I-Biograge
Ukushintsha udumo lwembongi yezingane yezimpande ze-chukovsky isikhathi eside kungenye yabalobi abangaphansi kwezinkathi zesiliva. Ngokuphikisana nenkolelo ethandwayo, ubuhlakani boMdali abazibonakalisile hhayi ezinkondlweni nasezinganekwaneni, kodwa nasezindabeni ezibucayi.
Ngenxa yokucaciswa okungeyona eyadelwa kobuhlakani, umbuso kuyo yonke indlela yokuphila yombhali wazama ukudelela imisebenzi yakhe emehlweni omphakathi. Imisebenzi eminingi yocwaningo yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukubheka umculi odumile wezobuciko "abanye amehlo". Manje imisebenzi yoMkhandlukazi ifundeka njengabanye 'be-hermoning endala "nentsha.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UNondechukov (igama langempela lembongi) wazalwa ngoMashi 31, 1882 enhlokodolobha esenyakatho yeRussia - idolobha laseSt. Petersburg. Umama ka-Ekaterina Ongupovna, waba yinceku endlini kaDokotela uSolomoni Levenon, wahlangana nokuxhumana okunonya nendodana yakhe u-Emmuil. Ngo-1799, owesifazane wabeletha indodakazi kaMariya, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu wanikeza umyeni womphakathi endlalifa likaNicholas.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubudlelwane bomndeni omuhle wabampofu emehlweni emphakathini walesosikhathi wabukeka njengabantu abayizindlala, bendawonye ababephila iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Umkhulu wembongi, owayengafuni ukuphumula ngokuguquguquka kwezingxabano, ngo-1885, ngaphandle kokuchaza izizathu, wenza umalokazana, emgwaqweni osemgwaqweni onezingane zakhe ezimbili. Njengoba uCatherine akakwazanga ukukhokhela izindlu ezihlukile, kanye nendodana yakhe nendodakazi yakhe, washiya izihlobo e-Odessa. Kamuva endabeni ye-autobiographical "Isiliva Coat of Arms", imbongi iyavuma ukuthi idolobha eliseningizimu nelingakaze libe ngumdabu wayo.
Iminyaka yezingane yombhali yadlula emkhathini wokubhubhisa nobuphofu. Umama woMphakathi wasuswa eSweden, wabe eselitha, kepha kwakungekho mali enhlekelele. Ngo-1887, umhlaba wabona "isiyingi ngamakhishi". Kuyena, uNgqongqoshe Wezemfundo I.D. UDelianov wancomela izinkomba ze-Gymnasium ukuthi zingene ezinhlwini zabafundi kuphela lezo zingane ezivela kulo azibanga imibuzo. Ngenxa yokuthi i-chukovsky ngaphansi kwale "ncazelo" ayizange ilingane, ibingafakwa esikhungweni semfundo esihle ebanga lesi-5.
Ukuze ungabi yimbi ngaphandle kokuthinta umndeni, le nsizwa yathathwa yanoma yimuphi umsebenzi. Phakathi kweqhaza, owazama i-kolya, kwakukhona ama-bedron amaphephandaba, kanye nesihlanza sophahla, kanye ne-flyingman yeposta. Ngaleso sikhathi, le nsizwa yaqala ukuba nentshisekelo ezincwadini. Ufunde amanoveli we-adventure ngu-Alexander Duma, watadisha imisebenzi yaseNietzsche kanye nezingelosi, futhi izinkondlo zika-Edgar Poche zakha khona kusihlwa ngaphansi komsindo we-surf.
Phakathi kokunye, inkumbulo eyisimanga ivumela le nsizwa ukuba ifunde isiNgisi ukuze ihumushe imibhalo evela eqabuleni, ayikaze igxishwe. Ngemuva kwalokho i-chukovsky namanje bengazi ukuthi isifundo sika-Oleldorf sasingenamakhasi lapho umgomo wokubiza amagama akwazi khona ngokuningiliziwe. Ngakho-ke, lapho eminyakeni ethile kamuva, uNikolai evakashela eNgilandi, iqiniso lokuthi abantu bendawo bebengamqondi kahle, bamangazwa osomanzi.
Ubuntatheli
Ngo-1901, ephefumulelwe yimisebenzi yababhali abayithandayo, iFilosophical Opus ibhala izimpande. I-Poet Vladimir Zhabotinsky, ifunda umsebenzi kusuka ekuqothulweni, yayisa ephephandabeni "izindaba ze-Odessa", ngaleyo ndlela zibeka ukuqala komsebenzi weChukovsky oneminyaka engama-70. Encwadini yokuqala, imbongi yathola ama-ruble ayi-7. Ngemali enkulu, le nsizwa yathenga umbono owenzeka ngebhulukwe lakhe nehembe.
Iminyaka emibili yokusebenza ephephandabeni uNikolai njengoba umbhali we- "Odessa News" wathunyelwa eLondon. Ngonyaka abhala ngazo izindatshana, wafunda izincwadi zakwamanye amazwe futhi wabhala amaphepha ezincwadi eMnyuziyamu. Ngesikhathi sohambo lwebhizinisi, kwashicilelwa imisebenzi eyisishiyagalombili yeChukovsky.
Umlobi wawuthanda kakhulu ubuhle beBrithani kangangokuba ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi waguqula imisebenzi ka-whitman kanye noKipling in Centre yesiRussia, futhi waba ngumhleli wesikhungo sokuqala se-Oscar Wilde, okusohlwithe iso yencwadi yedeski kuzo zonke izincwadi zemindeni.
Ngo-Mashi 1905, umbhali usuka eSolar Odessa waya enamvula eSt. Lapho, isantatheli esencane sithola umsebenzi ngokushesha: Yaneliswa ngumbhali ephephandabeni le-Teastral Russia, lapho imibiko yakhe ekubukweni okubukwayo nokufunda izincwadi zishicilelwa egumbini ngalinye.
Umxhaso kaLonid Shanov usiza uChukovsky ukukhulula isibonakaliso ekukhanyeni. I-satire yezepolitiki kuphela yanyatheliswa ekushicilelweni, kwathi u-Alexander Kuprin, Foodor Sologub, ngisho ne-teffi phakathi kwababhali. Nge-caricature edicibisayo kanye nemisebenzi elwa nohulumeni uChukovsky waboshwa. Ummeli odumile uGrunenberg uPrennenberg wakwazi ukufeza umusho okhethekile nezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye ukutakula umlobi kusuka esiphethweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasolwa basebenzisana nabomagazini "Izikali" kanye ne- "NIVA", kanye nephephandaba "inkulumo", lapho uNikolai ephrinta ama-Essays abucayi ngababhali banamuhla. Kamuva, le misebenzi yahlakazeka phezu kwezincwadi: "Persons kanye nemaski" (1914), "I-futurists" (1922), "kusuka eChekhov kuze kube namuhla" (1908).
Ekwindla ka-1906, indawo yokuhlala yombhali yaba yi-cottage eKukkale (esitolo se-Finnish Bay). Lapho, umbhali wayenenhlanhla yokujwayelana nomculi u-Ilya Rimin, izimbongi uVladimir Mayakovsky no-Alexey Tolstoy. Kamuva Chukovsky wakhuluma ngezibalo zamasiko e-Memoirs yakhe. Okubi. Mayakovsky. Bruce. Izinkumbulo "(1940).
Lapha, i-Almanac "Chukomkal" ebili ebhalwe ngo-1979 yaqoqwa, lapho uZinaida Hippilius ashiya khona ama-autographs awo okudala, uNikolai Gumilyev, u-Alexander Blok, uHerbert Wells no-Osip Mandelstam. Esimemweni sikaHulumeni ngo-1916, i-Chukovsky njengengxenye yalokho kwethulwa kwezintatheli zaseRussia yaphinde yaya kuhambo lwebhizinisi lwaya eNgilandi.
Into yokufunda
Ngo-1917, uNikolai ubuyela eSt. Petersburg, lapho, ethatha isiphakamiso sikaMaxim Gorky, athatha isikhundla senhloko yoMnyango Wezingane Wokushicilela Indlu Yokushicilela. UChukovsky uzame endimeni yomthengisi wezindaba ngenkathi esebenza ku-Almanaci "Firebird". Wabe esevula umhlaba isici esisha sobungcweti bakhe bemibhalo, ukubhala "inkukhu", "umbuso wenja" no "Doctor".
I-Gorky ibone ezinganekwaneni zabazakwabo abanamandla amakhulu futhi banikezela ngempande "zama enjabulweni" futhi bakha omunye umsebenzi wohlelo lokusebenza lwezingane "Niva". Umlobi wakhathazeka ngokuthi ngeke akwazi ukukhulula umkhiqizo omuhle, kodwa ukuphefumulelwa uqobo kwathola uMdali. Kwakuwusuku olungaphambi kwenguquko.
Lapho-ke, nendodana egulayo yaseKolya, oPustrost wabuya ekhishini eya eSt. Petersburg. Ukuze uphazamise i-CHADO eshisayo eshisayo ekuhlaselweni kwalesi sifo, imbongi yaqala ukusungula inganekwane ekuhambeni. Kwakungekho sikhathi sokufunda amaqhawe kanye nesakhiwo.
Konke ukubheja bekukushintshashintsha ngokushesha kwezithombe nemicimbi ukuze umfana angafanele abubula noma akhale. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi we- "Crocodile" owakhishwa ngo-1917 wazalwa.
Ngemuva kwe-Okthoba Revolution, uChukovsky uhambahamba ezweni lonke ngezinkulumo futhi ebambisana nazo zonke izinhlobo zabamemezeli. Ku-20s of the 20s, izimpande zibhala imisebenzi kaMoydodyr neTarakanishche, futhi zivumelanisa nemibhalo yezingoma zabantu zokufunda kwezingane, amaqoqo "abomvu" ashicilelwe "futhi" Skok-joke "ashicilelwe. Izinganekwane Eziyishumi Zezinkondlo, Imbongi yabalandela enye: "Muha-Coochoha", "Isihlahla Sesimangaliso", "Isiphithiphithi", "I-Barmalei", "Intaba yaseFedorino", "" Aibolit "," "Ilanga intshontshiwe", "toptygin noLisa".
Izimpande zagijima kubashicileli, hhayi ukuhlukana nezincwadi zesibili, futhi kwalandela umugqa ngamunye ophrintiwe. Umsebenzi kaChukovsky unyatheliswa komagazini "New Robinson", "Yozh", "Bosten", "Chizh" kanye "Sparrow". I-classic yasungulwa ngendlela yokuthi ngandlela thile umbhali wakho ayekholelwa ukuthi izinganekwane kwakuwusizo lwakhe.
Konke kwashintsha ngemuva kwendatshana ebucayi yethemba leKrupskaya, lapho izinguquko ezazingenazo izingane zazibize imisebenzi yoMdali "futhi zaxabana kuphela esithembisweni se-anti-polytic, kodwa Futhi izinhloso zamanga zafihlwa.
Emva kwalokho, incazelo eyimfihlo yabonakala kuyo yonke imisebenzi yombhali: umbhali wadumisa i-Comminarianism kanye ne-frevolism yempukane, eFedorino Mountain, eFedorino Mountain inganekwane, akazange aveze ukubaluleka kweqhaza eliholayo le I-Communist Party, kanye ne-Hero ka-Hero ye- "Cockroach" yacwaninga futhi ikhombise isithombe se-caricature se-stalin nhlobo.
Ukushushiswa kwaletha i-chukovsky ngezinga elibi kakhulu lokuphelelwa yithemba. Izimpande futhi zaqala ukukholelwa eqinisweni lokuthi izinganekwane zakhe zazingadingeki. Ngo-December 1929, kwashicilelwa incwadi yembongi ephephandabeni "ephephandabeni elithe xaxa", lapho ahlehla khona emisebenzini yakudala, ethembisa ukuguqula ukuqondiswa kobuhlakani bakhe, abhale iqoqo lezinkondlo "Collectiya". Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi ovela phezu kwezimpaphe zakhe awuphumanga.
Inganekwane yempi yeminyaka "OBUCH Barmaley" (1943) ifakiwe kwi-anthology yezinkondlo zeSoviet, yabe isibhekana lapho ngokwakho ngoStalin. UChukovsky wabhala omunye umkhiqizo we- "Adventures of Bibigon" (1945). Indaba yanyatheliswa eMurzilka, yakhumbula emsakazweni, yabe isibiza ngokuthi "i-Ideologically Office," kuvinjelwe ukufunda.
Ukhathele ukulwa nabagxeki futhi bacebe umlobi wabuyiselwa ebuntalini. Ngo-1962, wabhala le ncwadi ethi "Phila NJENGOBUZO", lapho kuchazwe "izifo", kushaywe isiRussia. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi osolwa ngumuntu ofunda ubuciko beNekrasov, washicilela iqoqo eliphelele lama-Essay Nikolai Aleksevich.
UChukovsky wayengumthengisi wezindaba hhayi kuphela ezincwadini kuphela, kodwa futhi nasempilweni. Waphinda wenza isenzo sesenzo kaninginingi, okwakhe, ngenxa yesembatho sabo, ayengakwazi. Ngo-1961, indaba yeSolzhenitsyn "ngolunye usuku u-Ivan Denisovich" weza kuye ezandleni zakhe. Ukuba ngumbuyekezi wakhe wokuqala, uChukovsky wombhangqwana onama-twardovsky akholisa ukuphrinta lo msebenzi. Lapho u-Alexander jhevich eba ngumuntu ongeyena ongelona iqiniso, kwakuyizimpande ezazifihla eziphathimeni eDacha yakhe yesibili ePeredelkino.
Ngo-1964, inqubo endabeni kaJoseph Brodsky yaqala. Izimpande kanye nama-marshak abanye babambalwa abebengesabi ukuyobhalela ikomidi eliphakeme eliyisicelo sokukhipha imbongi. Ifa lokubhala lomlobi aligciniwa hhayi ezincwadini kuphela, kodwa nasePartoons.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Kusuka kumfazi wokuqala nowokuphela kwenkosi uChukovsky wahlangana ngo-18. UMaria Borisovna wayeyindodakazi ka-Accountant of Arona-Bera Ruvimovich Goldfeld kanye namaZindo ezindlu (Tauba). Umndeni omuhle awukaze uvumele i-Ivanovich ye-Ivanovich. Ngesinye isikhathi, abathandi bahlele ngisho nokuphunyuka ekuzondeni bobabili i-Odessa eCaucasus. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuphunyula akwenzekanga, ngoMeyi 1903 lo mbhangqwana washada.
Izintatheli eziningi ze-Odessa zafika emshadweni ngezimbali. Kuliqiniso, uChukovsky akazange afune ama-bouquets, kepha imali. Ngemuva komkhosi, umuntu onobuhlakani wasusa isigqoko waqala ukudlula izivakashi. Masinyane ngemuva komkhosi, abasanda kushada basuka eNgilandi. Ngokungafani ne-rooting, uMaria wahlala lapho izinyanga ezimbalwa. Njengoba sengifunde ukuthi umfazi ukhulelwe, umbhali washeshe wamthumelela izwe lakubo ngokushesha.
NgoJuni 2, 1904, uChukovsky wathola i-telegraph umkakhe abelethe umkakhe ngokuphepha. Ngalolo suku umFelelonist wahlela iholide lakhe waya kwisekisi. Lapho ebuyela eSt. Petersburg, imithwalo yolwazi kanye nokuvela kwempilo eqongelelwe eLondon kwavumela i-Chukovsky ngokushesha kakhulu ukuba yi-St. Petersburg. USasha umnyama hhayi ngaphandle dich, wambiza ngempande belinsky. Ngemuva kweminyaka leminye mibili, intatheli yesiFundatjenti lesifundazwe ibisemlenzeni omncane ngawo wonke amabhomu okubhala nawabuciko.
Ngenkathi umdwebi wezobuciko ehamba ezweni lonke ngezinkulumo, umkakhe wakhuphula izingane: uLydia, uNikolai noBoris. Ngo-1920, uChukovsky waphinda waba nguBaba. Indodakazi kaMaria, wonke umuntu obize i-Purple, yaba yi-heroine yemisebenzi eminingi yombhali. Intombazane yafa ngo-1931 isuka esifo sofuba. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi, indodana encane uBoris wabulawa empini, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-14, umka-Maria Chukovsky akazange abe.
Ukushona
Izimpande zika-Ivanovich zishiye iminyaka engama-87 (OCTOBER 28, 1969). Imbangela yokufa iyi-hepatitis yegciwane. UDacha ePeredelkino, lapho imbongi ihlala khona eminyakeni yamuva nje, yaphenduka imnyuziyamu yaseChukovsky House.Abathandi bokuqamba kombhali futhi kuze kube namuhla bangabhekana nendawo lapho adala khona ubuciko bakhe bomculi ovelele wezobuciko.
I-Bibliography
- "Ilanga" (Tale, 1933);
- "Isiliva Coat of Arms" (Indaba, 1933);
- "Inkukhu" (inganekwane, 1913);
- "Aibolit" (inganekwane, 1917);
- "Barmalei" (inganekwane, 1925);
- "Moydodyr" (inganekwane, 1923);
- "Fly-codochuha" (inganekwane, 1924);
- "I-Ospole Barmaley" (inganekwane, 1943);
- "Ukufika kweBibigon" (Tale, 1945);
- "Ukudideka" (inganekwane, 1914);
- "Inja Kingdom" (inganekwane, 1912);
- "Tarakanische" (inganekwane, 1921);
- "Ucingo" (inganekwane, 1924);
- "Toptylygin noLisa" (inganekwane, 1934);