I-Biograge
Abagxeki bemibhalo bathi uhlelo lobuciko olwenziwe yi-classic lwashintsha izinkondlo zenoveli yengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-XIX. U-Ivan Turgenev waqale wabona ukuvela "kwendoda entsha" - amashumi ayisithupha - wambonisa endabeni yakhe "oyikhokho." Ngenxa yombhali weqiniso ngesiRussia, igama elithi "nihist" lazalwa. U-Ivan Sergeevich wethula isithombe se-compatriot, owathola incazelo ethi "Girgenb Girl".Ubuntwana nentsha
Enye yezinsika zezincwadi zasendulo zaseRussia e-Orel, emndenini wakudala wasemkhakheni wakudala. Ingane ka-Ivan Sergeevich yabanjwa e-Maternal Estate of Spassky-Lutovinovo eduze kwaseMtsensk. Waba yindodana yesibili yalabathathu, ezalwa eVarvara Lutovinova naseSergey Turgenev.
Impilo yomndeni yabazali ayizange isebenze. Ubaba, owathutha isimo seHelcome-Cavalierry, akashadanga nobuhle, kodwa intombazane ecebile yaseVarvar, eyayidala kuneminyaka eyi-6. Lapho u-Ivan Turgenev eneminyaka engu-12, uyise washiya lo mndeni, washiya umngane womshado wezingane ezintathu. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4, uSergey Nikolayevich ushonile. Ngokushesha, indodana encane kaSergey yafa ngenxa yesifo.
UNicholas no-Ivan babewile - umama wayenomlingiswa odelelekile. Owesifazane oqondakalayo nofundile unesithukuthezi ebuntwaneni nasebusheni usizi oluningi. Ubaba uVarvara Lutovinova ushonile lapho indodakazi iseyingane. Umama, inkampani enezinhlobonhlobo nentokazi ebonakalayo, isithombe sabafundi ababona ngayo endabeni yeTurgenev "Death", bashada futhi. Ubaba wokutholwa waphuza futhi akazange anqikaze ukushaya futhi ihlazisa indodakazi yokutholwa. Hhayi indlela engcono yokukhanga indodakazi yakhe nonina. Ngenxa yesihluku sikamama nokushaywa, intombazane yaphunyuka kumalume omdabu wayo, owashiya umshana wayizuza njengefa ngemuva kwawo ama-serf ayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu.
Umama owayengamazi umama eseyingane, yize ethanda izingane, ikakhulukazi uVana, kodwa wabaphendulela kuye ngendlela abazali bakhe, amadodana akhunjulwa ngesandla sikamama esindayo kuze kube phakade. Naphezu kolaka oluthukuthele, uVarvara Petrovna wayengowesifazane ofundile. Wakhuluma nekhaya lakhe kuphela ngesiFulentshi, efuna okufanayo no-Ivan naseNicholas. I-SPASKY yagcina umtapo wezincwadi ocebile, ehlanganisa izincwadi zaseFrance ikakhulukazi.
Lapho u-Ivan Turgenev eneminyaka engu-9, lo mndeni wathuthela enhlokodolobha, endlini kangalungile. Umama wafunda okuningi futhi wafakwa ezinganeni uthando lwezincwadi. Uncamela abalobi baseFrance, uLutovinov-Turgenev ulandele imibhalo emisha, wayengumngane noVasily Zhukovsky noMikhail Zagoskin. UVarvara Petrovna wayazi kahle umsebenzi kaNikolai Karamzin, u-Alexander Pushkin, uNikolai Gogol wacaphuna ngembala nendodana yakhe.
Ukwakheka kuka-Ivan Turgenev kwabandakanyeka kubabusi abavela eJalimane naseFrance, lapho umnini mhlaba engazisoli ngemali. Ukuceba kwezincwadi zaseRussia kuya kumlobi wesikhathi esizayo kwavula iSerfs Camdiner Foodor Lobanov, eyaba yi-prototype yeqhawe lendaba "uPunin noBaburin".
Ngemuva kokuthuthela eMoscow, u-Ivan Turgenev wayezimisele eGuesthouse Ivan Krause. Ekhaya nasempesheni yangasese, i-barin encane yadlula esifundweni sesikole sesibili, eneminyaka engu-15 yaba umfundi weNyuvesi yaseMoscow. Ebungcweli bezincwadi, u-Ivan Turgenev wabanjwa inkambo, wabe esedlulisela eSt. Petersburg, lapho athola khona imfundo yaseyunivesithi eFactch of History neFilosofical Faty.
Eminyakeni yabafundi, iTurgenev yahumushela izinkondlo zikaShakespeare neNkosi Bayron futhi ziphupha ngokuba yimbongi.
Njengoba usuthole idiploma ngonyaka we-1838, u-Ivan Turgenev waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe eJalimane. EBerlin, walalela inkambo yezinkulumo zasenyuvesi kwifilosofi ne-philology, wabhala izinkondlo. Ngemuva kwamaholide kaKhisimusi eRussia, iTurgenev yahamba izinyanga eziyisithupha e-Italy, lapho abuyela khona eBerlin.
Entwasahlobo yango-1841, u-Ivan Turgenev wafika eRussia kwathi ngonyaka wadlula izivivinyo, esethole iziqu zevangeli e-University of St. Petersburg. Ngo-1843, wathola isikhundla enkonzweni yezangaphakathi, kodwa uthando lokubhala nezincwadi ziphendukile.
Into yokufunda
Ngokokuqala ngqa u-Ivan Turgenev wakhuluma ngo-1836, wanyathelisa isibuyekezo encwadini ka-Andrei Muravyov "eya ezindaweni ezingcwele". Ngemuva konyaka, ngabhala futhi ngashicilela izinkondlo "Chang olwandle", "Fyshmagoria eLunar Night" kanye "nokulala".
Udumo lwafika ngo-1843, lapho u-Ivan Sergeevich aqamba inkondlo kaParasha evunyelwe yiVisarion Belinsky. Ngokushesha iTurgenEV noBelinsky basondela ngendlela umbhali osemncane abe ngumuntu unkulunkulukazi wendodana edumile. Ukuhwebelana noBelinsky noNikoloi Nekrasov bathonya i-biography ye-Ivan Turgenev: Umlobi ekugcineni wasakazeka nge-genome of romanticism, eyabonakala ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwenkondlo "nomholi" norerei kolosov "," Portrait emithathu "kanye "Umqhele".
U-Ivan Turgenev wabuyela eRussia ngo-1850. Ubehlala efeni lokuzalwa kwengane, khona-ke eMoscow, ke eSt. Petersburg, lapho kubhalwa khona imidlalo, eyayihamba ngempumelelo emikhakheni yezihloko ezimbili.
Ngo-1852, uNikolai Gogol wayengekho. U-Ivan Turgenev wasabela emcimbini omubi ngodokotela we-necrologist, kodwa eSt. Petersburg, ngokusho komyalo kaSihlalo weKomidi elihlanganisiwe, u-Alexei Musina Pushkin, wenqatshwa ukushicilela. I-Dares ukubeka inothi yephephandaba laseTurgenev "Moscow Vedomosti". I-centerror ayizange ixolele abangalaleli. I-Musin-Pushkin ibize uGogol "Lacéi umlobi", ayifanele ukubiza okukhulunywe ngayo emphakathini, futhi yabona inkomba yokuvinjwa kokuvinjelwa okuyimfihlo endaweni evulekile - ukungayikhumbuli i-Alexander pushkin kanye neMikhail Lermontov e-Open Press.
I-centror yabhala umbiko we-Emperor Nikolai I. Ivan Sergeevich, owayesolwa ngenxa yohambo olujwayelekile phesheya, ukuxhumana ne-Serfky kanye neHelezen, ukubukwa okukhulu kweSerfdom, kwaletha intukuthelo enkulu kakhulu yeziphathimandla.
Ngo-Ephreli wonyaka ofanayo, umlobi waboshwa ngenyanga, wabe esethumela ukuba aboshwe ekhaya efeni. Eminyakeni eyodwa nengxenye, u-Ivan Turgenev wayengasebenzi nge-Spassky, iminyaka emithathu akazange abe nelungelo lokuphuma ezweni.
Ukukhathazeka kweTurgenev mayelana nokuhlolwa kokucwaninga kokukhululwa kwamanothi "kaHunter" Incwadi Ehlukile ayizange ilungiswe: Iqoqo lezindaba phambilini ezashicilelwa ku- "Wave Porow", laphuma. Ukuze uthole imvume yokuphrinta incwadi, isikhulu seVladimir LVOV esasebenza ekucwaningweni kwaxoshwa. Umjikelezo uhlanganisa izindaba "Bezhin Luga", "Biryuk", "abahlabeleli", "County Fenta". Ngokwehlukana, amanoveli ayengeyona ingozi, kepha okuqoqwe ndawonye kwakungulwa.
U-Ivan Turgenev wabhala abantu abadala kanye nezingane. Ama-Little Reagers prosaik aveze izinganekwane nezindaba zokubheka, "inja" kanye "nejuba", elibhalwe ngolimi olucebile.
Ebuthobeni bedolobhana, i-classic iqamba le ndaba ka- "Mumu", kanye namanoveli "nosterk Nest", "Obaba", "Obaba", "obaba", "obaba", "obaba", "obaba 'baye baba ngumcimbi empilweni yamasiko eRussia .
Phesheya, u-Ivan Turgenev wasuka ehlobo lika-1856. Ebusika, eParis, waphothula uhambo lwendaba kaGloomy "ePolesie". EJalimane, ngo-1857, wabhala u- "ASYA" - le ndaba ehunyushelwe ngesikhathi sokuphila komlobi ezilimini zaseYurophu. I-prototype ka-Asi, eyazalwa emshadweni wendodakazi kaBarin noPurser, abagxeki babheka indodakazi kaTurnev Polina Brewer kanye nodade osetshenziswayo uVarbar Zhitov.
Izwe eliphesheya, i-Ivan Turgenev yalandela kakhulu impilo yamasiko eRussia, yaqhuba ukuxhumana nababhali kuleli zwe, kwaziwa abokufika. Ozakwabo babheka umshushisi wobuntu obuphikisayo. Ngemuva kokungafani kwemibono kanye nabahleli be "Wamanje", okwaba ngumhubhe wentando yeningi oguqukayo, iTurgenev yahlukana nomagazini. Kepha, sebefunde ngokuvinjelwa kwesikhashana 'kwesimanje', sakhuluma ngokuzivikela kwakhe.
Ngesikhathi sokuphila kweNtshonalanga, u-Ivan Sergeevich wangena ezingxabanweni ezinde noLV Tolstoy, FODOR Dostoevsky noNicholas Nekrasov. Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwenoveli, "ngobaba nezingane", waxabana nezwe elibhaliwe elibizwa ngokuthi lithuthuka.
Okokuqala abalobi base-Ivan turgenev bathola ukuqashelwa eYurophu njengodokotela onobuhlakani. EFrance, wasondelana nabalobi - abazaleli bavikelekile uMerimi, abafowethu baseGangers, u-Emil ZOL naseGustave Flauber, ababa ngumngane osondelene naye.
Entwasahlobo yango-1879, iTurgenev yafika eSt. Petersburg, lapho intsha yamhlangabeza njengekhulile. Ukuthokozela ukuvakasha kombhali odumile akuzange kungenzele iziphathimandla, kunikeze u-Ivan Sergevich ukuqonda ukuthi ukuhlala isikhathi eside kombhali edolobheni akufanelekile.
Ehlobo lonyaka ofanayo, u-Ivan Turgenev wavakashela eBrithani - e-Oxford University, kwanikezwa isihloko saseRussia isihloko soDondondo Dokotela.
Ezikhathini zasePenitate Times, iTurgenev yafika eRussia ngo-1880. EMoscow, waya ekuvulekeni kwesikhumbuzo ku-Alexander Pushkin, akubhekanga umfundisi omkhulu. Ulimi lwaseRussia lwakudala olubizwa ngokuthi ukusekelwa nokusekelwa "ngezinsuku zokucabanga ebuhlungu" mayelana nekusasa lendlu.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Owesifazane obulalayo osephenduke uthando lwempilo yonke yombhali, uHeinrich Heine uma uqhathaniswa nokuma komhlaba, "bobabili omkhulu futhi exotic". Umculi waseSpain-French uPolina Viardo, umfazi ophansi futhi oshisayo, wayeyizici ezinkulu zamadoda, umlomo omkhulu namehlo. Kepha kwathi lapho uPolina ecula, waguqulwa kahle. Ngomzuzwana nje, iTurgenev yabona umculi futhi yathandana nesikhathi sokuphila, iminyaka engama-40 esele.
Impilo yomuntu siqu kaProda ngaphambi kokuhlangana neViardo ibifana nama-Slides aseMelika. Uthando lokuqala u-Ivan Turgenev noHornie elitshelwe endabeni efanayo, kulimaza insizwa eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala. Wathandana nokhelwane uKetten, indodakazi kaPrinogini Shakhovskaya. Lokho ukudumazeka kufudusiwe u-Ivan lapho ezwa ukuthi "ihlanzekile futhi engafinyeleleki" katya, evakashelwa yisifungo sezingane kanye ne-blush yamantombazane, - inkosikazi kababa, uSergey Nikoleyevich, olufuya.
Le nsizwa yadumazeka emantombazaneni athi "amahle" futhi yaguqula amehlo akhe emantombazaneni alula - umlimi wenqaba. Enye yezinhle zobuhle ezingandi ukuthi i-whitestroker avdota Ivanov - yabeletha indodakazi ka-Ivan Turgenev yasePelagia. Kepha, ehamba eYurophu, umlobi wahlangana neViardo, futhi u-Avdota wasala esikhathini esidlule.
U-Ivan Sergeevich wahlangana nomyeni womculi, uLouis, futhi waba mubi endlini yabo. Abasolwaphila be-Turgenev, abangane bombhali kanye nama-biographiographers basebenzelana nemibono ngalo mhlangano. Abanye bambiza nge-sublime ne-platonime, abanye bakhuluma ngamanani athile ashiye umnikazi womhlaba waseRussia endlini kaPolina noLouis. Umyeni kaViardo ngeminwe yakhe wabheka ukuxhumana kwe-turgenev nomkakhe futhi wavuma ukuhlala ekhaya izinyanga zabo. Kukholakala ukuthi uYiso wemvelo wensimu yasendle, indodana kaPolina noLouis - u-Ivan Turgenev.
Umama wombhali akazange avume ukuxhumana futhi aphuphe ukuthi icala alithandayo lizophola, lishada nabantu abasebasha futhi linikeze abazukulu abasemthethweni. I-Pelagey Varvara Petrovna ayikholwanga, wabona ama-serfs kuwo. U-Ivan Sergeevich wamthanda futhi uxolo indodakazi yakhe.
UPolina Viardo, elalele inhlekisa ugogo odelelekile, angena enozwela entombazaneni angena endlini yakhe. IPelagia yaphenduka i-polinte yakhula kanye nabantwana bakwaViardo. Ebusweni kufanelekile ukuthi aqaphele ukuthi i-pelagia-polynenet turgenev ayizange ihlanganyele uthando lukaYise nge-viardo, ikholelwa ukuthi lona wesifazane weba ukunaka kwakhe komuntu wakubo.
Ukupholisa ebudlelwaneni beTurgenev naseViardo kuza ngemuva kokwehlukana kweminyaka emithathu, okwenzekile ngenxa yokuboshwa komfundi ekhaya. Imizamo yokukhohlwa inkanuko ebulalayo i-Ivan Turgenev yathatha kabili. Ngo-1854, umbhali oneminyaka engu-36 ubudala wahlangana noBeauty Olga, osemusha u-Olga, indodakazi kaMzala. Kepha lapho umshado uthobela phezulu, u-Ivan Sergeevich wanyibilika kuPolina. Ukungafuni ukwephula impilo yentombazane eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala, iTurgenev yavuma othandweni lweViardo.
Umzamo wokubalekela izingalo zoMwakhe waseFrance kwenzeka ngo-1879, lapho u-Ivan Turgenev eneminyaka engama-61 ubudala. Umlingisi uMaria Savin akazange athuse umehluko eminyakeni yobudala - othandekayo waphenduka kabili. Kepha lapho umbhangqwana ngonyaka we-1882 waya eParis, uMasha wabona izinto eziningi nokugoba okufana nezimbangi zakhe ezindlini zokushada naye esikhathini esizayo, futhi wabona ukuthi wayenamandla.
Ukushona
Ngo-1882, ngemuva kokuhlukana noSavin, u-Ivan Turgenev wagula. Odokotela babeka ukuxilongwa okudumazayo komdlavuza wamathambo omgogodla. Ufele umlobi ehhashini langaphandle isikhathi eside futhi ngobuhlungu.
Ngo-1883, iTurgenev yaqhutshwa eParis. Izinyanga zokugcina zokuphila kuka-Ivan Turgenev zazijabule ngobuhlungu obuphelile obuphelile - eceleni kwakhe kwakungumuntu othandekayo. Ngemuva kokufa, wazuza ifa lempahla yaseTurgenev.
I-classic yafa ngo-Agasti 22, 1883. Isidumbu sakhe sayiswa eSt. Petersburg ngoSepthemba 27. Ukusuka eFrance kuya eRussia i-Ivan Turgenev yahamba nendodakazi kaPolina, uClaudia Viardo. Ungcwabe umbhali eSt. Petersburg Wolf Cemetery.
U-Alexander II, owabiza "iBelm e-Turnev" esweni lakhe, waphendula ekufeni kukaNigilista ngokukhululeka.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1855 - "Rudin"
- Ngo-1858 - "Isidleke Esihle"
- Ngo-1860 - "Ngobusuku"
- 1862 - "Obaba Nezingane"
- Ngo-1867 - "Ukubhema"
- Ngo-1877 - "Novy"
- 1851-73 - "Amanothi kaHunter"
- Ngo-1858 - "Aya"
- Ngo-1860 - "Uthando Lokuqala"
- Ngo-1872 - "Amanxeba"