I-Biograge
UMark Chagall, kanye nabadlali bakwa-Avant-Gardists Otto Dix, uHeinrich Emzer noHansel Richter wayengumculi onobuhlakani obuye onovalo nababuyayo. Ukwakha imidwebo, waqondiswa kuphela ngomzwelo wemvelo: uhlelo lwenhlanganisela, ukulingana kanye namalambu ayengabafokazi kuye.
Umuntu, osuswe isithombe somcabango, kunzima kakhulu ukubona isithombe soMdali, ngoba awena emcabangweni wokupenda okuyisibonelo futhi uhluka ngokuqondile emisebenzini yakudala ye-repin ne-serov, lapho ukunemba kwemigqa kuyinto khona kwakhiwe esigabeni esiphelele.
Ubuntwana nentsha
U-MovySsha Handkelevich (Kamuva uMose Hatskelevich noMark Zakharovich) uShagali wazalwa ngoJulayi 6, 1887 edolobheni laseBelarusian laseVitebsk, ebuciko boMbuso WaseRussia, ehlukaniswe yi-Catherine II ngokuhlala kwamaJuda. Ikhanda le-Hatskel Modukhov Family Family CHAGAGAND lisebenze njengesilayishi esitolo sezitolo sedolobhana. Wayengumuntu ethule, ozinikele futhi osebenza. Umama womculi feiga - kwakungumuntu wesifazane onamandla, onobungane nezempi. Wahola leli pulazi, wahola umyeni wakhe nezingane.
Kusukela eminyakeni emihlanu, uMongysh, njengawo wonke umfana wamaJuda, ubheke unhlokweni (isikole samabanga aphansi), lapho afunda khona imithandazo kanye nomthetho kaNkulunkulu. Eminyakeni engu-13, i-Chagall yangena esikoleni se-Vitebsk City BourGear Class School. Kuliqiniso, akazange anikeze noma yimuphi umthokozi othile: Ngaleso sikhathi, uMarku wayengumfana oshubile ongenakuqhathaniswa, okungenxa yokungaqiniseki, akatholanga ulimi olujwayelekile nontanga.
IVitebsk yesiFundazwe yaphenduka umculi wesikhathi esizayo kanye nomngane wokuqala, nothando lokuqala, nothisha wokuqala. UMose osemusha ngokuvumelana nopende izigcawu zohlobo ezingapheli, azibuka nsuku zonke emafasiteleni endlu yakhe. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi abazali abukondla ama-Illusion akhethekile ngamakhono obuciko beNdodana. Umama waphinda wabeka imidwebo kaMose esikhundleni sama-napkin etafuleni lokudlela, futhi ubaba wayengafuni ukuzwa ngokuqeqeshwa kwenzalo ngasikhathi sinye ngesikhathi se-Vitebsky Painter Apudel Pan.
Umbono womndeni wezinzalamizi uChagalov wayengumgcini-ndlela wendodana noma, embhalweni omubi kakhulu, uMabhalane wendodana endlini kasomabhizinisi ocebile. UMose osemusha ezinyangeni ezimbalwa uhole imali kusuka kuyise wayokwakha isikole. Laphohluko komndeni ukhathele izicelo zeNdodana yamba izinyembezi, waphonsa imali edingekayo efasiteleni elivulekile. Isheduli yesikhathi esizayo kwadingeka ukuthi iqoqe ukusakazeka ezindaweni ezinothuli emehlweni amadolobha ahlekisayo.
Ukutadisha kwanikezwa ukushukumisa kanzima: Wayengumdwebi othandekayo nomfundi we-nicuddy. Ngemuva kwalokho, lezi zici ezimbili eziphikisanayo zaphawula bonke abantu abazama ukuthonya i-Art Ezemfundo Emfundiswa. Kakade ngineminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, wazibheka njengobungcweti obungenakuqhathaniswa futhi ngenxa yalokho akwazanga ukumelana nokuphawula kothisha. NgokukaMark, yi-REMBANDT enkulu kuphela eba ngumeluleki wakhe. Ngeshwa, abaculi babengenazo leli zinga edolobheni elincane.
Ngilondoloze imali, ngangena, ngasho lutho kubazali, lwaya eSt. Petersburg. Inhloko-dolobha yombuso yayethulwa kuye ngabathenjisiwe. Kwakukhona ukuphela kwe-Academy of Arts, lapho uMose azokwenza khona. Iqiniso elinokhahlo lokuphila lathula izinguquko ezidingekayo emaphusheni amadoda apinki: wehlulekile ukuhlolwa kwakhe okusemthethweni nowokugcina. Iminyango yesikhungo semfundo ehlonishwayo ayivulwanga phambi kobuhlakani. Lo mfo akazange ajwayele ukunikela, weza eNikolai Konstantinovich Roerich, isikole sokudweba somphakathi sokukhuthaza ubuciko. Lapho wafunda izinyanga ezi-2.
Ehlobo lika-1909, efisa ukuthola indlela yakhe e-Art, i-Chagall yabuyela eVitebsk. Le nsizwa yangena ekucindezelekeni. Izithombe zalesi sikhathi zibonisa isimo sangaphakathi esicindezelekile somuntu onobuntu obungaziwa. Wayevame ukubonwa ebhulohweni ngeVitaba. Akukaziwa ukuthi le mizwa yenkolo engaholela ekuthini, uma i-Chagall ingahlangabezani nothando lwempilo yakhe - uBert (bella) Rosenfeld. Ukuhlangana noBella kwagcwalisa umkhumbi wakhe ocekeziwe wokuphefumlelwa. Maka futhi wafuna ukuphila nokwakha.
Ekwindla ka-1909, wabuyela ePetersburg. Ngesifiso sokuthola umeluleki alingana nosuku lokuthatha usuku, kwafakwa khona umbono omusha wokulungiswa: Le nsizwa yakhulelwa yilutho ukunqoba inhloko-dolobha esenyakatho. Ukubhala izincwadi kwasiza uShagola ukuthi angenele isikole esidumile sokudweba izindaba ezidumile. Inqubo yezobuciko yesikhungo semfundo yaholwa yibhubesi le-Painker.
Ngokusho kobufakazi bakwaMose, uMose, uBakst wakuthatha ngaphandle kwezikhalazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyaziwa ngokuthembekile ukuthi ibhubesi lakhokha ukuqeqeshwa kwethemba lesimkhulu. UBakst uthe ngqo ekushukumiseni ukuthi eRussia ithalente lakhe alilingani. NgoMeyi 1911, kwafakwa odongeni odongeni olutholwe kuMaxim, izazi zaya eParis, lapho aqhubeka khona nezifundo zakhe. Enhlokodolobha yaseFrance, waqala waqala ukusayina umsebenzi wakhe ngophawu lwegama.
Ukupenda
U-Shagall waqala i-biography yakhe yobuciko evela kumdwebo "ofile". Ngo-1909, umsebenzi we- "Portrait kaMlobokazi wami kumagilavu amnyama" kanye "nomndeni" wabhalwa ngaphansi kwethonya lesitayela esingelona acishe sibe nhlobo. Ngo-Agasti 1910, uMarku waya eParis. I-Central Works of the paris isikhathi saba "mina kanye nedolobhana lami", "eRussia, u-Oslas nabanye", "ukuveza imidwebo emibili" nelithi "eKalvari". Ngasikhathi sinye, zalotshwa ngokuthi "ugwayi kaSnoyushka", "ethandaza uMJuda", okwaletha amajabha kubaholi bezobuciko bokuvuselela amasiko obuseJuda.
Ngo-June 1914, kuboniswa umbukiso wakhe wokuqala osodwa eBerlin, okwakuhlanganisa cishe yonke imidwebo nemidwebo eyenziwe eParis. Ehlobo lika-1914, uMarku wabuyela eVitebsk, lapho aqala khona ukuqala kwempi yezwe yokuqala. Ngo-1914-1915, uchungechunge lwemidwebo emikhiqizweni engamashumi ayisikhombisa ebhalwe ngesisekelo sokwenziwa okusulwe (imidwebo, izindawo zomhlaba, izindawo, imihlaba, izigcawu zohlobo).
Ezikhathini zangaphambi kwezinguquko, imidwebo yohlobo lwe-econ ngokwezifiso yadalwa ("Amaphephandaba Abathengisi", "umJuda oluhlaza", "umjikelezo ohlaza okotshani", imidwebo "yomjikelezo" othandekayo "," Abathandi beGreen "," Abathandi bePink ") nohlobo, imidwebo, izingoma zomhlaba (" isibuko "," kuveza isithombe sikaBella kwikhola emhlophe "," ngaphezulu kwedolobha ").
Ehlobo lokuqala lika-1922, uChagall waya eBerlin ukuze afunde ngekusasa lemisebenzi ngaphambi kwempi. EBerlin, umdwebi waziqeqesha yena ukuthi azophaphama imishini - etching, inaliti eyomile, i-xylography. Ngo-1922, wahlikihla uchungechunge lwama-etchings aklanyelwe ukuba abe yimifanekiso ye-autobiography yakhe ethi "Impilo Yami" (ifolda enezingcweti ezithi "Impilo Yami" yanyatheliswa ngo-1923). Incwadi ehunyushelwe eFrance yabona ukukhanya eParis ngo-1931. Ukwakha umjikelezo wemifanekiso eRoman Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol "Imiphefumulo efile" ngo-1923, uMark Zakharovich wathuthela eParis.
Ngo-1927, uchungechunge lwe-Gouisas "circus Valat" kwavela kuye ngalo bonke ubuhlakani beShagagalovsky ngezithombe zobuhlanya ze-Clown, Harhequins kanye ne-Acrobats. Ngomyalo kaNgqongqoshe Wezenkulumo-Projectist Germany Germany Paul Josef Goebbels ngo-1933, imisebenzi ye-Master yashiswa esidlangalaleni kwaMannheim. Ukushushiswa kwamaJuda eJalimane laseJalimane, ukubikezelwa kwenhlekelele esondelayo kwapenda imisebenzi ye-stegal ethoni le-apocalyptic. Eminyakeni ye-Prewar neMpi, enye yezihloko ezihamba phambili zobuciko bakhe kwakungukubethelwa ("isithembela esimhlophe", "umculi abethelwe", "Martyr", "UChrity" ophuzi ").
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umfazi wokuqala womsebenzi wobuciko ovelele kwakuyindodakazi ka-Jerance Bella Roseffeld. Kamuva wabhala: "Iminyaka eminingi, uthando lwakhe lwahlanganisa konke engikwenzile. Eminyakeni eyisithupha ngemuva komhlangano wokuqala, ngoJulayi 25, 1915, bashada. Ngowesifazane owamnika indodakazi yakhe ku-Idu, uMarku waphila impilo ende nejabulisayo. Kuliqiniso, ikusasa liye lakhula ngale ndlela yokuthi umculi wasinda kakhulu eMSEBENZO wakhe: uBella washona esuka eSepsis esibhedlela sase-US ngoSepthemba 2, 1944. Ngemuva kwalokho, ebuya ngemuva komngcwabo endlini engenalutho, wafaka i-Easel, umfanekiso kaBella, wabhalwa ngaye emuva eRussia, wacela u-Imu ukuba alahle yonke amabhulashi nopende.
"Ukulila kobuciko" kwathatha izinyanga eziyi-9. Ngenxa yalokho ukunakwa nokunakekela indodakazi yakhe, wabuyela ekuphileni. Ehlobo lika-1945, u-Ida waqasha umhlengikazi ukunakekela uyise. Ngakho-ke empilweni kaShagali, uVirginia Haggard wavela. Phakathi kwabo, kwaqubuka inoveli, eyaletha uhlobo lweNdodana kaDavide. Ngo-1951, le ntokazi yashiya uphawu emgqonyeni wezithombe zaseBelgian Charlet Leirens. Uthathe indodana yakhe futhi wenqaba imisebenzi ye-18 yomculi wanikela kuye ngezikhathi ezihlukile, wazinikela emideni yakhe emibili kuphela.
UMose waphinde wafuna ukuzibulala, futhi aphazamise uBaba waseDuma, u-Ida wamlethela umnikazi weLondon Salon kaValentina Brodskaya. Umshado nogwayi wakhe ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-4 ngemuva kokuthandana. Indodakazi kaMdali yazisola ngalesi sifinyezo kaningi. USteph akazange ayeke ukuya eChagola nabazukulu, "aphefumulelwe 'ukuthi adonsele amakhekhe wokuhlobisa, ngoba' athengiswa kahle, 'futhi echitha imali yakhe yomlingani wakhe. Ngalo mfazi, umdwebi waphila ngaphambi kokufa, eqhubeka, ebhala njalo uBella.
Ukushona
Umculi odumile wobuciko ushone ngoMashi 28, 1985 (oneminyaka engama-98 ubudala). UMark Zakharovich wembelwa emathuneni endawo e-Saint-Paul-de-Vance Coseobe.
Namuhla, umsebenzi kaMark Stegal ungabonakala emibusweni yeFrance, e-USA, eJalimane, eRussia, eBelarus, eSwitzerland kanye no-Israyeli. Bahlonipha inkumbulo yomculi omkhulu nakuleli khaya lakhe: indlu eVitebsk, lapho i-graphite yaphila isikhathi eside, yaphenduka umnyuziyamu wendlu. Abathandi bokudweba kokupenda futhi kuze kube namuhla bangabhekana nendawo lapho bedale khona imisebenzi yobuciko bakhe e-avant-garde.
Umsebenzi
- "Iphupho" (1976);
- "Isipuni sobisi" (1912);
- "Abathandi beGreen" (1917);
- "Umshado waseRussia" (1909);
- "Purim" (1917);
- "Umculi" (1920);
- "EVavava" (1955);
- "Abalimi emthonjeni" (1981);
- "UmJuda oluhlaza" (1914);
- "Umthengisi wemfuyo" (1912);
- "Isihlahla Sempilo" (1948);
- "Clown ne-violistist" (1976);
- "Amabhuloho phezu seine" (1954);
- "Umbhangqwana noma umndeni ongcwele" (1909);
- "Abaculi basemgwaqweni ebusuku" (1957);
- "Enyakaza esedlule" (1944);