I-Biograge
Ukuqondanisa umthwalo we-Creative Wempahla kaMikhail Lermontov ngenani leminyaka waphila, kuyacaca ukuthi singubuhlakani. Ngo-10, waqamba umdlalo wethiyetha yaseshashalazini yasekhaya, ekuqaleni kokufunda isiFulentshi, ama-classics aseJalimane nesiNgisi, apendwe ngokuphelele, ngo-15 wabhala ngohlelo lokuqala lwenkondlo "demoni", ngo-20 - idrama emavesini "Masquerade", Ngo-24 - iqhawe lesikhathi sethu " Futhi ngo-26, uLemontov akazange.Ubuntwana nentsha
UMikhail Yuryevich Lermontov wazalwa ngobusuku buka-Okthoba 15, 1814 eMoscow. Ugogo wenkondlo u-Elizabeth Alekseevna Arenyev uyisikhulu esidume emndenini omuhle we-stolyppin. UNgqongqoshe uPeter Stolyppin ubeka imbongi yomfowethu wesibili.
Abanamandla nabacebile u-Elizabeth Arsenyev bebengafuni okuwukuphela kwendodakazi yomshado noYuri Lermontov, amasosha amnandi avela empofu. Imvelaphi yakhe engathandeki evela kuScots Georg Lermont ayizange ihlose ukuzethemba kwakhe. Kamuva, izinkampani zaseBrithani oXOFOR zivuse ubudlelwane benkondlo zembongi neLermonta ngosizo lokuhlaziywa kwe-DNA, okuqinisekisa ukungabaza kwe-Arsengeva.
Njengoba lona wesifazane ebikezela, impilo yomuntu siqu yendodakazi kaMasha, "ojoyine" oshade noVolosi uYuri Lermontov eminyakeni eyi-16, wayengajabule. Umyeni wami waqala ukuguqula abashade abasha abashade ngemuva komshado. Waqala inoveli nomhlengikazi waseJalimane wendodana kaMisha, wakha ngemuva kwamantombazane egceke. Futhi lapho umfazi ehlambalaza umngane wakhe oshade naye ekuvukeni kombuso, wathola isicubu ebusweni bakhe. UMaria oneminyaka engu-21 ubudala uMaria Arseniva-Lermontova uyaphela kubathengi bezimoto, eshiya inkathi eneminyaka engu-2 misha.
U-Elizabeth Alekseevna, owayesesikhathini sendodakazi yakhe wayeneminyaka engama-44 ubudala, wasusa umzukulu emlalweni wendodana, waqothula u-LeMMOTOV Bill ngama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingama-25. U-Yuri wasuka efeni elijwayelekile le-stolyppin, futhi ugogo aqala ukukhula kweMisha. Owesifazane wamthanda umzukulu wakhe futhi akazange azisole ngemali ngemfundo yakhe nempilo. UMikhail Lermontov wavuka umfana wegolide obuhlungu, futhi ugogo waqasha umzukulu waseFrance uDkt Ansengesma Levi.
Ubaba umkhwekazi onamandla ngezikhathi ezithile wavunyelwa ukuhlangana nendodana yakhe, lapho bobabili bahlupheka.
"Ngaba isisulu sokugcotshwa," uMikhail Lermontov wakhononda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.Iminyaka Yezingane nentsha yesikhathi esizayo, ama-Classics wenzeka efeni laseTarkhans esifundazweni sasePhenza. U-Elizabeth Alekseevna waqasha othisha ngemfundo yakhe. Owayengumphathi Wezempi waseNapoleonic, iFrenchman Cape yafundisa umfana French. Ngemuva kokushona kothisha, indawo yakhe yamukelwa uShando Omgrated Shandov, ubani uMikhail Lermontov kamuva ochazwe enkondlweni "Sasha", ebiza i-marquis de tess kanye ne- "Paris Adonis". I-Englishman Windson, eyethule le nsizwa nezincwadi zesiNgisi, yafika izoshintsha uSheadro. Uthando ngomsebenzi weByrona waseLemontov ovela kuthisha waseBrithani.
UMikhail Lermontov wakhula, ebuka usuku lokuzalwa lwempilo yasedolobhaneni, elalele abalimi kanye nezinganekwane mayelana noStepan Rabin no-Emely pugachev.
Umaki ojulile empilweni nase-Crive Biography kaMikhail Lermontov washiya uhambo nogogo eCaucasus. EGoryachevodsk, umfana oneminyaka engu-10 ubudala wathandana futhi ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2 wanikela ngemnyuziyamu yakhe yokuqala inkondlo "ebuhlotsheni".
Izinkondlo
NgoSepthemba 1828, uMikhail Lermontov wabhaliswa ebangeni le-4 lendlu yokugibela yaseMetropolitan University. NgoDisemba, umfana wadluliselwa ebangeni lesihlanu, enikeza isithombe nencwadi eyaseduze. Lo nyaka ubalulekile ngoba leRemontov ibalwe kuye ukuqala kobuciko.
Endlini yezivakashi, le ntombazane yathathwa yathatha omagazini ababebhala ngesandla. Kwenye yazo, kwaqanjwa ngokuthi "Morning Zarya", imbongi encane yaba yisisebenzi esikhulu yabeka inkondlo yokuqala "Indiana". Kodwa ngemuva kweminyaka emibili ukuguqulwa kwendlu yezivakashi eya e-Gymnasium, uMisha washiya izifundo zakhe.
UMikhail Lermontov oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala uchithe emadolobheni angaphansi komhlaba, e-Stolypini Serednikovo. Izihlobo ze-vereeshchagin zihlala eduzane. Nge-Alexandra Vereeshchagina Lermontov wayengabangani. Le ntombazane yethule uMikhail nomngane wakhe, "ubuhle abamnyama" uCatherine Sashkova, lapho le nsizwa yathandana khona. Imizwa yembongi encane yashiywa ingaphendulwa, wahlupheka ngokungabekezeleki. UKatya wahleka othandweni, e-clumsy kanye nomfana ongenampilo. Kamuva uSushkova uzoqonda ukuthi wenza iphutha elibulalayo, ehlekisa ngezinsizwa ezingezinhle.
Ekwindla ngo-1830, uMikhail Lermontov wangena e-Moscow University ngokukhetha uMnyango Wezepolitiki nezepolitiki. Eminyakeni emibili wafunda kanye neVission Belinsky, u-Alexander Herezen noNikolai Ogarev. Eminyakeni yabafundi, uLemontov wabhala idrama "indoda engajwayelekile", lapho isicebe salahlwa khona. UMikhail wabonisa ukuthukuthela ngesibindi futhi engamukeleki, othintwa othisha badlalwa ezivivinyweni: le nsizwa "yathatha" izivivinyo.
Ukuhlala unyaka wesibili uLerontov wenqabile futhi washiya iNyuvesi, wathuthela nogogo wakhe eSt. Petersburg. Ukuzama ukungena esifundweni sesibili kwakungathweswa umqhele ngempumelelo: UMikhail wanikezwa ukuthi aqale kokuqala. Ngeseluleko sabangani nogogo, le nsizwa yangena esikoleni sabaqaphi bathi bayabakhumbula futhi lapho babefunda khona iminyaka emibili, bazibiza ngokuthi "bayesabeka" ngenxa yezempi marshtra.
ESt. Petersburg, i-Clumsy neSullen Mikhail Lermontov yaguqulwa: le nsizwa yaba ngumphefumlo wenkampani, kutil futhi yaxosha ubuhle bakhe. Ingqondo ebukhali, ukulungela, ukubhuqa kwensizwa kugubha abangane kanye nezintokazi ezinkulu.
Ngo-1835, imisebenzi yembongi yavela ekuqaleni kwabezindaba. UComrade Lermontov ngaphandle kolwazi lwakhe wanikezwa indaba yesitembu "Haji Abrek."
Kusuka engxenyeni yesibili yeminyaka engama-30s, izinkondlo zikaMikhail Lermontov ngokuzithandela zishicilela ngokuzithandela. Abagxeki kanye nabafundi bamukele ngemfudumalo inkondlo "Ingoma ngeTsar Ivan Vasilyevich ...". Ezinkondlo "Dagger" ("umngani wami i-Iron"), "imbongi" no- "Duma" uLemontov wamemezela izinkondlo zomphakathi. Itimu ye-Folk, umlingiswa waseRussia ekhishwe ezinkondlweni zikaBorodino ne-Motherland.
Isibonelo esicacile sothando sibizwa nge- "Sail SAil", okokuqala siphrinte "kumanothi wasekhaya". Kufundza kufundza imigqa, kufundza temcondvo leticumanso letisetfubo leminyaka leneminyaka leneminyaka engu-18 ubudala iyaqondakala.
Eminyakeni yokuphila kwakhe eSt. Petersburg, uMikhail Lermontov ubuka ama-nrule e-aristocracy - okubukwayo kunesisekelo sedrama "masquerade", imbongi ephinde yabhala kabusha, kepha ayizange idlule odongeni lokucwaninga.
Ukuqhekeka kusukela ekuqaleni kobuciko obuvuthiwe uLermontov kwenzeka ngo-1837, ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwempendulo ethukuthele ekufeni kuka-Alexander Pushkin. Inkondlo "yokufa kwembongi", yasola umbulali noCourtie ukuze azi, ibize izimiso zeLermontov ngale nhlekelele, funda yonke iRussia. Abangani baka-pushkin nobalandeli bethalente lakhe bahlangabezana nenkondlo ethandekayo, nezitha, kubandakanya nezintokazi zezwe, ezaziseceleni kwezinto ezinhle zikadange.
Njengoba ufunde ngokusabela okungekuhle kwezwe, uMikhail Lermontov wengeza ubukhali. Inkondlo yokuqala yaphela ngentambo: "nasemlonyeni wokuphrinta kwakhe." Ukuqhubeka kwakuyinselele 'yenzalo yokuzikhukhumeza': emavesini babona ukudluliswa kwemvume kwinguquko.
Izingnyeza
Ngemuva kokuvela kwenkondlo, amacala enkantolo alandela futhi abopha. I-Emperor Nicholas yaqala ukubonwa ngemuva kwenqubo. Ugogo uLermontov nabangane be-pushkin, kufaka phakathi i-vasily andreevich zhukovsky, wazama ukuthambisa isiphetho sikaMikhail Lermontov. I-buntar yathunyelwa kusixhumanisi se-caucasus, i-Ensign to the Dragon Remond.
Isixhumanisi sokuqala sathatha izinyanga eziyisithupha, kepha sashintsha kakhulu uLermontov. Imvelo enhle yeCaucasus, impilo yezintaba, i-Local Forklore yaboniswa emisebenzini yesikhathi se- "Caucasian". Kepha ubusha bembongi bancibilikisa, bathathelwa indawo yi "Mnyama Melancholy."
Ngemuva kokubuyela ku-St. Petersburg Top Light, uMikhail Lermontov usenkabeni yokunakwa: bayawathanda abanye futhi bazonde abanye. ICaucasus yaphefumulela imbongi ekubhaleni izinkondlo yakhulelwa yaqala eMoscow: "Idemoni" ne- "Mtsir" kwavela, kuhambisana nezinye izindatshana.
Ngemuva kwesixhumanisi, uMikhail Lermontov waletha imisebenzi emisha eSt. Petersburg, ephrintiwe kumagazini ngamunye "magazini wasekhaya". UMikhail Yurvich wangena embuthanweni wabangane abaseduze uPushkin futhi usezingeni eliphezulu lokuthandwa. Usenama-twinge futhi abhuqise. Ingxabano nendodana yeNxusa laseFrance u-Erneste de Barantom ngoFebhuwari 1840 aphela eDuel. ULemmontov noDe Baranta bavunyeleleni emfuleni omnyama, okungekho kude nendawo ye-duel pushkin enezitayela. U-Ernest de Baranth u-Baranth ulahlekile, noMikhail Lermontov Shot eceleni.
Mayelana ne-duel kwathola abaphathi, imbongi yaboshwa yadluliselwa enkantolo yamasosha. Umbusi wayala ukuthi athumele i-deeel eCaucasus okwesibili, kepha manje embuthweni wamasosha alwela umugqa wangaphambili. ULemontov wazihlukanisa, ekhombisa isibindi, kepha ngokuhleleka kwamaNicholas akazange athole imiklomelo yokuqala.
Enye yezinkondlo zokugcina zembongi "ngiphuma ngandlela thile" - kwavela ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi 1841. Abagxeki babona "umphumela wokukhanya kwengqondo", lapho uMikhail Lermontov edluliselwe khona endleleni esekwephuzile yasemhlabeni. Emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokubulawa kwalokhu kubulala, umdwatha wabhala leli vesi ", waphrinta iminyaka emi-2 ngemuva kokushona kwakhe.
Amanoveli
ESt.
Kepha i-apothesis yeqiniso le-lermontov yiyona yenoveli ethi "iqhawe lesikhathi sethu", elibhalwe ngo-1840, ngaphambi nje kokufa. Isithombe sePechorina sikhonjiswa ngesizinda esihlukile sempilo yomphakathi waseRussia. Ukuphikisana phakathi kokujula kwemvelo kaPechorin kanye nokuzala kwezenzo kuyinto e-autobiographical. Ukusungulwa kwenoveli kudokotela ocashile wezengqondo kanye nokudalulwa kwempilo yengqondo yamaqhawe, okungelona noyedwa kwababhali baseRussia.
UNikolai Gogol, ibhubesi uTolstoy no-Anton Chekhhov bancoma amaRoma.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UMikhail Lermontov wabhala:
"Bengizithanda kathathu - ngethemba eliphi isikhathi."Imbongi, ngokuya ngencazelo yamantombazane wanamuhla, ayizange ihluke ubuhle. Mulgery, i-Kingchenist, ukubukeka kwamehlo amnyama kunzima, ukumamatheka akunakuchitheka, insizwa emibi, efana nengane eyonakalisiwe neyimbi.
Uthando Olukhulu Lwamakhulu uLermontov ushade: I-Ekaterina Sushkov, lapho uMikhail wathandana no-16, uNatalia Ivanova, owanikezelwa emjikelezweni we-Ivanovsky, uBarbara Lopukhnin, imbongi ayithanda kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe.
USushkova Mikhail Lermontov uphindiswe ngesihluku ngemuva kweminyaka engu-5. Njengoba sengifunde ukuthi le ntombazane izoshada, wacasula umshado, edlala uthando futhi azibuza ngaphakathi kuye. Umakoti wahlehla emehlweni okukhanya isikhathi eside. Umlando wobudlelwano obubuhlungu ukhumbuza umugqa wothando lwenoveli "iqhawe lesikhathi sethu".
Izindaba zomshado uVarniki Lopukhina imbongi yamukele kabuhlungu. Lapho uVarvara eshada, uLerontov akakaze ambize ngokuthi yiSibongo somyeni wakhe - Bakhmeva: Othandekayo wasamela esikhundleni sakhe.
Ukushona
Ubusika 1840-41 bekungowokugcina eLermontov. Wafika eholidini eSt. Petersburg, ephupha ngokushiya phansi umsebenzi kanye nokwenziwa kwemibhalo. Ugogo, owayephupha ngomsebenzi wezempi kaJehova wakhe futhi akahlukaniswa nezincwadi, washona uMikhail ukuletha ukwesula. ECaucasus Lermontov ibuyile ngenhliziyo ekhathazekile.
E-Pyatigorsk kwakukhona ingxabano yamatshe kaMikhail Lermontov enomthamo omkhulu osethathe umhlalaphansi, owahlangana eMoscow waze wavakashela abazali bakhe. Kamuva, uMartynov wathi uLemontov akazange aphuthelwe yiliphi icala ePyatigorsk ukukhulula i-knight ekhelini lakhe.
UDuel wenzeka ngoJulayi 27, 1841. Abaphikisi bavuma ukudubula "ngaphambi komphumela." UMikhail Lermontov wadutshulwa, kanye neMartynov - ukugcizelela, esifubeni sesitha, wambulala. Ukuduma kwezulu okuphukile nokuthela imvula kuvimbele ukufika kukadokotela, futhi imbongi efile yalala isikhathi eside emhlabeni.
Emngcwabeni weLermontov, okuphambene nezinkinga zabangane, kwakungekho mkhosi wesonto. ESt. Petersburg, izindaba zokufa kwembongi zahlangana namazwi: "Kukhona indlela eya kuye." Ngokwemilomo kaPavel vyazemsky, lo mbusi wehla: "Inja ingukufa kwenja," kodwa ngemuva kokuhlambalaza inkosazana enkulu yafika kwalabo ababekhona futhi yamemezela ukuthi "lowo owayengasethatha isikhundla sokucindezela, wabulawa."
U-Lermontov wangcwatshwa ngoJulayi 29, 1841 emathuneni amadala kaPyatigorsk. Kepha ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-250, ugogo uMikhail Yurevich wawina imvume yombusi mayelana nokuthuthwa komzimba ukuya eTarkhens.
Ngo-Ephreli 1842, isidumbu ebhokisini sashiswa emndenini we-chapel, eduze komkhulu wakhe nomama.
Ukukhumbula
Izincwadi ze-Lermontov ziye zangezelela inqwaba ye-Reissue. Okokugcina ngonyaka ka-2014: Kuqoqwe imisebenzi kumavolumu amane anyatheliswa yi- "Pushkin Doung House House" ngenani lamakhophi angama-300.
Igama likaMikhail Yurevich ligqoke imigwaqo, izigcawu, imitapo yolwazi eRussia nasePos-Soviet Republic. E-Odessa, igama lembongi libizwa ngokuthi yi-City Library №16 kanye ne-sanatorium emtholampilo.
Iplanethi encane ngenombolo 2222, ivulekile ngoMashi 1981, okuthiwa uLermontov.
Isikhumbuzo esiya eMikhail Yurevich Lermontov sakhiwa eGrozny ku-Avenue Mohammed Ali, eduze kwe-M. Yu Dramaater. Lermontov's. Lermontov's Emgqeni wezimbongi zasePeets:
"Njengoba ingoma emnandi ihlukaniswe yimi, ngiyayithanda iCaucasus!"I-Bibliography
- "Haji Abrek"
- "Daemon"
- "Mtsry"
- "UBorodino"
- "Ingoma ngeTsar Ivan Vasilyevich"
- "Kucatshangelwe"
- Ibhaleyana
- "Fatalist"
- Umfundisi
- "Sail"
- "Iz imail Bay"
- "Ukufa Kwembongi"
- "Iqhawe lesikhathi sethu"