I-Biograge
Akuyona imfihlo ukuthi abaculi ngaso sonke isikhathi bazama ukukhuthaza udaba olufile. AbakwaSculpto baqoshwe imabula ngezithombe zesithombe, bangashisi ingxube yamaminerali ngaphansi kwebhulashi labaculi baphenduka imidwebo emihle, futhi ababhali, abayichaze kuphela umhlaba wezwe emisebenzini yabo, Kodwa futhi kwasiza ama-oda ajwayelekile ukuba abheke izehlakalo zamehlo ambalwa adlule.
Umsebenzi womunye wababhali baseFrance efundeka kakhulu - I-Alexandra Dumas - kuze kube namuhla, vula umbono womhlaba wabantu abavela emilenzeni ekhanda.
Ubuntwana nentsha
NgoJulayi 24, 1802, "udeveli omnyama" webutho lika-Tom Duma nomkakhe uMarie-Louise Labises bazalwa indodana, eyabizelwa ngu-Alexander. Umndeni onenhlanhla uhlala emhlanganweni enyakatho yeFrance - uWiller-Kotra.
Ubaba we-arevelist yesikhathi esizayo wawuhlanganisa ukukhonza uBonaparte futhi wabhekwa njengomngane osondelene nombusi. I-tandem yabo yawa ngesikhathi lapho umkhuzi, ngokungazenzi noma yimiphi imiyalo yombusi onesifiso saseFrance, akazange asisekele isinqumo sakhe ekungeneni kwamabutho eGibhithe.
Ukungabekezeleli ukugxekwa ngokubekezelela uNapoleon waphikisana nokuhlangana ngendlela yakhe yobuntu. Ngo-1801, lapho okuvamile kuthunjwa, umngani wakhe osezingeni eliphakeme awenzanga lutho ukukhulula ama-comrade kusuka esiphethweni. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili kuphela, futhi ukuhlukunyezwa futhi ama-toma timbets ashintshana nge-Austrian General Mac.
Ikhaya le ndoda ibuyele eqenjini futhi igule. Ukungezwa nokumpumputhe iso ngalinye kwengezwe kumdlavuza wesisu. Inkanyezi yakhe yaphela ngokushesha lapho ewa. UDuma Sr. ushone ngo-1806, futhi umndeni wangena kuhlazo lombusi wasala ngaphandle kokuziphilisa.
Ngalesi sizathu, ubuntwana bombhali wesikhathi esizayo emhlabeni odumile wadlula emkhathini wokubhujiswa nobuphofu. Unina, owazama ngeze ukungqongqoza umfundaze wokuqeqeshwa ngokuziqeqesha nge-lyceum, wethule ingane eyintandokazi enesisekelo sohlelo lolimi nokufunda, futhi udadewethu wagcizelela uthando ngomdanso.
Ukuphela kwenzele ubuhlakani obuncane, futhi ekugcineni, u-Alexander usakwazi ukungena eKolishi lase-Abbot Grehuhara, lapho umfana wabuza khona isiLatini futhi wathuthukisa ukubhala ngesandla kwe-calligraphic.
Indawo yokuqala yomsebenzi eDumas kwakuyihhovisi le-notary, lapho le nsizwa izama khona endimeni yomabhalane. Naphezu kwemali etholwayo, le nsizwa ngesikhathi esifushane imbona uhlobo olufanayo lwama-oda namaphepha akhulayo ngokungakhathali. Le nsizwa yaqoqa izinto zaya enhlokodolobha yaseFrance. Lapho, ekuvikelweni komngane wakude kayise, wahlalisa umqulu wawoMbusi wase-Orlean (inkosi yekusasa uLouis Filiphu).
Ngasikhathi sinye, u-Alexander uhlangana nababhali bendawo futhi aqale ukudala ubuciko bakhe bokuqala. Ngo-1829, umdladla "uHeinrich III nasegcekeni lakhe", ngemuva kokuhlelwa kwawo inkazimulo embhalweni. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu kamuva, enkundleni yaseshashalazini "ePort-Saint-Martin" ePremiere of Nelskaya Tower kwakungu-alllchlag. Okwakungaphelele izinyanga eziyi-16 esiteji, okwenziwa yi-7 kwalethwa.
I-biography yentatheli edumile yathuthuka ngale ndlela yokuthi amaDumas athathe yonke ingxenye emphakathini. Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umlobi waholela ekumbiweni kwedolobha lasePompeii, naye wayelilungu lomngcele omkhulu kaJulayi (1830), lapho uMdali wakwazi khona "ukungcwaba." Ngemuva kokuhlubuka okulandelayo phakathi kwabantu, kwavela umyalezo wamanga phakathi kwabezindaba ukuthi umbhali wadutshulwa. Eqinisweni, uMdali we-Trilogy mayelana "nomvuzo amathathu" ngeseluleko sabangani abese eshiywe eParis futhi wasuka eSwitzerland, lapho alungiselela khona indatshana ye-Essay "Gallium neFrance".
Into yokufunda
Ngemidlalo yaseshashalazini, i-Duma, konke kwenzeka ngabo bobabili abesifazane: inkanuko ye-ardent ekuqaleni kanye nokunganakwa kamuva. Lapho lesi sehlakalo sinqotshwa, u-Alexander nekhanda lakhe wangena ezincwadini.
Ngo-1838, uDuma wabaxoshwa njengombhali. I-Roman-Feuilletone "Chevalier D'ARMamannel" yanyatheliswa ephephandabeni, okwakudingeka ekuthandeni ukukhathazeka, ukushesha kwesenzo, izinkanuko eziqinile, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, indawo ephrintiwe egumbini ngalinye kungathembisa kakhulu Ukuqhubeka okuqhubekayo ku-Udaba olulandelayo.
Bambalwa abantu abaziyo, kepha umbhali we- "Chevalier D'Armananthal" wayengumbhali osemusha owenziwayo, kodwa umsebenzi ophothulwe ngu-Alexander utholwe u-Fiterial Flight futhi wanyatheliswa ngaphansi kwegama le-Dum yakhe ngaphandle kwendlela yesifiso sakhe, kodwa kwa Isidingo esiphoqelekile sekhasimende esakholelwa ukuthi impumelelo yangempela yenoveli ibizohlinzeka ngegama elidumile kuphela.
Iminyaka emine eDuma, umbhangqwana onomlingani "okhishwe amahlelo ayisishiyagalolunye akhishwe:" Musketeers "," i-Queen Margo "," i-Queen Margo "," kusho i-Cavalupa de La Mason Rouge , "CENTESSENS de Monsoro", "Joseph Balm", "Diana amabili" kanye "namashumi amane nanhlanu".
Isazi-mlando sahamba kakhulu eYurophu futhi saphupha ukungena eRussia. Ngo-1840, kwaqhamuka uthisha wakhe "othambekeni" wakhe ", iqhawe elingumuntu olindulele u-Angenkov. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kule nsimu yoMbuso WaseRussia, lo msebenzi awuzange udlule ekucwaningweni, ubuciko obusehlazweni ngasese kumyeni wakhe, ngisho ne-Empress emuhle ka-Alexander Fedororovna yafunda.
Lapho uNicholas efa okokuqala, umlobi wavunyelwa ukungena embusweni. Kwake kwaba nezwe lase-Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, umlobi wamangala ngeqiniso lokuthi izilaleli zendawo azazi ukuthi yiziphi izincwadi zaseFrance futhi zinombono womsebenzi wakhe. Ukubuka, umbhali odumile wavakashela eMoscow, naseSt. Petersburg, naseKaltyykia, nase-Astrakhan, naseCaucasuni. Ezweni lomhlaba womangalo, amanothi okuhamba anempumelelo enkulu.
UPustlist wayebuye apheke. Emisebenzini eminingi yabo, uchaza ngokuningiliziwe ukulungiswa kwezitsha ezithile.
Ngo-1870, wanikela ukuphrinta umbhalo wesandla oqukethe inoveli engama-800 esihlokweni esiseduze. "Isichazamazwi esikhulu sePulinal" sabona ukukhanya ngo-1873, ngemuva kokufa komlobi. Kamuva, ikhophi lakhe elifushanisiwe lashicilelwa - "" Isichazamazwi esincane sePulinal ". UDuma wayengekho, noma i-gourmet noma i-wedge. Indoda ivele yanamathela empilweni enempilo ngaphandle kokuphuza utshwala, ugwayi nekhofi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokuphikisana nale nkinga, inkanuko enkulu yombhali ovelele ibingazivimbi, hhayi uthango hhayi ubuciko bokwakha. Uthando lothando olukhulu kunawo wonke lwahlolwa phansi kwabesifazane. Mayelana ne-Amur Adventures of the Asserm Wripwright ku-Salon Eventry yalesosikhathi sezinganekwane.
Phakathi kwesethi ebekwe ezindabeni ezihlobene nezezintombi kanye nabafazi bomculi wezobuciko, omunye abona ikakhulukazi.
UDumas ngaleso sikhathi wayehlala eRivoli Street ngeFerrier - umlingisi, odume ngokuthukuthela kwakhe okulula. Intsha bekungomakhelwane: Intombazane yahlala efulethini esitezi sesibili, futhi umlobi we-novice unamakamelo amathathu kowesihlanu.
Kanye kusihlwa, i-playwright yaya ebholeni kuma-tuileries. Endleleni eya emcimbini wokuzijabulisa, indoda yangena yawela esigabeni. Ngemuva kwehora, isantatheli ecasulayo wabuyela ekhaya bonke odakeni, waya kunkosikazi kankosikazi wakhe futhi wahlasela egumbini lokulala lase-Ida. Ukuze ukhohlwe icala elingathandeki, u-Alexander nekhanda lakhe waya emsebenzini.
Akudlulanga nengxenye yehora njengoba umnyango oya emnyango oya egumbini lasendlini wavula, futhi umlobi omangele wabona emngceleni kaNaked Roger de Bonwara, owathi: "Nginokwanele kwami,. UDumas, wagxuma, enophawu olunamandla, wawa othandekayo womlingani. E-ONTSTOV, isalulitheli elivelele lashintsha ulaka samshula, sisho ukuthi ukukhuliswa akumvumeli ukuthi abeke emgwaqweni futhi angalindelekile, kodwa isivakashi.
Ngalobo busuku, umbhede oshadile e-dumas wahlukaniswa nomuntu omaziyo omusha. Lapho kusa, futhi bobathathu bevukile, u-Alexander wathatha isandla seNtaba iKavalera, wayibeka endaweni esondelene nomlingani wakhe futhi wamenyezelwa ngokuqinile:
"URoger, uvumelanise kabusha njengamaRoma asendulo endaweni yomphakathi."
Ukunamathela kokuqala kwesazi-mlando kwakuyidolobha laseLor LaBa, owayehlala endlini eyodwa naye ngamaNtaliyane. Owesifazane wayemdala u-Alexander iminyaka engu-8. Umuntu owayengenzi kwakunzima ukunqoba inhliziyo kaMarie, futhi kakade ngoJulayi 27, 1824 wamletha nendodana ka-Alexander, owaziwa ngabaningi ngenoveli "nentokazi noCamellias". Ubaba kaDumas wayibona ingane iminyaka eyisikhombisa kusukela kwazalwa.
NgoMeyi 26, 1864, owayekade ethandekayo wahlangana ehhovisi leMeya emshadweni wendodana yawo nezikhulu zethemba leNarryshkina. Indodana yaseDuma yayicabanga ukushada nabazali asebekhulile, kodwa isifiso asibabingeleli impendulo.
Ngokwezibalo zabameli bezingoboshini, uMdali wayenamaphutha acishe abe ngu-500. UDuma wathi kaninginingi wayeseshintshe njengamagilavu kuphela ebuntwini, ngoba uma bekufanele kukhawulelwe engxenyeni ethile encane, into empofu ngabe ifile ngesonto.
Ukushona
Umlobi odumile ushone ngoDisemba 5, 1870. Isidumbu sakhashelwa ngumhlaba eNevil-de-Half. Ngemuva kwempi, indodana ye-classic yezincwadi zezwe yabenza ukubuyela emuva kwezinsalela zikaYise eWhelser-Kotra eduze kwabazali bayo.
Ngemuva kokushona kososayensi, ama-biographi aqokwe yi-hypothesis ezwakalayo yokuthi umprofethi waseFrance uDuma noRussia "u-Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin ungumuntu ofanayo.
Abaphenyi emibhalweni yabo bahola amaqiniso amaningi aphoqelekile ukungabaza ubuqiniso bokufa kwezincwadi zezincwadi zezwe.
Ngaphandle kokufana kwangaphandle kanye nenani elikhulu "lamabala amhlophe" e-biography boMdali nowesibili, isitatimende esisemthethweni asikaze sibe kulo mthetho.
Ukukhumbula
Ama-Bessellers Dumas abhalwa kabusha kuze kube namuhla. Ngakho-ke ngonyaka we-2016, umshicileli we- "ABC" wokujikeleza okulinganiselwe okukhiphe umsebenzi wobuciko obulalayo "ama-musketeers amathathu", futhi ngonyaka we-2017 "Count Christi".
Omunye wemigwaqo yaseLomonosov yesifunda sasePetrodvortsov waseSt. Petersburg ubizwa ngegama lomuntu osolwa.
Ibhulokhi ebabazekayo e-Granite, phezulu lapho kumota khona i-smoming bronze duma esomatheka eMalarba Square eParis.
I-Bibliography
- "I-Queen Margo" (1845)
- "CENTESS DE MONSONORO" (1846)
- "Amashumi amane nanhlanu" (1847);
- "Umgexo wendlovukazi" (1849-1850);
- "Ange Pita" (1853);
- "CENTESS uChatny" (1853-1855);
- "Chevalé de Meson Rouge" (1845);
- "Askanio" (1843);
- "Ababili uDiana" (1846);
- "Ikhasi Duke of Savoy" (1852 Nar);
- "Ukubikezela" (1858);
- "Mhlophe nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka" (1867);
- "Ama-Comrades ka-Iehen" (1857);
- "Amavolontiya onyakeni wamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye wesibili" (1862);
- "Wolf Mashkul" (1858).