I-Biograge
I-Woland evela eRoman Bulgakova yathi: "Ungalokothi ucele lutho! AKUKHO lutho, futhi ikakhulukazi labo abanamandla kunawe. Uzonikela futhi wonke umuntu uzonikeza konke! ".Lokhu kucaphuna emsebenzini wokungafi "Master kanye neMargarita" kuveza impilo yomqambi wase-Austrian uFranz Schubert, ojwayelene neningi engomeni ethi "Ave Maria" ("Ingoma Yesithathu e-Ellen")).
Empilweni, akazange alwele inkazimulo. Yize imisebenzi ye-Austrian futhi isatshalaliswa kuwo wonke ama-salon aseVienna, uShubert wayephila kabi kakhulu. Lapho umbhali athumele ijazi lakhe kuvulandi ngamaphakethe ngaphakathi. Lesi senzo saphendulwa kwabakweletwayo futhi sasho ukuthi asinalutho oluningi esingaluthatha kuSchubert. Ngobumnandi benkazimulo kuphela lapho kwenzeka khona, uFranz ushone eminyakeni engama-31. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo ngqondo onobuhlakani awubonwanga ezweni lakubo kuphela, kodwa futhi emhlabeni jikelele: Ifa lokudala laseSchubert likhulu kakhulu, waqamba imisebenzi eyinkulungwane: Izingoma, ama-waltz kanye nezinye izingoma.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UFranz Peter Schubert wazalelwa e-Austria, hhayi kude nedolobha elihle laseVienna. Umfana onesiphiwo wakhula emndenini ongemuhle ojwayelekile: Uyise uFranz Theodore - wenzeka ohlwini lwabampofu, futhi umama - umpheki ka-Elizabeth (nee Fitz) wayeyindodakazi yokulungisa eSilenia. Ngaphezu kukaFranz, abashadikazi baletha ezinye izingane ezine (kwezingane eziyi-14 ezizelwe 9 zafa ebuntwaneni).
Akumangazi ukuthi i-maestro yesikhathi esizayo ikhombise uthando lwamanothi, ngoba endlini yakhe kwakukhona njalo - umculo "uSchubert-SR. UFranz Jr. wawuzungezwe izwe elimnandi lemiculo, ngoba umndeni wakwaSchubert wake wahlala wamukela izivakashi, uhlele izivakashi kusihlwa.
Ukuqaphela ithalente lendodana yakhe, okuyiminyaka eyisikhombisa egugile okhiye ngaphandle kokutadisha amanothi, lapho umfana eqala ukufundisa khona lo mdlalo emzimbeni, lapho uM. Holzer wafundisa khona UShubert osemusha osemncane kubuciko bamazwi, abuqonda kahle inkazimulo.
Lapho umqambi wesikhathi esizayo eneminyaka engu-11, wamukelwa yi-chorister enkantolo yenkantolo ye-chapel, eyayiseVienna, futhi wabhalisa esikoleni nge-Guesthouse Athoshwa I-School, lapho athola khona abangane abangcono. Esikhungweni sezemfundo, uSchubert wayeqondiswe ngomhawu ngemizwa yomculo, noma kunjalo, izibalo kanye nesiLatini banikeze abafana.
Kuyafaneleka ukusho lokho ethalenteni le-Austrian eliseduze noyedwa owangabaza. UWententell Ruzhichka, owafundisa izwi le-French Bass yendlela yomculo eminingi, ngandlela thile wathi:
"Anginalutho lokumfundisa! Bonke uyakwazi kuJehova uNkulunkulu. "Kwathi ngo-1808, uSchubert wamukelwa enjabulweni yabazali ekwakhelweni kwempi. Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala, wabhala ngokuzimela ukwakheka komculo okuqala okukhulu, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2 nensizwa waqala ukwenza umqambi ohlonishwayo u-Antonio Salieri, owayengathathi imali emushayweni wemali oyimisha.
Umculo
Lapho izwi likaSchubert Sonrolous liqala ukuhlukana, umqambi osemusha wesizathu esinengqondo waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye isaboshwa. Ubaba uFranz waphupha ukuthi wangena emfundweni wakathisha waya ezinyathelweni zakhe. ISchubert ayikwazanga ukumelana nentando yomzali wakhe, ngakho-ke ngemuva kokuthola iziqu kwaqala ukusebenza esikoleni, lapho ngafundisa khona amamaki amancane.
Kodwa-ke, umuntu ophila impilo yakhe ethandana nomculo, umsebenzi othandekayo wabafundisi wayengafani. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwezifundo ezidale ukwedelela phakathi kukaFranz, wahlala phansi etafuleni waqamba imisebenzi, wafunda imisebenzi kaMozart, uBeethoven noGlukka.
Ngo-1814, wabhala u-Opera "Messenger Castle Sathane" kanye ne-Mass Fa omkhulu. Futhi ngeminyaka engama-20, uSchubert waba ngumlobi okungenani we-symphony angu-7, ama-sonatas ayisikhombisa nezingoma ezingamakhulu amathathu. Umculo awushiyanga imicabango yeSchubert umzuzu: umlobi onekhono wavuka ngisho phakathi kobusuku ukuze abe nesikhathi sokubhala iculo elalizwakala ephusheni.
Esikhathini sakhe samahhala, i-Austrian yahlela ngisho nezikhathi zakusihlwa zomculo: Endlini kaSchubert, engasuki epiyano futhi evame ukuthuthukiswa.
Entwasahlobo yango-1816, uFranz wazama ukufika esikhundleni seNhloko yeKhoyiri Chapel, kodwa amacebo akhe abimiselwe ukugcwaliseka. Ngokushesha uShubert ngenxa yabangane bahlangana noBariton wase-Austrian Johann Foglla.
Kwakuwumculi owasiza uSchubert ukuba azisuse ekuphileni: Wenza izingoma ezilandelwa nguFranz ehambisana nowabalonke we-vienna.
Kepha akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukusho ukuthi i-Austrian yayinethuluzi lekhibhodi njenge-Virtuoso njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, i-Beethoven. Wayengahlali enza kahle emphakathini wokulalela, ngakho-ke ukunakwa kwababukeli kwaqoqwa ku-visa.
Ngo-1817, uFranz uba nguMlobi womculo engomeni ethi "trout" emazwini okugama lakhe lamaKristu uChristian Schubert. Futhi, umqambi waduma ngomculo e-ballad edumile yomlobi waseJalimane uGoethe Lesnoy Tsar, futhi ebusika kaFranz "Erlafsee" bashicilelwa ngumshicileli, yize abasebenzi bokuhlela bebelokhu betholakala ngaphambi kwe Udumo lukaSchubert.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi phakathi neminyaka yenani eliphakeme lokuthandwa, uFranz wathola ukuthuthuka okunenzuzo. Ngakho-ke, abalingani bakhe (umlobi uBauernfeld, umqambi we-huitnerbrenner, umdwebi we-Schwind kanye nabanye abangane) basize imali yomculi.
Lapho uShubert ekugcineni eqiniseka ngokubiza kwakhe, ngo-1818 washiya uJobe esikoleni. Kepha uyise akasithandi isinqumo sendodana, ngakho waphuca ingane yakhe eyabantu abadala ngosizo lwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, amaFulentshi kwakudingeka acele ubusuku nabangane.
Inhlanhla empilweni yomqambi yayiye iyashintsha kakhulu. I-Opera "Alfonso kanye ne-Estrella" emibhalweni yeSchever, okuyinto uFranz ethathwa ngayo inhlanhla yakhe, yenqatshwa. Kulokhu, isimo sezinto ezibonakalayo sakwaSchubert saba sibi kakhulu. Futhi ngo-1822 umqambi wathembela lesi sifo ebeka impilo yakhe. Maphakathi nehlobo, uFranz wathuthela enjabulweni, lapho ahlala khona efeni lokubala uJohanna Esterhazi. Lapho, uSchubert wafundisa izingane zakhe izifundo.
Ngo-1823, uShubert uba yilungu elihlonishwayo leSchi kanye ne-Lingical Mculonical Unions. Ngawo lowo nyaka, umculi uqamba umjikelezo wengoma "omuhle we-mellenvika" wamagama embongi yothando uWilhelm Müller. Kulezi zingoma, kutshelwa ngale nsizwa eyayofuna ukuyofuna injabulo.
Kepha injabulo yensizwa yayisethandweni: Lapho ebona indodakazi kaMilker, umcibisholo we-Cumane waphuthuma enhliziyweni yakhe. Kepha othandekayo adonsela ukunaka imbangi yakhe, umzingeli osemusha, ngakho-ke umuzwa womhambi ojabulisayo washeshe waphenduka usizi olunesifiso.
Ngemuva kwempumelelo enkulu ye- "melnichi enhle" ebusika nasekupheleni kuka-1827, uSchubert usebenza komunye umjikelezo obizwa ngokuthi "indlela yasebusika". Umculo, obhalwe emazwini kaMuller, uhlukaniswa nge-pessimism. UFranz uqobo wabiza ama-brainchild "ama-wreath ezingoma ze-creepy." Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izingoma ezibuhlungu kangaka ezinothando olungahlukanisiwe uShubert abhale ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe.
I-biography kaFranz ikhombisa ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi kwakudingeka aphile egumbini elihlangene, lapho anokukhanya kweRachin oluvuthayo aqamba imisebenzi emihle kubahlengikazi bephepha lokugaya. Umqambi wayempofu kakhulu, kepha wayengafuni ukuba khona ngosizo lwemali.
"Kuzokwenzekani kimi ..." Wabhala uSchubert, "Mina, kuzofanela ukuguga, njengehampe laseHetevian, aphume emnyango emnyango acele ngaphambi kwesinkwa."Kepha uFranz akakwazanga futhi acabange ukuthi ngeke aguge. Lapho umculi esesekupheleni kokuphelelwa yithemba, unkulunkulukazi wekude wamphinda wamamatheka, ngo-1828, uShubert waqokwa ilungu le-Vienna Society of Music Ball Abangane, kwathi ngoMashi 26, umqambi wanikeza ikhonsathi yombhali okokuqala . Ukusebenza bekunganqotshwa, futhi ihholo liqhuma ngokuhalalisela okukhulu. Kulolu suku, uFranz ngesikhathi sokuqala nasekugcineni empilweni yakhe wabona ukuthi impumelelo yangempela iyini.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Empilweni, umqambi omkhulu wayenamahloni kakhulu futhi anamahloni. Ngakho-ke, izitha eziningi zomlobi zenziwa ngokukhonzwa kwakhe. Isimo sezinto ezibonakalayo zikaFranz sesibe yisikhubekiso esendleleni eya enjabulweni, ngoba isithandwa sakhe sakhetha umkhwenyana ocebile.
Uthando lukaSchubert's lwabizwa ngokuthi iTeresa HorB. Ngale nguFranz ekhethekile yahlangana, ekubeni ekwakhiweni yesonto. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi intombazane enezinwele ezibunjiwe ayizwanga ubuhle, kepha, kunalokho, inokubukeka okujwayelekile: Ukuhlobisa kwakhe "kwafakwa" ama-eyelashes amhlophe " .
Kepha akukho ukubukeka okuheha uSchubert ekukhetheni intokazi yenhliziyo. Wathatheka ngokuthi uTeresa noTeresa noTeredi noPrepid nogqozi balalele umculo, futhi phakathi nalezi zikhathi ubuso bakhe bathola ukubukeka okubomvu, nenjabulo ekhazimula emehlweni akhe.
Kepha, njengoba le ntombazane yakhuliswa ngaphandle kukaYise, umama wakhe wagcizelela ukuthi wakhetha lokhu okukhona phakathi kothando nemali. Ngakho-ke, gorb washada ne-pastrymer ecebile.
Ukuphila komuntu siqu kweSchubert kunqabile kakhulu. Ngokusho kwamahemuhemu, umqambi ngonyaka we-1822 atheleleke nge-syphilis - ngaleso sikhathi isifo esingalapheki. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, kungacatshangelwa ukuthi uFranz akazange anyamalale ukuvakashela izindlu zomphakathi.
Ukushona
Ekwindla ka-1828, uFranz Schubert wahlushwa umkhuhlane wamasonto amabili odalwa yisifo esithathelwanayo samathumbu - isivunguvungu sesisu. NgoNovemba 19, eneminyaka engama-32 engaphelele, umqambi omkhulu ushonile.
I-Austrian (ngokwezifiso zokugcina) yangcwatshwa emathuneni avelele eduze kwethuna lesithombe sayo - iBeethoven.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ukuze imali iguqulwe kabusha kwikhonsathi yokunqoba, eyenzeka ngo-1828, uFranz Schubert wathola upiyano.
- Ekwindla ka-1822, umqambi wabhala "Symphony No. 8", owangena endabeni ngokuthi "i-Symphony engapheli". Iqiniso ngukuthi ekuqaleni uFranz wadala lo mkhiqizo ngesimo sohlaka, bese kuba khona amaphuzu. Kepha ngesizathu esingaqondakali, uSchubert akakaze aqede umsebenzi we-brainchild. Ngokusho kwamahemuhemu, yonke eminye imibhalo yesandla yalahleka futhi igcinwe nabangane base-Austrian.
- Enye imfanelo ngephutha ekubuyiselweni kwe-scubert igama lokudlala. Kepha ibinzana elithi "umculo womculo" laqhamuka nomshicileli uLeiddessdorf.
- USchubert wavuma. Umculi waphupha ngokusondelana nalomlobi odumile, kepha iphupho lakhe alimiselwe ukugcwaliseka.
- IBig Symphony enkulu kaSchuberty D I-Symphony enkulu yathola eminyakeni eyishumi ngemuva kokushona kwakhe.
- Ukuhlonipha i-Google Franz "Rosamunda" yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-asteroid, eyayivulwe ngo-1904.
- Ngemuva kwethuna lomqambi, inqwaba yemibhalo yesandla engadingekile yaqhubeka. Isikhathi eside, abantu bebengazi ukuthi yini ebhalwe nguSchubert.
Ukwakhelekile
Izingoma (ezingaphezu kuka-600)
- Umjikelezo "muhle mellenvikha" (1823)
- Umjikelezo "Way Way" (1827)
- Ukuqoqwa "Swan Song" (1827-1828, I-Posemous)
- Cishe izingoma ezingama-70 emibhalweni Goethe
- Cishe izingoma ezingama-50 emibhalweni yeSchiller
Umculo we-symphony
- Okokuqala D-DUT (1813)
- Okwesibili B-DUT (1815)
- Okwesithathu D-DUT (1815)
- Okwesine C-MOLL "TRAGIC" (1816)
- Okwesihlanu B-DUT (1816)
- Isithupha C-DUT (1818)
Quartets (22 kuphela)
- I-Quartet B-Dur. 168 (1814)
- G-moll quartet (1815)
- Quartet A-MOLL OP. 29 (1824)
- Quartet D-MOLL (1824-1826)
- Quartet G-DUR OP. 161 (1826)