Ukuhlola kwenze uProfessor Nikolay Skelifosovsky osebenze ngaleso sikhathi e-Medical and Kuhlinzwa Academy. Ngokutadisha ngomunwe we-rectum, kuchaze kahle i-neoplasm nge-apula. Ngomfanekiso, udokotela ohlinzayo ovelele watshela ngokushesha bobabili uNekrasov nabasizi ukuze banqume ngokulinganayo ukuthi benzeni ngokulandelayo.
Yize uNikolai Aleksevich aqonda ukuthi wayegula kakhulu, usanda kwenqaba ukukhulisa umthamo we-opium. Usuvele umbhali we-melanoe wesaba ukulahlekelwa ukusebenza futhi abe umthwalo womndeni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezinsukwini zokuxolelwa kweNekrasov kwaqhubeka nokubhala izinkondlo futhi kwaqeda ingxenye yesine yenkondlo "ehlala kahle eRussia." Ku-Intanethi nakulolu suku, ungathola izithombe lapho "zigqilaze khona isifo" zakudala zilala embhedeni kanye nocezu lwephepha futhi zibukeka zicabangele kude.
Ukwelashwa kwakusetshenziselwa ukulahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle, kwathi ngo-1877 imbongi yokuphelelwa yithemba icele usizo ekusweleni okungu-E.i. Bogwanovsky. Udadewethu wombhali, okhuthaza ukungenelela, wabhala incwadi eVienna. Kuyo, lona wesifazane wabuza izinyembezi uprofesa odumile waseTheodore Bilrot ukuthi eze ePeterSburg futhi asebenze umfowethu othandekayo. Ngo-Ephreli 5 wavuma. Ngomsebenzi, umngani osondelene noJohann Brahms wacela imikhiqizo eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi eziyinkulungwane. Ukulungiselela ukufika kweSurgeGO, N.A. INekrasov yathatha imali edingekayo evela kuMfowethu FODOR.
Ukuya odokotela kwadingeka bavumelane nesinqumo esenziwe futhi balindele ukufika kozakwethu. USolwazi T. Bilrot wafika eSt. Petersburg ngo-Ephreli 11, 1877. ILuminaire yomuthi yajwayela ngokushesha umlando wesifo sakudala. Ngo-Ephreli 12, uTheodore wahlola uNekrasov wamisa ukuhlinzwa kusihlwa sosuku olufanayo. Amathemba emindeni nabangane abazange balungisiswe: Ukusebenza okubuhlungu akuholelanga kunoma yini.
Izindaba ngesifo esibulalayo sembongi ekwenyeleni kweso elibhekwako ezweni. Abantu abavela kulo lonke elaseRussia bathumela uNikolai Aleksevich Letters kanye ne-Telegraphs. Naphezu kokuhlushwa okubi kakhulu, lo mfanekiso wezincwadi odumile waqhubeka nokuhambisana nezakhamizi ezibucayi kakhulu ezikhuphukela ekukhubazekeni komzimba okugcwele kwezinyawo.
Encwadini ethi "Izingoma zakamuva" ezibhaliwe ngalesi sikhathi, inani lezincwadi lifingqiwe, lenza isici esingabonakali phakathi kokuphila nobuciko. Imisebenzi engenile eqoqweni - ukuvuma kweqiniso komuntu ozobikezela ukuphela kwe-ambulensi.
NgoDisemba, isimo soMphakathi sawohloka kakhulu: kanye nokuqiniswa kobuthakathaka obuphelele ne-escrow, bekuhlala kukhulisa izinhlungu endaweni egxilile, lapho kuvuvukala kwethanga. Phakathi kokunye, isibhamu esibi saqala ukuhlukaniswa no-rectum.
Ngaphambi kokushona kukaNekrasov, wanquma ukwenza okusemthethweni ubudlelwano noZinaida. Isiguli sasingenamandla okuya esontweni, futhi umshado wenzeka ekhaya. NgoDisemba 14, wabona isiguli n.A. UBlogololival wanquma ukukhubazeka okugcwele kwengxenye yesokudla komzimba waxwayisa ngokuthi nsuku zonke uMbuso uzoba yingozi kancane kancane.
NgoDisemba 26, uNikolai Aleksevich wabiza umkakhe, udade noNars wakhe. Uthe kulowo nalowo wavalelisa "." Ngokushesha ukwazisa kwamshiya, futhi kusihlwa ngoDisemba 27 (Januwari 8, 1878, ngokwesitayela esisha), kusho isazi sabantu abadumile.
NgoDisemba 30, naphezu kwesithwathwa esinamandla, isixuku sembongi 'ekugcineni savumela' ukusuka endlini ngeFlytein Avenue endaweni yokuthambisa kwaphakade - amathuna wesigodlo seNovodevichy Monastery.
Enkulumweni yokuvalelisa, uDostoevsky wahlonipha uNekrasov endaweni yesithathu yezinkondlo zaseRussia ngemuva kwe-pushkin ne-lermontov. Isixuku saphazamisa umlobi ngokumemeza "yebo ngenhla, ngaphezulu kwe-pushkin!"
Masinyane nje ngemuva kokuhleleka kukaZinaida Nikolaevna waphendukela emajele esigodlo sezindela ngesicelo sokuthengisa indawo yakhe eduze kwethuna lomyeni wakhe ngokungcwaba kwakhe esikhathini esizayo.
I-Bibliography
- "Umlingisi" (Piese, 1841)
- "Kubuyiselwe" (ucezu, 1859)
- "Isikhulu" (ucezu, 1844)
- "Umbukiso we-fooclich uBob, noma umyeni wakhe akekho epuletini lawo" (Dlala, 1841)
- "Intsha Lomonosov" (I-Dramatic Favery emavesini esenzweni esisodwa nge-Epilogue, 1840)
- "Kwesikhathi Sonke (inkondlo, 1875)
- "Ukuthula" (inkondlo, 1857)
- "Umkhulu" (inkondlo, 1870)
- "IKhabhinethi Yezibalo zeWax" (Inkondlo, 1956)
- "Ngubani ohlala kahle eRussia" (inkondlo, 1863-1876)
- "AmaCorobenikests" (Inkondlo, 1861)
- "Emuva nje" (Inkondlo, 1871)