Umlando Wemilingiswa
Imfihlakalo ebuchosheni bamathambo, kwesinye isikhathi okuqhathaniswa no-Edgar ngu, uNikolai Gogol wakwazi ukumangaza izithameli, ebiza umsebenzi wakhe oyisisekelo "imiphefumulo efile". Naphezu kwegama elihehayo, le noveli ithi hhayi mayelana nezipoki, Zombies kanye nama-vurdalaks, kepha mayelana nokufika kweChichikov - umakhelwane onothando oluyisisekelo, ngoba ngenxa yenzuzo yakhe ukulungele noma yini.Umlando wendalo
Umlando wokudalwa kwabaphenyi "abafile" nabagxeki bemibhalo basabeka phansi izinganekwane. Kuthiwa i-nontrivial pot yenkondlo ye-prosam yaphakanyiswa eGogol, uMdali we-Evgenia One Alexander pushkin, kepha leli qiniso liqinisekisa ubufakazi obungaqondile.
Lapho imbongi ibisesixhumanisi saseChisinau, wezwa iyindaba emangalisa kakhulu ukuthi edolobheni laseBender kusukela ngesikhathi sokujoyina iRussia, akekho ofa ngaphandle kwamasosha. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, abalimi babalekela eBessarabia. Lapho abaqaphi boMthetho bezama ukubamba amaFulitiva, le mizamo yaphenduka ingaphumeleli, ngoba ubuqili bathatha amagama abafileyo. Ngakho-ke, iminyaka eminingi, hhayi ukufa okukodwa engabhaliswanga kuleli dolobhana.
Lezi zindaba uPushkin watshela uzakwabo ngobuhlakani, futhi u-gogol uthathe isisekelo senoveli yakhe futhi waqala umsebenzi ngo-Okthoba 7, 1835. Ngakho-ke, u-Alexander Sergeevich wathola umyalezo onjalo:
"Ngiqale ukubhala imiphefumulo efile. Isakhiwo selulele enoveli engavinjelwe futhi, kubonakala sengathi, kuzobahlekisa kakhulu. "Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umbhali waqhubeka nokusebenza emsebenzini wakhe, ehamba eSwitzerland nase-Italy. Wayengowendalo yakhe njenge "Poet's" intando ". Ukubuyela eMoscow, uGogol wafunda izahluko zokuqala zenoveli kubangani bakhe, futhi inguqulo yokugcina yevolumu yokuqala yathuthukiswa eRoma. Incwadi yanyatheliswa ngo-1841.
I-Biography nesakhiwo
UChichiki Pavel Ivanovich, owayekade umeluleki wasekolishi oxoxa ngomnini mhlaba, ungumlingiswa ophambili womsebenzi. Umlobi wenoveli wamboza lo mlingisi nge-veyd imfihlakalo, ngoba i-biography yomshini ilethwe ngokucophelela, ngisho nokubonakala kwayo kuchazwa ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezikhethekile: "namafutha, noma mncane kakhulu."
Ngokuyinhloko, incazelo enjalo yeqhawe ibonisa ukuthi ungumzenzisi, obeka imaskhi ukuze abe ngumngane wakhe. Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuthi laba bahlabeleli baziphatha kanjani noManilov nokuthi waba kanjani umuntu ohlukile, ukuxhumana nebhokisi.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngemvelaphi kaChikchiki - isikhulu esingesihle, uyise wayengumuntu ogulayo futhi ompofu. Kepha umbhali akatsheli lutho ngomama weqhawe elikhulu. Umthengi wesikhathi esizayo wemiphefumulo "efile", ebibhalwe ekubalwaleni kwabantu "ephila kubhalwe phansi (wabathola ngaleso sikhathi ukuwabeka ngenkohliso ekuguqukeni nasekugibeleleni i-Kush eyikhulu) wakhuphuka ngendlu engenamhlali elula, futhi wayengekho Abangani nabangane.
Le nsizwa yaba nengqondo "esebenzayo" yakwazi ukungena esikoleni sasemadolobheni, lapho "iGranite Granite yesayensi", ephila esihlotsheni sayo. Futhi uBaba oshiyele umzana akakaze akubone. UPowula bekangenawo amakhono angajwayelekile anjengo-Einstein, kepha wahlukaniswa umzamo, ukugeza, nangezeluleko zikayise, wajoyina othisha, ngakho-ke waphothula incwadi enezinhlamvu zegolide.
Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi ithalente lokuqagela lazibonakalisa livela eChichikov kusukela esemncane, ikakhulukazi umzali wakhe wanikeza i-sibros emyalweni wokuphila ". Okokuqala, uPavlusha wasindisa imali yakhe kanye nolwandle kubo njengeZenitsa Oka, kanti okwesibili, wacabanga ukuthi angayithola kanjani imali. Wathengisa izimpendulo ezijwayelekile ezazinikelwa kuye, futhi wagawula futhi e-wax yenqwaba futhi wathengisa kakhulu. Phakathi kokunye, uChichikov waqoqa izixuku ezizungezile, ezabukela igundane eliqeqeshiwe ngentshisekelo futhi likhokhele izethulo zemali.
Lapho uPavel Ivanovich ephothula esikoleni, iqembu elimnyama lafika empilweni yakhe: Ubaba ushonile. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, umlingisi ophambili womsebenzi wathola imali yokuqala ngenani lama-ruble ayinkulungwane, ethengisa indlu kababa nomhlaba.
Ngokulandelayo, umnikazi womhlaba wajoyina onyaweni waphenduka izindawo eziningana zenkonzo, ngaphandle kokuyeka ukugcona phambi kwezimo eziphakeme. Nomaphi lapho ayekhona umlingiswa ophambili, waze wasebenza naseKhomishini ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo sombuso kanye namasiko. Ukuhluleka kukaChichikov kungaba nomona kuphela ": wakhaphela uthisha wakhe, wenza sengathi uyathandana nentombazane, wabaphange abantu, wathatha izifumbathiso, njll.
Naphezu kwethalente lakhe, i-protagonist kaningi kunesikhathi esithile saba yinkomba ephukile, kepha ukholo lwakhe lubangela ukuncoma. Lapho umeluleki wangaphambili wasekolishi wayesedolobheni laseCounty "n", lapho azama khona ukuhlaba umxhwele izakhamizi zaleli dolobhana. Ekugcineni, umakhenika uba yisimenywa esamukelekayo ekudleni nasezenzeni zezwe, kepha abahlali baka- "n" abaziboni izinhloso ezimnyama zalo mnu. Ofikile lapho behlupha imiphefumulo efile.
Iqhawe elikhulu kufanele lihole izingxoxo zebhizinisi nabathengisi. UPavel Ivanovich uhlangana ne-Dreamy, kepha i-Manilov engasebenzi, ibhokisi eliqinile, amakhamera egembula kanye nento engokoqobo yomngane. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuchaza izici zezinhlamvu ezithile, uNikolai Gogol wembula izithombe nama-Psychotypes: Abanini bomhlaba abanjalo abatholakala ezindleleni zikaChichikov zingatholakala kunoma iyiphi indawo. Futhi ku-Psytiary Bonke igama elithi "Plushkin Syndrome", okungukuthi, isitoreji se-pathological.
Ngokwevolomu yesibili yemiphefumulo "efile", izinganekwane nezinganekwane ze-sheedyan, uPavel Ivanovich uvela phambi kwabafundi umuntu osephenduke futhi unomphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Umlingiswa ophambili uqala ukuhola impilo ye-gypsy futhi usazama ukuthenga abalimi abafile, kepha kuba yiphutha ukukwenza, ngoba abanini bomhlaba bajwayele ukubeka imiphefumulo ePawnshop.
Kepha kuleli volumu kwahlelwa ukukhombisa ukuzalwa kabusha kwesimilo kwalolu hlelo: ekuqhubekeni kwenoveli, isiChichikov namanje yenza isizathu esihle, ngokwesibonelo, sabuyisa i-betelishchev neTetenikov. Ngokwesiko lesithathu, umlobi kwadingeka abonise ukuguqulwa kokugcina kokuziphatha kukaPavel Ivanovich, kodwa ngeshwa, umfutho wesithathu wemiphefumulo "efile" akabhalwanga nhlobo.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ngokwenganekwane ebhaliwe, uNikolai Gogol ushise uhlobo lwevolumu yesibili, elanelisekile. Ngokwenye inguqulo, umlobi wathumela iBelovik emlilweni, kepha inhloso yakhe kwakuwukuphonsa esitofini esiyisitofu.
- Intatheli uDmitry Bykov iqhathanisa nenkondlo "imiphefumulo efile" nomsebenzi wamachibi, uqhuba umjovo nge "Odyssey" yeHomer.
- UChichikova udlale ngesikhathi sakhe: UVladimir Belokurov, u-Igor Gorbachev, u-Alexander Kalyagin, konstantin Khabensky kanye nezinye izinkanyezi ze-cinema.
- Ngo-1976, umqambi waseRussia uRodion Shchedrin wabhala ngokuthi u-Opera "ofile imiphefumulo".
- Ngo-1932, umphakathi oyinkimbinkimbi wakujabulela ukudlala mayelana nokufika kukaChichikov, obeka umlobi we- "Master kanye neMargarita" Mikhail Bulgakov.
- Lapho incwadi ethi "Imiphefumulo efile" yashicilelwa, intukuthelo yabagxeki bemibhalo yawa eNikolai Vasilyevich: Umbhali wasolwa ngokunyundelwa eRussia.