I-Biograge
INicholas I - Emperor yaseRussia, inkosi yasePoland ne-Grand Prince Finland, i-Filveentun autocrats evela ku-Romanov Dynasty. Umlandeli ka-Alexander I, owandulelayo u-Alexander II.Ubuntwana nentsha
Umbusi wesikhathi esizayo wazalwa ngoJulayi 6 (Juni 25 ngobuciko.) 1796 Edolobhaneni lasebukhosini. UNikolai waba yindodana yesithathu kambusi uPaul I futhi afeze uMary Fedorovna. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, umfana wadlalwa ngentshiseko emidlalweni yezempi. Eminyakeni eminyaka emincane, isikhundla saseColoneli samukelwa, kwathi eminyakeni emithathu ingane yanikelwa eMundir onogada be-LEB onogada be-equestrian, ngoba ikusasa lengane lanqunyelwa kusengaphambili kusukela azalwa. Ngokwesiko leGrand Duke, okungeyona indlalifa eqondile esihlalweni sobukhosi, elungiselelwe umsebenzi wezempi.
Kuze kube yiminyaka emine, ukukhuliswa kukaNikolai kwaphathiswa iNkantolo yeNkantolo uCharlovna Karlovna Karlovna uCharlovna von von, ngemuva kokushona kukayise, uPaul Mina, umthwalo onobungozi udluliselwe ku-General Lamdvrof. IMfundo yasekhaya uNikolai nomfowabo omncane uMikhail kwakuwukufunda ezomnotho, umlando, i-geography, i-jurisprudence, ubunjiniyela kanye nezinqaba. Kunakwa okuningi kwakhokhwa izilimi zakwamanye amazwe: isiFulentshi, isiJalimane nesiLatini.
Uma izinkulumo namakilasi ososayensi wosizo lwabantu banikezwa uNikolai ngobunzima, khona-ke konke okukhathazekile izindaba zezempi nobunjiniyela, kwaheha ukunaka kwakhe. Umbusi wesikhathi esizayo ebusheni bakhe wasithela lo mdlalo kumtshingo futhi wathatha izifundo. Ukwazi ubuciko kuvunyelwe uNikolai Pavlovich ngemuva kwalokho ozonikezwa yi-connoisseur ye-opera ne-ballet.
Kusukela ngo-1817, iGrand Duke iqonde engxenyeni yobunjiniyela yamabutho aseRussia. Ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, izikhungo zemfundo zadalwa enkampanini, izimpi. Ngo-1819, uNikolay wakhuthaza ukuvulwa kwesikole esikhulu sobunjiniyela kanye nesikole sabaphansi abaqaphi.
Ebuthweni lomfowabo omncane weMbusi u-Alexander I, akayithandi lezo zici ezinjenge-pedagity eyeqile, umgodi wezinkomba nokoma. IGrand Dluke ibingumuntu olungiselelwe ukuthi aqhubeke nokuncipha imithetho, kepha ngasikhathi sinye angancipha ngaphandle kwesizathu.
Ngo-1820, ingxoxo yomfowethu umdala u-Alexander noNikolai, lapho umbusi osebenzayo wathi isivumelwano sobukhosi sikaKonstantin senqabile izibopho, futhi ilungelo lokubusa ladluliselwa kuNikolai. Izindaba zensizwa zashaya lezi zindaba: AKUFUNI ukuthi uNikolai oziphatha kabi noma ngokwengqondo akazange akulungele ukuphathwa kweRussia.
Naphezu kwemibhikisho, u-Alexander eMantesto waveza lo mphumela waya eNicholas futhi wajezisa ukuvula amaphepha ngemuva kokushona kwakhe kuphela. Emva kwalokho, iminyaka eyisithupha, impilo yeGrand Duke ayizange ihluke ngaphandle kusukela ngokufanayo: UNikolai wabandakanyeka empini, wabheka izikhungo zamasosha ezemfundo.
Ibhodi kanye nokuvukelwa kombuso we-depembrists
NgoDisemba 1 (Novemba 19 Ngaphansi kobuciko. Art.) Ngo-1825, u-Alexander ngakho ngokuzumayo ushonile. Umbusi wawukulolo mzuzu kude nenhloko-dolobha yaseRussia, ngakho izindaba ezidabukisayo zegceke laseRoyal zathola isonto kamuva. Ngenxa yokungabaza kwakhe, uNikolai waqala uKonstantin I phakathi kwenkantolo nakwezempi. Kepha umkhandlu wombuso wanyatheliswa yiRoyal Manifesto, ekhombisa indlalifa kuNikolai Pavlovich.
IGrand Duke ibisenabantu abanesinqumo sokungangeni esimweni esinomthwalo wemfanelo futhi bakhothamisa uMkhandlu, iSenethi neSynod esifungweni somfowethu omdala. Kepha uKonstantin, owayesePoland, wayengeke eze eSt. Petersburg. UNicholas oneminyaka engu-29 ubudala ubengenalutho, njengoba kuvunyelwene nentando ka-Alexander I. Usuku lweRembaya ngaphambi kokuba amabutho eSenate Square ahlelelwe ngoDisemba 26 (Disemba 14 ngobuciko).
Ngobusuku obuphefumulelwe yimibono yamahhala mayelana nokuqedwa kwamandla asebukhosini kanye nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo senkululeko eRussia, ababambiqhaza embuthweni wezepolitiki banqume ukwenza ithuba lesimo sezepolitiki futhi bashintshe inkambo yomlando . Ngokusho kwendlela okusolwa ngokusolwa ezweni lonke, ngokusho kwabahleli bokuvukelana kukaS. I-Muravyova - Apostori, K. Ryleev, P. Peststab, bekufanele akhethe enye yezindlela ezimbili zikahulumeni: umshuwalense woMthethosisekelo noma Republic.
Kepha uhlelo lwezinguquko lwehlulekile, ngoba amabutho awazange ahambe ngasohlangothini lwawo, futhi ukwanda kwe-Desembrost kwacindezelwa ngokushesha. Ngemuva kwecala, abagqugquzeli abahlanu balengiswa, futhi ababambiqhaza nabazwela bathunyelwa kusixhumanisi. Ukubulawa kombuso uK. F. Ryyelev, P. I. Pnterel, P. Khhovsky, M. P. Udumova-Ryumin, S. I. Muravyova-Ryumin kwakuwukuphela kwenhlawulo ye-nicholas I.
Umshado kaGrand Duke eMbusweni wenzeka ngo-Agasti 22 (Septhemba 3 Ngaphansi Kobuciko.) Esontweni lokucabanga laseKremlin. NgoMeyi 1829, uNicholas ngingenele ngakwesokunene somthengisi wombuso wasePoland.
Ezombusazwe zasekhaya
UNicholas ngaphenduka umkhosi wokunamathela. Imibono yombusi yayisuselwa emikhondweni emithathu yomphakathi waseRussia - i-autoracy, i-orthodox nobuzwe. Imithetho yenkosi yathatha ngokuhambisana nokufakwa kwayo okungakakwaziswanga. UNicholas ngangifuna ukudala okusha, kepha ukulondoloza nokwenza ngcono i-oda elikhona. Ngenxa yalokho, inkosi yaseMonarch yathola izinhloso zakhe.
Umgomo wasekhaya woMbusi omusha wahlukaniswa ngokuzibophezela nokuzibophezela encwadini yoMthetho ewukunika amandla amakhulu kakhulu eRussia kunasebusika waqala imisebenzi yezepolitiki ezweni ngesingeniso sezepolitiki ezweni ngesingeniso wokucwaswa ngonya futhi uvuse ikhodi yemithetho yaseRussia. Ukwahlukaniswa kwehhovisi eliyimfihlo eliholwa yiBembendorf, eyayiganwe ophenyweni lwezepolitiki.
Ibhizinisi eliphrintiwe labuye futhi laguqulwa. Ukucelwa kombuso okwenziwe ngesimemezelo esikhethekile kubhekwe ukuhlanzeka kwemikhiqizo ephrintiwe kanye nezincwadi ezisolisayo eziphikisana nombuso wobusa. Ukuguqulwa kwathintwa kanye neserfdodom.
Abalimi bavunyelwa umhlaba ongenakushiswa eSiberia nase-Urals, lapho amapheshana omhlaba ahamba khona kungakhathalekile ukuthi unesifiso sini. Ingqalasizinda yahlelwa ezindaweni ezintsha, zazisa i-Agrotechnik entsha. Imicimbi yenziwe izimfanelo zokukhanselwa kwe-Serfdom.
UNicholas ngikhombise intshisekelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kwezobunjiniyela. Ngo-1837, lapho kwaqedwa kwenkosi, kwaqedwa ukwakhiwa kwesitimela sokuqala, okuxhumene neTsarskoye Selo naseSt. Petersburg. Ukuba nokucabanga kokuhlaziya nokubona kusengaphambili, uNicholas ngisebenzise i-Europe ebanzi ngemikhondo yesitimela. Ngakho-ke, inkosi ivimbele ingozi yokungena kwendlela yesitha eRussia.
UNicholas ngadlala indima enkulu ekusakazweni kohlelo lwezezimali lwezwe. Ngo-1839, uMbusi waqala ukuguqula imali yezezimali, inhloso yawo kwakunguhlelo oluhlangene lokubala izinhlamvu zesiliva kanye nemishini. Ukubukeka kwe-kopecks kuguquka, ngakolunye uhlangothi lapho okuqala kombusi okubusayo manje phrinta. UMnyango Wezezimali waqalwa ngokushintshana kwezinsimbi eziyigugu ezikhona kubantu, amathikithi esikweletu. Eminyakeni eyi-10, uMgcinimafa woMbuso wandisa imali ebhukwayo negolide.
Inqubomgomo yakwelinye izwe
Enhlanganweni yakwamanye amazwe, inkosi yafuna ukwehla kokungena kwemibono yenkululeko eRussia. UNicholas ngangifuna ukuqinisa isikhundla sombuso ngezindlela ezintathu: entshonalanga, empumalanga naseningizimu. Umbusi wamisa konke ukuvukelwa okukhona kanye nokuvukelwa kabusha kwezandiso ezwenikazi laseYurophu, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wabizwa ngokuthi "gendarme of Europe".
Ngokulandela i-Alexander I, nicholas ngaqhubeka nokwenza ngcono ubudlelwano nePrussia nase-Austria. Inkosi yayidinga ukuqinisa amandla eCaucasus. Umbuzo osempumalanga ufake ubudlelwano nombuso we-Ottoman, ukwehla kwawo owenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukushintsha isikhundla seRussia eBalkan naseWest Coast of the Black Walle.
Izimpi kanye nokuvukelwa
Kuyo yonke inkathi yeBhodi, uNicholas ngahola ubutha phesheya. Ngokuthuthukisa uMbuso, uMbusi waphoqeleka ukuthi athathe ukudluliselwa kwempi yaseCaucasian, aqala ngayo umfowabo womdala. Ngo-1826, inkosi iveze umkhankaso waseRussia-Persian, umphumela wayo kwakuwukufika kwe-Armenia embusweni waseRussia.
Ngo-1828, kwaqala impi yaseRussia-Turkish. Ngo-1830, amabutho aseRussia ahlinzeka ukuvukelwa kwesiPolish, okwavela ngemuva komshado ngo-1829 nguNicholas embusweni wasePoland. Ngo-1848, i-Upring ephathwe eHungary yaphinde yaveza amabutho aseRussia futhi.
Ngo-1853, uNicholas ngiqale iMpi yaseCrimea, ukubamba iqhaza kwalapho kwaphendukela kumbusi ngokuwa komsebenzi wezepolitiki. Ukungalindeli ukuthi amabutho aseTurkey aqhamuka eNgilandi naseFrance azosizwa, uNikolai ngilahlekelwe umkhankaso wamasosha. I-Russia yalahlekelwa yithonya olwandle olumnyama, selulahlekelwe amathuba okwakha nokusebenzisa inqaba yezempi ogwini.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UNikolai Pavlovich onomfazi wesikhathi esizayo, ndodakazi kaFriedrich Wilhelm III, wethulwa u-Alexander I. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, abantu abasha babethathelwane nenyunyana yeRussia-Prussian. Ngaphambi komshado, inkosazana yaseJalimane yamukela ama-Orthodoxy, igama lika-Alexander Fedororovna elitholwe ngobhapathizo.
Iminyaka engu-9 yomshado emndenini wenkosana enkulu, u-Alexander noMadodakazi amathathu bazalwa - uMaria, u-Olga, u-Alexander. Ngemuva kwesishiyagalombili esihlalweni sobukhosi, uMaria Fedorovna wethule uNicholas ngisenamadodana amathathu - uKonstantin, uNikolai, uMikhaila, ngaleyo ndlela enikezela ngesihlalo sobukhosi enezindlalifa. Nomkakhe, umbusi uphile ngokuvumelana nokufa.
Ukushona
Ngigula kakhulu ngomkhuhlane ekuqaleni kuka-1855, uNicholas ngimelana nesibindi ukwesaba futhi, ukunqoba izinhlungu nokwehla kwamandla, ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari kwavela enhlanganisweni yangaphandle. Umbusi wafuna ukusekela amasosha nezikhulu ezazivele zilahlekile eMpini YeCrimea.
E-cinema, inkumbulo yenkathi kanye nombusi ubanjwa ngamafilimu angaphezu kwama-33. Isithombe sikaNicholas ngithole izikrini ngisho nange-cinema ethule. Kubuciko besimanje, izilaleli zakhunjulwa yiziteshi zakhe zefilimu ekwenzeni abalingisi v. Livanova, yu. Bogatyreva, M. Boyarsky, yu. I-Yakovlev, M. Basharov.
Ngo-2019, idrama yomlando ethi "Union of Insindiso" yanyatheliswa ngu-Alexander Cotta, ekhuluma ngezigameko ezandulela ukuvuselelwa kodumo. Iqhaza le-Emperor lenziwa ngu-Ivan Kolesnikov.