I-Biograge
"Akukho lutho olubi, ngaphandle kokuhle, ngeke lwenzeke," kubhala i-MIKHAil Zoshchenko yasendulo eyakudala futhi egqamile.Kubukeka sengathi ukuqina ngokwalo kunqume ukuphikisana nomlobi futhi kufakazele ukuthi akulungile. NgoMikhail Mikhailovich, okubi okuningi kwenzeke ukuthi ngaphansi kwemithwalo yabo, ama-plasais abheke kaninginingizi ze-psychotheratists. Futhi ukucindezelwa kwakhe okungapheli kwenza isihloko sesifundo sabhala incwadi, njengoba ayephatha. Kepha wabhekana ne-fiasco.Ubuntwana nentsha
Umshushisi waseRussia wazalwa ehlobo lika-1894 enhlokodolobha esenyakatho emndenini kaMikhail Zoshkenko, u-Elena Surina. Ikhanda lomndeni lingumdwebi-mobile, mobile kabani futhi namuhla lihlobisa i-facade yemnyuziyamu ka-Alexander Suvorov eSt. Petersburg. Umuntu wokudala wayengunina womlobi: U-Elena Iosifonivna umshado waya emishadweni yezemidlalo ebekwenzile njengomlingisi. Futhi emva kwalokho, lapho izingane eziyisishiyagalombili zazalelwa omunye umlando, wakwazi ukubhala izindaba ezazithatha iphephandaba laseKapeyk.
Eminyakeni engu-8 uMisha wayiswa e-Gymnasium. Kamuva e-autobiography uZoshchenko utshele ukuthi wayifunda engabalulekile, futhi esivivinyweni sokugcina kwakubhala indatshana ku- "1", yize ayefisa nomsebenzi wombhali. Umndeni kaZoshchenko unciphise ukuphela kweziphetho. Ngo-1913, ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu endaweni yokuzivocavoca, uMikhail Zoshkenko waba ngumfundi we-Imperial University, ekhetha ubuqili. Kepha ngemuva konyaka kwaxoshwa - kwakungekho lutho oluzokhokhela ukutadisha. Le nsizwa bekufanele yenze imali. Uthole isilawuli sesitimela. Wasebenza unyaka: Impi yezwe yokuqala yabulawa.
Emilweni, uZoshkenko wabhala ukuthi wayengenayo "imizwa yokuthanda izwe". Noma kunjalo, uMikhail wazihlukanisa, wamukela imiyalo emine yokulwa. Walimala kaninginingi, nangemva kobuthi begesi, "wabhalwa ebhukwini. Kepha uZoshkenko wenqabile wabuyela phambili.
I-1917 Revolution yavinjelwa uZoshchenko ukuba abe ngukaputeni futhi athole umyalo weSt Vladimir. Emlotsheni wango-1915 wathunyelwa kule ndawo. Ehlobo, uZoshkenko wamisa umyalo wehhovisi lePetrograd Post office, kodwa ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha washiya idolobhana lakubo wasuka waya e-Arkhangelsk. Ukushiya iRussia bese uya eFrance, uMikhail Zoshkenko wenqabile.
Ukuze uthole i-biography yakhe, i-Prosecra yashintsha okungenani ubuchwepheshe obungu-15. Usebenze enkantolo, wagibela onogwaja nezinkukhu esifundazweni saseSmolensk, wasebenza njengoShoeMaker. Ngo-1919, uMikhail Zoshchenko wangena kwivolontiya embuthweni obomvu. Kepha entwasahlobo yehlela esibhedlela, kwadideka kwakhiwe ngemali kwathunyelwa enkonzweni ye-telephonist.
Into yokufunda
UMikhail Zoshchenko waqala ukubhala eneminyaka engu-8: izinkondlo zokuqala, ke izindaba. Ngo-1907, lapho eseneminyaka engu-13, wabhala indaba ethi "Ijazi". Ukuvela kwezingane nezinkinga zomndeni kwaba nethonya elinamandla kuye, kamuva bathola ukukhombisa kwabo emisebenzini kaMikhail Zoshkenko izingane: "UKalosh no-ayisikhilimu", "umlando oyisiwula".
Ngemuva kwenguquko kanye ne-demobilization of Zoshchenko ukusesha imali etholwayo kuzame ubuchwepheshe obuyishumi nambili obuboniswe emsebenzini wakhe futhi kwacebisa imisebenzi yemininingwane ethokozisayo. Ngo-1919, uMikhail Zoshkenko uvakashela isitudiyo semibhalo esisungulwe ngaphansi kwendlu yokushicilela "izincwadi zomhlaba" kanye nokuhola uKornee Chukovsky. Izimpande zika-Ivanovich, ajwayelene nemisebenzi ehlekisayo kaZoshchenko, zazibonga kakhulu ukuthi ithalente lomlobi, kodwa ngamangala ukuthi i-Hordist 'iyindoda edabukisayo.'
Esitudiyo, umlobi wajwayelana noVeniamin Kaverin, uVsevolod Ivanov nabanye osebenza nabo, ababodwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1920, babumbene neqembu lemibhalo, elithi "Erapiones Brothers". "Ama-Selapions", njengoba abalobi babebiza ababhali, bavumelana nokukhululwa kobuhlakani kwezepolitiki.
Izincwadi zokuqala zaheha uMikhail Zoshchenko. Ukuthandwa komlobi eRussia yangemva kwe-Russia kukhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Imishwana ezindabeni zakhe ezihlekisayo ziyambozwa. Kusukela ngo-1922 kuya ku-1946, izincwadi prosaka ziphrinte amahlandla ayi-100, kufaka phakathi i-6-tomny eqoqwe imisebenzi.
Maphakathi nawo-1920, uMikhail Zoshkenko wayeseZenith of inkazimulo. Izindaba "Banya", "Aristocrat", "Umlando Wezifo", "Umbhede" ugcwele amahlaya okuqala, funda ngokuphefumula okukodwa futhi wathandwa yimikhakha yonke yomphakathi. Ababhali babacela ukuba bafundele emihlanganweni ezilalelini ezigcwele abalandeli. Umsebenzi we-Hursist wabonga kakhulu uMaxim Gorky, wakujabulela "isilinganiso sokuhlekisa kanye ne-lyrism" ezindabeni zikaZoshchenko.
Abagxeki bemibhalo ngemuva kokukhishwa kwamaqoqo amabili aphawule ukuthi uMikhail Zoshchenko wadala uhlobo olusha lweqhawe. Lo ngumuntu ofundile ofundile waseSoviet ngaphandle kwemithwalo yamasiko, ekhombisa futhi aqede isifiso sokuqhathaniswa nesintu ". Isikhulumi "Ikhampasi" iyahlekisa futhi i-clumsy, kepha ukuhleka ngenhla kweqhawe akuthukutheli. Imvamisa, i-psiscript yaholela endabeni egameni le-Hee uqobo, ukuphoqa umfundi kangcono ukuba aqonde izisusa zezenzo. Abagxeki bakhombe Maner Mikhail Mikhailvich njenge "mnandi." Izimpande zikaChukovsky zibonile ukuthi umlobi wethula inkulumo entsha eyengeziwe, abafundi abamukela futhi bayathandwa.
Kepha akubona bonke abantu abaphuma ngaphansi kwababhali bepeni bavunywa ngokunconywa. Izindaba ezihlekisayo kanye nendaba kaMikhail Zoshkenko azithandayo, kepha umlobi wayelinde ukuqhubeka komoya ofanayo. Kwathi ngo-1929 wakhulula incwadi ethi "Izincwadi Kumlobi." Lolu uhlobo locwaningo lwezenhlalo oluqukethe inqwaba yezinhlamvu umlobi ovela kubafundi. Incwadi yabangela ukudideka kanye nentukuthelo yabalandeli bethalente uZoshchenko, ukusabela okungekuhle kweziphathimandla.
Umqondisi weVsevolod Meyerhold waphoqeleka ukuthi asuse "umngane othandekayo" nge-repertoire. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, uMikhail Zoshchenko othambekele ephambukezele ekucindezelekeni, okukhula ngemuva kohambo oluya e-White Cannation. Ngawo-1930s, iziphathimandla zahlela uhambo lwababhali, zinethemba lokuthi zizophinda ziphindaphinde imfundo emakamu okugcina 'ento yakhe yobugebengu "," Ukukhululwa "kumuntu" owusizo ".
Kepha eMikhail Zoshkenko kubonwe eBeloyanal yakhe wenza umphumela ophambene - ecindezelekile, futhi wabhala nakancane okwakulindelwe kuye. Endabeni yendaba yempilo eyodwa, eyavela ngo-1934, ihlanganyela imibono emnandi.
Ukuzama ukuqeda isimo esicindezelayo, uMikhail Zoshchenko waqamba le ndaba ethi "ibuyile yobusha." Lesi isifundo sengqondo esibangela inzalo endaweni yesayensi. I-prosaik yaqhubeka nokusabela okunjalo okuqhubekayo kwezifundo zobudlelwano babantu, ukushicilelwa ngo-1935 iqoqo lezindaba "Blue Book". Kepha uma indatshana yahlangabezana nemvelo yesayensi ngenzalo, bese kuba yinhlangano yabezindaba uMikhail Zoshchenko, baqiniswa. Umlobi wenqatshelwe ukuphrinta imibhalo, edlula ngale "satire enhle ngamaphutha athile".
I-ProSAISA, ukucwaswa okunamandla, egxile ezindabeni zokubhala zezingane. Banyatheliswa komagazini "Chizh" kanye ne- "hedgehog". Kamuva, izindaba zangena eqoqweni "uLelia noMinka". Ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu, umhlaba wabona iqoqo lesibili lezindaba zezingane, ezibizwa ngokuthi "into ebaluleke kakhulu."
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930s, uMikhail Zoshkenko wagxila ekusebenzeni emsebenzini kule ncwadi, wawuthatha njengomkhiqizo oyinhloko wempilo yakhe. Akazange aphazamise umsebenzi kuwo eminyakeni yeMpi Yezwe II. Ngaphambi kwalapho, umbhali oneminyaka engu-47 ubudala wayengekho, yize ezinsukwini zokuqala zempi zazifaka isitatimende ebhodini elisalungiswa, lavolontiya. Kepha ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha akuzange kudluliswe umlobi - wamukelwa njengengafaneleki empini. UZoshkenko wabhalisa eqenjini lokuzivikela komlilo nakusona leNdodana yakhe ophahleni lwezindlu zaseLeningrad, zibavikele kumagobolondo angenisa izindiza.
Umlobi wathuthwa ngentshiseko e-Almaty, evumela imithwalo ngayo kungabi nzima kunamakhilogremu ayi-12. UZoshchenko uthathe izincwadi zokubhala nemibhalo yesandla - umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo "incwadi eyinhloko" esungule igama elisebenzayo - "Izihluthulelo zenjabulo" (kamuva zashintsha ukuba "ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga"). Isisindo semibhalo yesandla - amakhilogremu ayi-8. Ezine ezisele zingezinto zomuntu siqu nezingubo.
Lapho kufuduka, umbhali wasebenza e-Mosfilm Studio, lapho abhala khona izimo zamafilimu amabili: "Sombi Sombiko" kanye "namaqabunga awile." Entwasahlobo yango-1943, umlobi weza eMoscow, lapho ahlala khona ebhodini lokuhlela le-Journal Journal "Crocodile". Kubhalwe ekudleni kwamahlaya okuphuma emkhunjuzwa "Iphothifoliyo yeCaulus" ngempumelelo (ukusebenza kwama-200 konyaka) kwi-Leningrad Drame Theatre.
Ngo-1943 okufanayo, izinhloko zokuqala zocwaningo lwesayensi nezobuciko "ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga" zishicilelwe kumagazini "Star". UMikhail Zoshchenko wabhala ukuthi umsebenzi wawuphila impilo yakhe yonke kulokhu, ubeka amathemba amakhulu okuqonda nokwamukelwa yincwadi ebhalwe ngabafundi kanye nabagxeki bemibhalo.
Indaba uZoshchenko i-Confessional. Kuyo, uMikhail Mikhailovich, ngokusekelwe kwimibhalo yodokotela womoya womoya u-Ivan Uvan Pavlov noSigmund Freud, bazamile ukucacisa ngokwesayensi ukunqoba ukucindezelwa. E-autobiography, umlobi ukhuluma ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwezingane zakhe nokulimala, echaza ukuncibilika eminyakeni evuthiwe kulokho abhekana nakho ebuntwaneni. Le ncwadi iyincwajana yezesayensi kulabo, kanye noMikhail Zoshchenko, bazama ukuqeda ukucindezelwa kwengqondo okucindezelayo.
"Inkanyezi" evinjelwe ishicilele ukuqhubeka kwale ncwadi, kucindezelwe ukucindezelwa. Ezinhlelweni zeqembu, uMikhail Zoshchenko nomagazini abamnikeze izitebhisi bahlukaniswe izinhlobo zeqembu. I-Leningrad Magazine ivaliwe.
Indaba yagxeka uJoseph Stalin, ngemuva kwakhe no-Andrei Zhdanov, ebiza umsebenzi 'wento enengekayo'. I-Brand Ebucayi yawa ngokugeleza kweZoshchenko. Incwadi ibizwa nge- "Galimia", esezitheni ze-USSR. Kungekudala kwaba nesinqumo seKomidi eliKhuzi eliKakPB, lapho ababhali babebizwa khona ngokuthi "ubugwala" kanye "nechibi lezincwadi". UMikhail Zoshchenko wasolwa ukuthi angahambi ngaphambili, yize evakashele ehhovisi lezempi ezinsukwini zokuqala zempi. Ukuphenduka bekumlindile.
Ngikhulisa isikhundla esibi se-prose ukuphinda uthumele "inkanyezi" yendaba yezingane "ukufika kwenkawu". Endabeni yavele yabona i-satire ohlelweni lweSoviet. Ngokubambisana noMikhail Zoshchenko unikezwe uphawu no-Anna Akhmatov. Ukuze usinde futhi angafanga nendlala, umlobi uhunyushelwa oya eRussia imisebenzi yozakwabo baseFinland. Ngemuva kokushona kukaGeneriassimus, uMikhail Zoshkenko wamukela ababhali, axoshwa kuwo ngo-1946. Kepha lapho kugcizelelwa uConstantine Simonov amukelwe njengomhumushi, hhayi njengombhali.
Ngemuva kwensaw emfushane, ihlazo laphinde lahlasela, kwaqala ukushushiswa ngomzuliswano wesibili. Kwenzekile ngemuva komhlangano kaZoshchenko no-Akhmatova nabafundi besiNgisi ababacela ukuba bakhombise amathuna abalobi. IBrithani yaveza abalobi abaphilayo, abafuna ukukhombisa ubuqotho beziphathimandla zaseSoviet ziye "kwinto yesitha".
Emhlanganweni emhlanganweni wendlu yombhali ngoMeyi 1954, abalobi be-Oplia babuzwa ngesimo sekomidi eliphakathi le-WCPB. U-Anna Andreevna, owayenendodana yakhe yaphetha, yaphendula yavuma leso sinqumo. UMikhail Zoshchenko wathi akazange avumelane nezinhlamba futhi azizitholi asiziqapheli noma isitha sabantu. Ukulimala kwaqala emaphephandabeni. Ngo-1955, uZoshchenko wafaka isicelo sempesheni. Kepha isaziso sokuqokwa kwempesheni yomuntu siqu ngama-ruble angu-1200 uMikhail Mikhailovich athola kuphela ehlobo le-1958 ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Empilweni yomuntu siqu yombhali, nakho konke kwakungelula. Ngo-December 1918, uMikhail Zoshkenko wahlangana namaCherbits Cerbia ngokwethembeka. Bashade ehlobo bebuhlungu ngenxa yomlobi wawo-1920: ngoJanuwari, umama washona eZoshchenko. Ukuphela kwendodana kaMikhail Zoshkenko - UValery wazalelwa entwasahlobo ka-1922 eLeningrad.
Empilweni yama-classics kwakukhona izinto eziningi zokuzilibazisa namanoveli, kepha enye yazo, isikhathi eside kunazo zonke, isikhathi eside kunazo zonke, esibizwa ngokuthi i-lydia CHALOVA, ebizwa ngokuthi umbhali womlobi. Ngisekuncane iminyaka engama-20, owesifazane uMikhail Zoshchenko wahlangana ngo-1929. UChalova wasebenza eMnyangweni we "Red Gazeta" imali. UZoshkenko, owayesezingeni eliphezulu lokuthandwa, wamangala lapho le ntombazane icela igama lakhe lokugcina.
Ukuhwebelana kwenzeka lapho umyeni wakhe efela uLida. Umlobi wasekela intokazi. Ngokushesha ubungane baphenduka uthando. Ngo-1946, umRoma wema ekuthatheni isifundo seChalova, kepha izincwadi ezilondoloziwe zikhuluma ngothando oluqotho uZoshchenko, owahlala eLidiya ngemuva kokuhlukana. Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kombhali, kwakukhona umfazi wezenkolo eduzane. Ungcwatshwe eceleni komyeni wakhe.
Ukushona
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, umbhali wachitha ekotishi eSestroretsk. Entwasahlobo ka-1958, uMikhail Zoshkenko unesizotha i-nicotin. Ngenxa yobunoli, i-spasm yemikhumbi yobuchopho yenzeka, umbhali akazange azibone izihlobo zakhe futhi akakwazanga ukukhuluma. Ukufa kwafika ngoJulayi 22 kusuka ekuhlulekeni kwenhliziyo.
Iziphathimandla azizange zivumele ukungcwaba ama-Classics e-Museum-Necropolis "izincwadi eziningi" ku-Volkovsky Cemetery, lapho ababhali abaningi baseRussia bathola khona indawo yokugcina. Ngangcwaba uZoshchenko eSenstoretsk emathuneni endawo. Ofakazi bokuzibonela bathi lapho ubhekene noMikhail Zoshchenko, emfujolo empilweni, ukumamatheka kwaqakwa.
I-Bibliography
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