I-Biograge
Igrafu kaLeo Tolstoy, i-classic of Russian ne-World izincwadi ibizwa ngokuthi yi-Master of Psychologist, uMdali wohlobo lwe-epopea yamaRoma, umcabangi woqobo nothisha wokuphila. Imisebenzi yombhali okhazimulayo yifa elikhulu kunawo wonke eRussia.
Ngo-Agasti 1828, kwazalwa izincwadi zaseRussia ezaziwukufa kwabantu abavamile esifundazweni saseTula. Umbhali wesikhathi esizayo we- "War nezwe" waba yingane yesine emndenini wezifo ezidumile. Ngokusho komugqa kababa, wayengumndeni wakudala wama-tolstoy amagrafu owakhonza u-Ivan okubi noPhetro kuqala. Kumama line lev Nikoleyevich yinzalo yeRurikov. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iLion Tolstoy no-Alexander Pushkin yikhokho evamile - U-Admiral Ivan Mikhailovich Golovin.
Umama Leo Nikolayevich - The Nee Princess Volkonskaya - wafa kusukela ekuzalweni kwemfudumalo ngemuva kokuzalwa kwendodakazi yakhe. Ngaleso sikhathi, ibhubesi lalingasenaminyaka emibili. Eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kamuva, inhloko yomndeni yafa - Bala uNikolai Tolstoy.
Ukunakekelwa kwezingane kwakulele emahlombe omlobi we-anti - uT. A. Ergolskaya. Kamuva izingane eziyizintandane ze-Guarden ozithayo zaba ngumkhulu wesibili - uMaress A. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe ngo-1840, izingane zathuthela eKazan, kudadewabo omusha kababa uP. I. Yushkova. U-anti uthonye umshana, futhi ubuntwana endlini yakhe, eyayithathwa njengeyijabule kakhulu futhi enomoya wokungenisa izihambi edolobheni, umlobi wabizwa ngokuthi ujabule. Kamuva, uTolstoy uTolstoy wachaza okuvelayo kwempilo efeni laseYushkov endabeni "ubuntwana".
I-Primary Education Classic etholwe ekhaya evela kothisha baseJalimane nakuFrance. Ngo-1843, ibhubesi uTolstoy langena eKazan University, elikhetha ubuhlakani bezilimi zaseMpumalanga. Kungekudala, ngenxa yokusebenza okuphansi, washintshela kwelinye ubuhlakani - ngokomthetho. Kepha futhi akuphumelelanga: Eminyakeni emibili, washiya eyunivesithi ngaphandle kokuthola ama-degree.
Ibhubesi uNikolayevich libuyisele ekuhlanzeni okucacile, lifuna ukusungula ubudlelwano nabalimi ngendlela entsha. Umqondo wehlulekile, kepha le nsizwa yayithola njalo idayari, yayithanda ukuzijabulisa kwezwe futhi yaba nesithakazelo emculweni. I-Tolstoy's Clock yalela kuJohann Bach, Frederick Chopin noWolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Okudumele ngokuphila komnikazi womhlaba ngemuva kokuchitha edolobhaneni lasehlobo, ibhubesi elineminyaka engu-20 lishiye ifa lathuthela eMoscow, futhi ukusuka lapho kwaya eSt. Petersburg. Insizwa egijimisana phakathi kokulungiselela izivivinyo zokhetho e-University, umculo, umculo, amaKhini namaGypsi, bese amaphupho ukuze abe yisikhulu, khona-ke i-junker ye-connogvardsky ibutho. Izihlobo zibize ibhubesi "elincanyana kakhulu", futhi izikweletu zizitholile kwadingeka zitholakale iminyaka.
Into yokufunda
Ngo-1851, umfowabo wombhali - iphoyisa uNikolai Tolstoy - wancenga ibhubesi ukuthi liye eCaucasus. Kwaphela iminyaka emithathu, uLevi Nikolayevich wayehlala edolobhaneni elisemabhange e-terek. Uhlobo lwe-caucasus kanye nempilo yezinzalamizi yesiCossack Stunnye yaboniswa "ezitokisini" kanye "neziqu ze" Haji Murat ", izindaba" zokuhlasela "kanye" nokungena ".
ECaucasus, uLeo Tolstoy wabhala le ndaba "ubuntwana", okwakhishwa kumagazini "owayekhuluma" ngaphansi kokuqala kukaL. N. Ngokushesha wabhala ukuqhubeka kwe- "Soil kungekudala" kanye "nentsha" ngokuhlanganisa indaba ethafeni. I-jut ye-Region yaphenduka yaqhakaza futhi yaletha uLerly Nikolayevich ukuqashelwa kokuqala.
I-biography yokudala kaLeo Tolstoy ikhula ngokushesha: Ukuqokwa kweBucharest, ukuhumusha kuya eSevastopol, umyalo webhethri ucebise umlobi. Kusukela ngaphansi kwezimpaphe zikaLeo Nikolayevich, kwakhishwa umjikelezo we- "Sevastopol izindaba". Imibhalo yombhali osemusha yashaya abagxeki ngokuhlaziywa ngokwengqondo okunesibindi. UNikolai Chernyshevsky utholakala kubo "izilimi zomphefumlo", noMbusi u-Alexander II wafunda i-eseyi "Sevastopol ngoDisemba" futhi yazwakalisa ukunconywa ngethalente likaToltoy.
Ebusika bango-1855, ibhubesi elineminyaka engu-28 lifika eSt. Petersburg futhi langena embuthanweni "wesimanje", lapho amukelwa khona, ebiza "ithemba elikhulu lezincwadi zaseRussia." Kepha unyaka, imvelo yokubhala nezingxabano zayo nezingxabano, ukufundwa kanye nokudla kwasemini kwezemibhalo kukhathele. Kamuva "ukuvuma izono" uTolstoy wavuma:
"Abantu balabo bangidluliselwa kimi, nami ngokwami ngokwami uqobo."Ekwindla ka-1856, umbhali osemusha waya efa le-polyana evamile, kwathi ngoJanuwari 1857 - phesheya. Isigamu sonyaka, ibhubesi tolstoy lahamba iYurophu. Ivakashele eJalimane, i-Italy, eFrance neSwitzerland. Babuyela eMoscow, futhi basuka lapho - ekuhlanzeni okucacile. Efadini elijwayelekile, lalibandakanyekile ekuhlelweni kwezikole zezingane ezifuywayo. Eduze kwe-polyana evamile, izikhungo ezingamashumi amabili zemfundo ezingamashumi amabili zivele ngokubamba iqhaza kwakhe. Ngawo-1860s, umlobi wahamba kakhulu: eJalimane, eSwitzerland, eBelgium, wafunda amasistimu okuhamba ngezinyawo amazwe aseYurophu okufanele asebenze eRussia.
I-niche ekhethekile emsebenzini webhubesi uTolstoy yizitayela nama-Essays ezingane nentsha. Umlobi wadala amakhulu emisebenzi yabafundi abancane, lapho kunezinganekwane ezinhle nezifundisayo ', "kubafowethu" ababili, "i-hedgehog kanye nenja".
Ibhukwana lesikole "Alfabhethi" Ibhubesi Tolstoy labhala ukufundisa izingane zibhala, zifunda futhi zibalo. Umsebenzi wezemibhalo nowe-pedagogical uqukethe izincwadi ezine. Umlobi wahlanganisa izindaba ezifundisayo, ama-epics, izinganekwane, kanye nezeluleko ezisebenzayo zothisha. Incwadi yesithathu yangena endabeni yabathunjiwe yaseCaucasian.
Ngo-1870, ibhubesi iTolstoy, eliqhubeka nokufundisa izingane ezifuywayo, labhala le noveli "u-Anna Karenina", lapho aphikisana khona nalezi zindaba zeKarenina: I-Idylina yomndeni ye-Karenina kanye ne-Idyll yoMninizinyane eyazikhomba yona . Inoveli kuphela ekuqaleni kokubuka okubonakala sengathi: I-classic yaphakamisa inkinga yencazelo yobukhona 'besigaba' esasiphikisana naye ngeqiniso lempilo ye-mezitsky. "U-Anna Karenina" wabonga kakhulu fedor dostoevsky.
Ukuqhekeka ekwazini kokwazi kombhali kwabonakaliswa emisebenzini ebhalwe ngawo-1880s. Ukuqonda okungokomoya, ukuguqula impilo, kuthatha indawo ephakathi nezindaba nezihloko. "Ukushona kuka-Ivan Ilisich", "uCreicherova Sonata", "uBaba Sergius" nendaba "ngemuva kweBla". I-classic yezincwadi zaseRussia idonsela izithombe zokungalingani emphakathini, ama-bichchies omkhuhlane wenhle.
Uma ufuna impendulo embuzweni mayelana nencazelo yempilo, iLion Tolstoy idluliselwe kwi-Russian Orthodox Church, kodwa futhi ayitholanga ukwaneliseka. Umlobi waqiniseka ukuthi isonto lobuKristu lonakaliswa, futhi ngaphansi kokwenkolo, abapristi bagqugquzela izimfundiso zamanga. Ngo-1883, uLev Nikolayevich wasungula uhlelo lwe- "Mediator", lapho izinkolelo ezingokomoya ezishiwo ngokugxekwa kweSonto Lase-Orthodox LaseRussia. Kulokhu, uTolstoy washiya isonto, amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi abukela umlobi.
Ngo-1898, uBion Tolstoy wabhala "ukuvuka" kwamaRoma, owathola ukuvuma izibuyekezo zabagxeki. Kepha impumelelo yomsebenzi yayisephansi ku-Anna Karenina kanye ne- "War and Mire".
Iminyaka engama-30 eyedlule yebhubesi iTolstoy Tolstoy, ngezimfundiso ngokumelana nobudlova bobubi, obonwa ngumholi ongokomoya nowenkolo waseRussia.
"Impi Nokuthula"
Ibhubesi eliTolstoy alithandi inoveli yakhe "Impi Nokuthula", ibiza i-Epic "I-Zabe enobuhlakani". Umsebenzi we-classic wabhala ngawo-1860s, ahlala nomndeni wakhe ekuhlanzeni okucacile. Izahluko ezimbili zokuqala, ezibizwa ngokuthi "1805," ziphrinte "Isaziso saseRussia" ngo-1865. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, uLion Tolstoy wabhala ezinye izahluko ezintathu futhi waqeda inoveli, eyadala izingxabano ezinesivunguvungu.
Izici zamaqhawe omsebenzi ezibhalwe eminyakeni yenjabulo yomndeni nokuphakamisa ingqondo, isazi sonyaka sathatha empilweni. Ku-Princess, uMarya Belogkoe uyabona izici zikamama ibhubesi uNikolayevich, ukuthambekela kwakhe kokuzindla, imfundo egqamile nothando lobuciko. Izici zikababa - inhlekisa, uthando lokufunda nokuzingela - umlobi unikeze uNikolai rostov.
Lapho ubhala inoveli, uLevstoy wasebenza ezinqolobaneni, wafunda ukubhaliswa kwemibhalo yesandla obukhulu nangokwezithoba, evakashele insimu yeBorodino. Umka-encane wamsiza, wabhalwa kabusha okusalungiswa.
Inoveli yafundwa yedwa, yashaya abafundi nge-latitude yewebhu ephakeme kanye nokuhlaziywa kwengqondo okucashile. Ibhubesi iTolstoy libonisa umsebenzi njengomzamo wokuba 'ukubhala umlando wabantu.'
Ngokusho kwezilinganiso zebhubesi lezincwadi u-Anninsky, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970 kuphela phesheya, imisebenzi yama-Classics aseRussia yavikelwa amahlandla angama-40. Kuze kube yilapho i-epic ye-1980 "yempi nokuthula" idubule amahlandla amane. Abaqondisi baseYurophu, eMelika kanye neRussia badubule amafilimu ayi-16 kwinoveli ethi "Anna Karenina", "Uvuko" aluvezwanga izikhathi ezingama-22.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, "impi kanye nomhlaba" kwavikelwa ngumqondisi uPeter Chardynin ngo-1913. Iningi layo yonke ifilimu edume ngoMqondisi weSoviet USergey Bondarchuk ngo-1965.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
E-bers eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala u-Lev Tolstoy washada ngo-1862, lapho eneminyaka engu-34. Ukubala kwakuhlala nomkakhe iminyaka engama-48, kepha impilo yalombhangqwana kunzima ukuyibiza ngamafu.
USophia Bers ungowesibili wamadodakazi amathathu eHhovisi LasePalace Palace of Andrei Bersa. Lo mndeni uhlala enhlokodolobha, kepha ehlobo waphumula eTula Estate eduze kwe-polyana evamile. Ngokokuqala ngqa, uLion Tolstoy wabona umfazi wengane wakusasa. USophia uthole imfundo yasekhaya, funda okuningi, aqondwe ngobuciko futhi athola iziqu eMoscow University. Idayari, eyayikhipha amanoni e-Bers, yamukelwa njengesampula yohlobo lwe-memoir.
Ekuqaleni kwempilo yomshado, uLev Tolstoy, afuna ukungqubuzana phakathi kwakhe nomkakhe, banikeze uSophia ukuba bafunde idayari. Umlingani oshaqekile wafunda ngentsha enesivunguvungu somyeni wakhe, ngentshiseko ngokugembula, impilo egcwele kanye nentombazane encane i-aksinier, elinde uLev Nikolayevich ingane.
U-Sergey olilo uzalwa ngo-1863. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1860s Tolstoy aqala ukubhalwa kwenoveli elithi "Impi Nokuthula". USofya noRereevna wasiza umyeni wakhe, naphezu kokukhulelwa. Owesifazane wafundisa zonke izingane futhi wakhulela ekhaya. Izingane ezinhlanu kwezingu-13 zashona ezinganeni noma zisencane.
Izinkinga emndenini zaqala ngemuva kokuphela komsebenzi webhubesi uTolstoy phezu kwe- "Anna Karenina". Umlobi wavutha ekucindezelekeni, waveza ukunganeliseki ngempilo uSophia noRereevna Sophia noRereevna kwakukhuthele kakhulu esidlekeni somndeni. Ukuphonsa ngokuziphatha kwegrafu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi uLev Nikolayevich wafuna izihlobo ukuba azishiye inyama, utshwala nokubhema. UTolstoy waphoqa umkakhe nezingane ukuba agqoke izigqoko ezinzima, ezenziwa ngobukhulu, futhi efisa ukunikela impahla ebizila khona.
USophia Andreevna wenze imizamo enkulu yokususa umyeni wakhe emcabangweni wokusabalalisa okuhle. Kepha impikiswano yomndeni ohlukanisiwe: ibhubesi iTolstoy yaphuma endlini. Ukubuya, umbhali wabeka umsebenzi wokubhala kabusha okusalungiswa kumadodakazi.
Ukufa kwengane yokugcina - i-vanya eneminyaka eyisikhombisa ubudala - kafushane eduze kwabalingani. Kepha kungekudala ukucasulwa kanye nokungaqondi ngokuphelele kwakuphelele ngokuphelele. USophia Andreevna wathola induduzo emculweni. EMoscow, lona wesifazane wathatha izifundo kuthisha imizwa eyavela kuyo. Ubudlelwano babo bahlala bunobungane, kepha igrafu ayizange bathethelele umka- "Imimoya -m-Immotes".
Ingxabano yamadwala nabalingani benzeka ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthoba 1910. Ibhubesi iTolstoy liphume endlini, lishiya incwadi kaSofa Farewell. Wabhala ukuthi uyamthanda, kepha uma kungenjalo ngeke enze.
Ukushona
Ibhubesi elineminyaka engu-82 liTolstoy, lihambisana nodokotela ophikisayo D. P. Makovitsky kwesokunxele ukucaca okucacile. Endleleni, umlobi wagula futhi waqhamuka esitimeleni esiteshini sesitimela sase-Astapovo. Izinsuku zokugcina eziyi-7 zokuphila lev Nikolayevich ezichithwe endlini yesiteshi somnakekeli. Ngezindaba ngesimo sempilo iTolstoy yabuka izwe lonke.Izingane nomfazi bafika esiteshini u-Astapovo, kepha ibhubesi uTolstoy akafuni ukubona noma ngubani. Kwakungekho-ckukudala ngoNovemba 7, 1910: Wafa ngokuvuvukala kwamaphaphu. Umlingani wasinda kuye iminyaka engu-9. Ungcwatshwe uTolstoy ebukhazikhazi obucacile.
Izilinganiso zebhubesi iTolstoy
- Wonke umuntu ufuna ukuguqula ubuntu, kepha akekho ocabanga ukuthi angaziguqula kanjani.
- Konke kuza kulowo okwazi ukulinda.
- Yonke imindeni ejabule iyafana, wonke umndeni ongemuhle awujabuli ngendlela yabo.
- Bonke bavumele bakhukhule phambi komnyango wakhe. Uma wonke umuntu enza njalo, wonke umgwaqo uzohlanzeka.
- Ngaphandle kothando, bukhoma lula. Kepha ngaphandle kwawo akukho phuzu.
- Anginakho konke engikuthandayo. Kepha ngiyakuthanda konke enginakho.
- Umhlaba uqhubekela phambili ngokubonga kulabo abahluphekayo.
- Iqiniso elikhulu kunawo wonke lilula.
- Zonke zizinhlelo zokwakha, futhi akekho owaziyo ukuthi uzophila kuze kube kusihlwa.
I-Bibliography
- 1869 - "Impi Nokuthula"
- Ngo-1877 - "U-Anna Karenina"
- 1899 - "Uvuko"
- 1852-1857 - "Ingane". "Defense". "Intsha"
- Ngo-1856 - "Ababili Hussar"
- Ngo-1856 - "Morning Landlord"
- Ngo-1863 - "Cossacks"
- Ngo-1886 - "Ukufa kuka-Ivan Ilyich"
- 1903 - "Amanothi Ohlanya"
- 1889 - AmaCreichers Sonata
- Ngo-1898 - "Ubaba Sergius"
- Ngo-1904 - "Haji Murat"