UNikolay Gogol - I-Biography, isithombe, Impilo Yakho, Izincwadi

I-Biograge

Impilo kaNikolai Vasilyevich Gogol ibanzi kakhulu futhi inezinto eziphindaphindwayo ukuthi ososayensi basaphenya nge-biography kanye nezinto zokwenziwa ze-epistolary zombhali omkhulu, futhi amadokhumenti enza amafilimu asho ngezimfihlo zobuntu obuyimfihlakalo zezincwadi. Intshisakalo ku-playwrwight ayibuki iminyaka engamakhulu amabili hhayi kuphela ngenxa yemisebenzi yayo ye-lalrol-epic, kodwa futhi ngoba i-gogol ingenye yezinombolo eziyimfihlakalo kakhulu zezincwadi zaseRussia zekhulu le-19 leminyaka ye-Russian.

Ubuntwana nentsha

Kuze kube namuhla akukaziwa lapho uNikolai vasilyevich wazalwa. Ezinye iziKronike zikholelwa ukuthi uGogol wazalwa ngoMashi 20, abanye banethemba lokuthi usuku lwangempela lomlobi ngu-Ephreli 1, 1809.

Ubuntwana be-Master of Fyshysmagoria badlula e-Ukraine, edolobhaneni elihle lesifundazwe seSorochintsy Poltava. Ukhule emndenini omkhulu - ngaphandle kwakhe, kwavuswa abanye abafana abangu-5 namantombazane ayi-6 endlini (abanye babo bafa eminyakeni yobuntwana).

Umlobi omkhulu unokudla okujabulisayo, kukhuphukela ku-Cossack Dynasty Gogol-Yanovsky. Ngokusho kwenganekwane yomndeni, umkhulu we-Athanasius playwius uDemanyanovich Yanovsky wengeze nesibongo sakhe engxenyeni yesibili ukufakazela izibopho zegazi ne-cossack hetman Ostap Gogol, owayephila ngekhulu le-17.

Ubaba womlobi, uVassily Avanasyevich, wasebenza esifundazweni saseMaloulusi ePosini, lapho athatha umhlalaphansi khona ngo-1805 esigabeni sabahloli basekolishi. Kamuva, uGogol-Yanovsky uthathe umhlalaphansi efeni lase-Vasilyevka (yanovschina) futhi waqala ukuzibandakanya emnothweni. Vasily Avanasyevich ehamba embongi, umlobi kanye ne-playwright: Wayenenkundla yemidlalo yasekhaya yomngane wakhe uTrochinsky, futhi enze futhi esiteji njengomlingisi.

Okomkhiqizo, wabhala ama-comedic edlala ngokususelwa kuma-ballads ezi-ukraine nasezinganekwaneni. Kepha munye kuphela umsebenzi we-gogol-sr. - "Preluach, noma iqhinga lowesifazane, owayefika kumasosha" afika kubafundi banamuhla. Kuvela kuBaba uNikolai Vasilyevich owathatha uthando lobuciko bokubhala kanye nethalente lokudala: Kuyaziwa ukuthi uGogol Jr. Selokhu ubuntwana baqala ukusebenzela imibhalo yezinkondlo. UVasily Avanasyevich ushonile lapho uNicholas eneminyaka eyi-15.

Umama womlobi, uMaria Ivanovna, uNee Kosyarovskaya, ngokwezindaba zabantu ababephila ngesikhathi, wayemuhle futhi wayebhekwa njengobuhle bokuqala edolobhaneni. Bonke abamazi bathi uyindoda engokwenkolo futhi enze imfundo engokomoya yezingane. Kodwa-ke, izimfundiso zikaGogol-Yanovsky zancishiswa hhayi kwimicikilisho nemikhuleko yobuKristu, kodwa eziprofethweni zeNkantolo Eyesabekayo.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi umfazi we-gogol-yanovsky washada lapho eneminyaka eyi-14. UNikolay Vasilyevich wayeseduze nonina waze wacela izeluleko ngemibhalo yakhe yesandla. Abanye ababhali bakholelwa ukuthi ngenxa yakwaMariya Ivanovna, ubuhlakani bakaGogol bunikezwa izimangalo kanye nokufiphaza.

Ubuntwana nentsha uNikolai Vasilyevich wenzeka ezungezwe impilo engenamandla nesabasalayo futhi wanikezwa iMeshchani inezinto zokudlala ezichazwe ngokucophelela emisebenzini yakhe.

Lapho uNicholas eneminyaka eyishumi, wathunyelwa ePoltava, lapho afunda khona isayensi esikoleni, wabe esefunda nokubhala kuthisha wendawo eGabriel Sorochnsky. Ngemuva kokuqeqeshwa kwaClassical, le nsizwa eneminyaka engu-16 yaba ngumfundi e-Gymnasium yesayensi ephakeme edolobheni laseNezhin esifundeni saseChernihiv. Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-classic yezincwadi yesikhathi esizayo yayiyimpilo ebuthaka, wayengakabi namandla ezifundweni zakhe, yize ayenememori ehlukile. Ngesayensi ngqo yeNicholas, ubudlelwano abukhokhiswanga, kepha waphumelela ezincwadini nasezincwadini zaseRussia.

Ezinye izingogasi zezimbali zithi indawo yokuzivocavoca ngokwayo kwakuzosola imfundo ephansi, kunokuba umlobi omncane. Iqiniso ngukuthi kuleyo minyaka, othisha obuthakathaka basebenze kuNezhinsky Gymnasium, owayengakwazi ukuhlela ukufunda okuhle kubafundi. Isibonelo, ulwazi ezifundweni zemfundo yokuziphatha avezwanga ngezimfundiso zefilosofi ezivelele, kodwa ngosizo lokujeziswa kwezikhundla uRygoy, uthisha wezincwadi azange ahlele emlenzeni wakhe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, akhetha i-pushkin ye-classics ye ngekhulu le-18.

Ngesikhathi sezifundo zakhe, uGogol, imikhiqizo yaseshashalazini kanye nezimo ezithuthukisiwe nezigcawu ezithuthukisiwe. Phakathi kwabalingani, uNikolai Vasilyevich wahamba amahlaya nendoda ePerky. Umlobi wakhuluma noNikolai Prokopovich, u-Alexander Danilevsky, noDollhouse kanye nabanye.

Into yokufunda

UGogol waqala ukuba nentshisekelo ngokubukeka kombhali eminyakeni yabafundi. Wancoma u-A.S. I-Pushkin, yize indalo yakhe yokuqala yayingakude nesitayela sembongi enkulu, futhi abaningi baya emisebenzini kaBetumev Marlinsky.

Waqamba i-Elessia, Faken, izinkondlo, wazama ngokwakhe kwi-prose nezinye izinhlobo zemibhalo. Ngesikhathi sezifundo zakhe, zabhalwa ngokuthi yiSatira "okuthile mayelana nezona ezohlala endaweni, noma iziwula azizange zibhale umthetho", ezingafikanga kulolu suku. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le nsizwa yabhekwa yile nsizwa yakhe njengendlela yokuzilibazisa, hhayi indaba yempilo.

Umbhalo wawungoGogol, "umsebe wokukhanya embusweni omnyama" futhi wasiza ukuphazamisa ukuhlupheka ngokomoya. Lapho-ke amapulani kaNikolai Vasilyevich ayengacaci, kepha wayefisa ukuhambisa izwe lakubo futhi abe wusizo kubantu, ekholelwa ukuthi ulindele ikusasa elikhulu.

Ebusika ka-1828, uGogol uya enhlokodolobha yamasiko - uPetersburg. Edolobheni elibandayo nelingcolile likaNikolai Vasilyevich lalilinde ukudumazeka. Wazama ukuba yisikhulu, waphinde wazama ukungena enkonzweni enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, kodwa yonke imizamo yakhe yahlulwa. Kuphela ezincwadini azitholayo ukuthola amathuba okuthola imali etholwayo nokuzibonakalisa.

Kepha emlolweni uNikolai Vasilyevich, bengilinde amaphephabhuku amaphephabhuku, ngoba omagazini bashicilelwa kuphela imisebenzi emibili kaGogol - inkondlo "e-Italy" nenkondlo yothando "dlala ngaphansi kwe-pseudonym v. Alov. "I-Idylli emipendweni" ithole ukubuyekezwa okungekuhle nokubhuqa kwabagxeki. Ngemuva kokunqotshwa kokudala, uGogol waphuthelwa konke ukushicilelwa kwenkondlo wakushisa egumbini lakhe. UNikolai Vasilyevich akazange encwadi, ngisho nangemva kokwehluleka okukhulu, ukwehluleka noGanz Kyhehelgarton kwamnika ithuba lokushintsha uhlobo lokushintsha uhlobo.

Ngo-1830, indaba eyimfihlakalo kaGogol "kusihlwa i-Ivan Kupala" yashicilelwa kumagazini odumile "Amanothi OMphakathi".

Kamuva, umbhali uhlangabezana neBaron Delvig futhi aqale ukuphrinta ezincwadini zakhe "iphephandaba eliphakeme" kanye "nezimbali zasenyakatho".

Ngemuva kwempumelelo ye-Gogol ye-Creative, yamukelwa embuthanweni wezincwadi. Waqala ukuxhumana ne-pushkin ne-zhukovsky. Kusebenza "kusihlwa epulazini ngaseDikanka", "ebusuku ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi", "Indawo Enchantled", inomuzwa ngenhlanganisela ye-Ukraine Epic kanye nenhlekisa yansuku zonke.

Kuyasho ukuthi u-Alexander Sergeyevich wanikeza uNikolai vasilyevich kuNikolai Vasilyevich ngemisebenzi emisha. Uphakamise imibono yeziza zenkondlo "imiphefumulo efile" (1842) kanye "nomcwaningi mabhuku" we-1836). Kodwa-ke, P.V. U-Annkov ukholelwa ukuthi i-pushkin "ayimnikanga ifa lakhe ngentshiseko."

UNikolai Vasilyevich owayethanda umlando we-malororsia, uba ngumbhali weqoqo le- "Mirgorod", elihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingana, kufaka phakathi uTaras Bulba. UGogol ezincwadini eziya kumama uMaria U-Ivanovna wacela ukuthi watshela ngokuphila kwabantu abasebukhawulweni.

Ngo-1835, uphuma endabeni kaGogol "Viy" (efakwe ku-Mirgorod) mayelana nesimo samademoni e-EPIC yaseRussia. Ngokwesakhiwo, ama-bursaka amathathu ahamba endleleni futhi afika epulazini eliyinqaba, elalingumthakathi wangempela kakhulu. Umlingiswa ophambili we-Homa uzobhekana nezidalwa ezingakaze zibonwe, amasiko esonto nomthakathi ondiza ebhokisini.

Ngo-1967, ifilimu yokuqala yeSoviet Horror Film ekuholeni kwe-Gogol "VII" yafakwa ngabaqondisi beKonstantin Ershov noGeorge Krutanin. Izindima eziphambili zenziwa nguLeonid Kuravlev naseNatalia Varley.

Ngo-1841, uGogol ubhala indaba engafi ethi "u-shiel". Emsebenzini kaNikolai Vasilyevich ukhuluma nge "Little Man" Akaki Akakiyevich Bashmachkin, oke wanyamalala ngasikhathi sokuthi into ejwayelekile kakhulu iba umthombo wenjabulo nokuphefumlelwa.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

Ekhuluma ngobuntu bombhali 'woMcwaningi Mabhuku', kufanelekile ukuthi aqaphele lokho kusuka kuVasily Avanasyevich, ngaphezu kokuphonsa ikusasa elibulalayo - ukugula kwengqondo nokwesaba ukufa kwasekuqaleni, okwaqala ukuziveza umdlandla wokudlala kusuka komuncane. Lokhu kwabhalwa nguhulumeni v.g. UKorolenko noDkt Bazhenov, ngokusekelwe ezintweni ze-autobiographic ze-gogol ne-Epistolar Heritage.

Uma ngesikhathi seSoviet Union ekuphazamisekeni komphefumlo kaNikolai vasilyevich, kwakuyisiko ukusho, imininingwane enjalo iyathakazelisa kakhulu kumfundi wamanje we-erudite. Kukholakala ukuthi uGogol wahlushwa ubuntwana nge-psychosis ecindezelekile ecindezelekile (i-bipolar efpection ebuntwini): I-fun and perky imizwa yombhali osemusha yathathelwa indawo ukucindezelwa okubukhali, i-hypochondria kanye nokuphelelwa yithemba.

Kwakhathazeka ngengqondo yakhe kuze kube sekufeni. Ubuye wavuma ngezincwadi, ezazivame ukuzwa amazwi athi "amnyama" amvakashela kude. Ngenxa yokuphila okusempini yaphakade, uGogol waba ngumuntu okholwayo futhi wahola enye indlela yokuphila etholakalayo ye-Askta. Ubethanda abesifazane, kodwa kude kuphela: Imvamisa wayevame ukuthi uMaria Ivanovna, osuka kwelinye inenekazi.

Wenze ukuxhumana namantombazane amnandi wamakilasi ahlukene (noMaria Balabina, uPronderen Anna Wielgorskaya nabanye), bazenzele abathandanayo. Umbhali akathandanga ukukhangisa impilo yomuntu siqu, ikakhulukazi izinto ezinzima. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uNikolai Vasilyevich akanazo izingane. Ngenxa yokuthi umbhali wayengashadanga, kunomqondo wobungqingili bakhe. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi akakaze abe nobudlelwano obuhambele uPlatonic.

Ukushona

Ukufa kokuqala kukaNikolai Vasilyevich ngonyaka we-42 wokuphila kwempilo kusenza izingqondo zososayensi, izazi-mlando kanye namabhulovo. Izinganekwane eziyimfihlakalo zihlanganisa i-Gogol, nangembangela yangempela yokufa kweVizeirer athina kulolu suku.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila, uNikolai Vasilyevich waqonda inkinga yokudala. Wayehlotshaniswa nokusuka kusenesikhathi kunkosikazi kaHamjakov futhi agxeka izindaba zakhe ngo-Archpriest Math Konstantinovsky, owayekhuluma ngokugxekwa okubukhali kwemisebenzi kaGogol futhi wakukholelwa ukuthi umbhali wayengekho ngokwanele. Imicabango emibi yaqonda ingqondo ye-playwright, kusukela ngoFebhuwari 5 wenqaba ukudla. NgoFebhuwari 10, uNikolai vasilyevich "othonywe umoya omubi" washiswa ngumbhalo wesandla, kwathi umhlaka 18, uyaqhubeka nokubona okuthunyelwe okuhle, angena embhedeni owohloka kakhulu empilweni.

Inkosi yezimpaphe yenqabile ukunakekelwa kwezokwelashwa, ilinde ukufa. Odokotela abaye baveze izifo ezivuthayo zamathumbu, kungenzeka ukuthi typhus kanye nokungakhethi kwesisu, ekugcineni bafaka umlobi ngokuxilongwa kwe-meningitis futhi banqume kakhulu ukugcwala kwefuzane kwegazi, okwakubikela kuphela isimo sikaNikolai vasilyevich. Ekuseni ngoFebhuwari 21, 1852, uGogol washona eMansion of Tolstoy Count eMoscow.

Ukukhumbula

Imisebenzi yombhali iyimpoqo ngokutadisha ezikoleni nasezikhungweni zemfundo eziphakeme. Ngenkumbulo kaNicolae Vasilyevich e-USSR nakwamanye amazwe, kukhishwe izitembu zokuposa. Igama likaGogol yimigwaqo, inkathi yeshashalazi ebabazekayo, isikhungo sezindawo ezihamba ngezinyawo kanye ne-crater emhlabeni we-mercury.

Kwendalo ye-Master Hyperboles kanye ne-Grotesque, imikhiqizo yaseshashalazini isakhiwa futhi imisebenzi ye-cinematic art iyasuswa. Ngakho-ke, ngonyaka we-2017, isibukeli saseRussia silindele i-premiere ka-Gothic Detective Series "Gogol. Kusukela "nge-Alexander Petrov ne-Oleg Menshikov ezindimeni eziphakeme.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

E-biography of spywight engaqondakali kunamaqiniso athakazelisayo, wonke awakwazi ukuchazwa ngisho nasencwadini yonke.

• Ngokusho kwamahemuhemu, uGogol wayesaba ukuduma kwezulu, ngoba into yemvelo yenza nge-psyche yayo.
• Umlobi waphila kabi, wahamba ngezingubo ezindala. Isihloko esibizayo kuphela ekhabethe lakhe yiwashi legolide elinikelwe yi-zhukovsky ngememori ye-pushkin.
• Unina kaNikolai Vasilyevich wahamba ngowesifazane ongaziwa. Wayenezinkolelo-ze, akholelwa ezindabeni ezingaphezu kwemvelo futhi etshela njalo izindaba ezimangalisayo ezihlanganiswe ngamatshe.
• Ngokusho kwamahemuhemu, amagama okugcina kaGogol athi: "Ungafa kanjani kamnandi."

• Ukwakha i-Gogol ephefumulelwe uMikhail Bulgakov.
• UNikolai Vasilyevich unamaswidi anamaswidi, ngakho-ke emaphaketheni akhe ahlala elala uswidi nezicucu zoshukela. Futhi, i-Russian prosaisa ithanda ukukhipha imvuthuluka yesinkwa ezandleni zakhe - kwasiza ukugxila emicabangweni.
• Umlobi ubuhlungu ngokubukeka, ikakhulukazi ikhala lakhe liyacasuka.
• UGogol wayesaba ukuthi kuzongcwatshwa, ukuba sephusheni elibulalayo. Ubuqili bemibhalo babuza ukuthi ngokuzayo umzimba wakhe wawukhaphela umhlaba kuphela ngemuva kokubonakala kwezindawo zomzimba. Ngokwenganekwane, uGogol wavuka ebhokisini. Lapho umzimba wombhali wavuselwa, wamangala labo abakhona ukubona ukuthi inhloko yabafileyo yajikelezwa.

I-Bibliography

• "Kusihlwa epulazini eliseduze naseDikanka" (1831-1832)
• "Indaba yokuthi u-Ivanvanovich waxabana kanjani no-Ivan Nikiforovich" (1834)
• "Viy" (1835)
• "Abanini bomhlaba be-starlavetsky" (1835)
• Taras Bulba (1835)
• "Nevsky Prospekt" (1835)
• "Umcwaningimabhuku" (1836)
• "Impumulo" (1836)
• "Amanothi Wokuhlanya" (1835)
• "Portrait" (1835)
• "Stroller" (1836)
• "Umshado" (1842)
• "Imiphefumulo efile" (1842)
• "Shineel" (1843)