I-Biograge
UJane Austin ungumbhali odumile wezincwadi zakudala, abafundi abajwayelekile bemisebenzi yohlobo lweqiniso. Amanoveli alo kuze kube namuhla athandwa phakathi kwabantu abasha nesizukulwane sabantu abadala, futhi abaqondisi abavelele badlulisela imisebenzi kaJane kwizikrini ze-TV.
Ngo-December 16, 1775 edolobhaneni laseStevenson, elisendaweni yaseHampshire, eliseningizimu yeGreat Britain, indodakazi kaJane yazalelwa emkhayeni wase-Ostinov. Kusukela ebusika bekunokhahlo, le ntombazane yabhapathizwa esontweni kuphela ngo-Ephreli 5. Kungashiwo ukuthi abazali be-TEALT Blarter banqume kusengaphambili ikusasa lakhe, ngoba igama elithi Jane lisho ukuthi "UNkulunkulu Unomusa", "Umusa kaNkulunkulu".
Umndeni wakwa-Ostinov waphila ngesizotha, inhloko yomndeni yayingumpristi wesifunda, futhi umkakhe wahola abendlu. Abalingani bajwayelane eSt John's College. UCassandra wenzeka emndenini ophawulekayo, uyise wayengumbhedo ekolishi lawo wonke umphefumulo. UDorry Mnu. Li wayenesizotha, ngoba sonke ifa elivela kugogo lithola umfowethu uJames James. UGeorge naye wayephumile enohlobo olucebile lwabathengisi, kepha umndeni wakhe wawunguHeleras.
Umuthi wokukhanyiselwa wezokwelapha awukakhiwa, futhi ngaleso sikhathi lapho kunesifo esiphezulu sokufa kwezinsana: wathuthuka izifo ezinjengezifo ezinjenge-verotitis, ikholera, isifo sofuba kanye nabanye abaningi. Kepha bonke abantwana bakaGeorge Austin nesimangaliso sakhe esithandekayo bahlala bephila.
Ngakho-ke, umlobi wakhula emndenini omkhulu, lapho, ngaphezu kwawo, kwakhuliswa khona amantombazane ayisithupha nenye intombazane. UJane wayeyingane evunyisayo futhi wazalwa ngenyanga yeshumi yokukhulelwa. Ekuqaleni, izingane zisanda kuzalwa zigcinwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukamama. Owesifazane othile wabanika umakhelwane u-Elizabeth Littlewood, owaphakamisa izingane kuze kube izinyanga eziyi-12-18.
UJames Ophakeme Kusukela ebuntwaneni esebenzisa amandla akhe okudala futhi wabhangqwa ezincwadini: wabhala izindaba eziqanjiwe. Kepha isiphetho salungisa insizwa ngenye indlela: ukuba mdala, uJakobe waqala ukuba ngumfundisi esontweni lendawo. Mayelana nomunye umfowethu - George - Indaba Silethule, ngoba U-Ostini ukhetha ukungakhulumi ngaye. Kuyaziwa ukuthi umfana wayebuyela emuva futhi akakaze afunde ukukhuluma. Kepha umbhali wamthanda uGeorge, ngenxa yalokho ngenxa yakhe wafunda izinhlamvu zezithulu - nezidumbu.
U-Edward wamukela izihlobo ze-Ostinov, umfana wakhuliswa emkhayeni ocebile we-Knight, noHenry - indoda efuna ukuvelela - yasebenza njengobhange, yabe sesamukela iSan. UFrancis noCharles babopha impilo nodadewabo kalwandle, nodadewabo kaCassandra, bedweba imidwebo ka-watercolor, abakaze bathole injabulo empilweni yakhe. UJane noKassandra babebhalwe ezikhungweni eziningi zemfundo, kodwa amantombazane ayengezinhlakele kwizinhlangothi. Phakathi kokunye, kolunye uhambo oluya eSouthampton, uJane usebulale, futhi ayikho imali yokufunda emndenini ka-Ostinov.
UGeorge washeshe wabona ukuthi kanjena amadodakazi akhe ngeke athole imfundo ehloniphekile, ngakho-ke wenza yena njengomfundisi, azenzela zonke izibopho. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ezinkulumweni zikaYise we-Erudite nofundwe kahle, umlobi wesikhathi esizayo nodadewabo baye bafunda okungaphezu kwebhentshi lesikole. Le ndoda yagxila ezincwadini, ngakho-ke amantombazane kusukela esemncane athandana nomsebenzi kaShakespeare, Yum, uRichardson nabanye ababhali. Ngemuva kokufunda, babuyisela umsebenzi womunye nomunye ngememori, baxoxa ngamanoveli, baxoxa futhi bazwakalise imibono.
Into yokufunda
UGoethe wake wathi: "Umuntu onethalente lokuzalwa ubhekene nenjabulo enkulu kakhulu lapho leli talente." Eqinisweni, uJane wasithokozela isipho sikaNkulunkulu ngokugcwele: Intombazane yaqala ukuhileleka ekubhaleni kusukela eminyakeni engu-14 ubudala. Ngemuva kwalokho waqamba umsebenzi we-epistolary oshubile "Uthando nobungani". Futhi ebusheni, umlando we-blesque "waseNgilandi" kanye nokubhalwa kwe-cassandra enhle ", ngokunensa, ukuvuvukala kokudala kwemizwa yekhulu le-18, i-rousseau kanye ne-chateobrica, imizwa eyayimi ngaphezu kwesizathu Kubhaliwe.
Ngakho-ke, imisebenzi yothando oluphumuzayo noma olungafanelekile, olufundwa ngamantombazane ezwe, lalingekho ngaphansi kwalo: UJane Austin ungene emlandweni wezincwadi njengezinto ezingokoqobo, ngokwemithetho yokuthi impilo yachazwa ngezinto zayo ezijwayelekile, Ngaphandle kwesingathekiso esimnandi kakhulu nokuvukelwa okunozwela okunobuhlakani.
Ngo-1811, ngaphansi kwentokazi ye-pseudonymyry encane ikhiqiza inoveli engahambisani "nokuzwela", okulandisa ngamaqhinga okuthanda kanye nokuthakazelisa ngokugcwele: I-Marianna Dashwood iphila ngokubizwa kwenhliziyo, ngenkathi u-Eleanor ukuqondiswa ingqondo. Ngakho-ke, emcabangweni womfundi, ukuphathwa okuthile kuthuthuka phakathi kwezimfanelo ezimbili zabantu.
Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, uJane ubheka izintokazi ezinobuchwepheshe kanye neNkosi yamaRoma "ukuqhosha nobandlululo", owayesesikhathini esiningi waya ezicaphuni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi u-Austin waqala ukusebenza encwadini ngo-1795 (96), kepha le noveli ayizange yenze umbono ofanele kubamemezeli, ngakho-ke umbhalo wesandla wawunguthuli eshalofini cishe iminyaka eyi-15.
Ngenxa ye "umuzwa kanye nokuzwela" - inoveli eyanikeza umlobi umgwaqo waya ezweni lemibhalo - umsebenzi wesibili ka-Austin wabona ukukhanya. Kuliqiniso, ngaphambi kokudlulisela incwadi enkulukwini, uJane wasebenza kabusha i-Brainchild, egqoke igama elithi "ukuvela kuqala", ngoba iminyaka eminingi umlobi wakwazi ukuguqula imibono yempilo futhi athole isipiliyoni.
Ngo-1814, inoveli efundisayo "I-Mansfield Park", kwathi ngonyaka, nonyaka ukushicilelwa kwendlu ukushicilela kushicilela umsebenzi ohlekisayo ka-Emma, okhuluma ngamantombazane anesizungu, azame ukuhlela impilo yomuntu siqu yabafana abajwayelekile nabangane. Le noveli yahlabeka umxhwele ngisho nenkosi yepeni uWalter Scott.
Ngo-1816, uJane uba ngumlobi wenoveli yasendlini ethi "izizathu zokucabanga" (eshicilelwe ngobuhlakani), icebo lalo lijikeleza impilo ye-smug ne-vain uWalter, owayeseduze kokuqothuka ngenxa yobuntu bakhe. Kubo bonke ubuningi bezinhlamvu kulo msebenzi, ungabela indodakazi eneminyaka engu-27 uWalter Ann Elliot, ngoba le ntombazane enesizungu yi-Atypical Book Hero kaJane Austin.
Naphezu kobusha bakhe, u-Ann uvela ngaphambi kwabafundi emfanekisweni wowesifazane ohlakaniphile futhi oyinkimbinkimbi, obizwa ngokuthi yintombi yakudala. U-Ann wathandana nensizwa, nokho, waqondisa izimpikiswano zengqondo, wamenqaba ngenxa yenhlala-kahle nenhle.
Uma sikhuluma ngesitayela somlobi uJane Austin-ke, u-Austin, ungumsizi wezengqondo, owaziyo emiphefumulweni yabantu futhi ezinkingeni zansuku zonke, yini engenziwa ngemisebenzi yakhe. Futhi uJane wajwayela ukuthola imibhalo yakhe yesandla yamasheya okuxakile nokubhuqa. Yize ama-epoch akhanyiselwe futhi aseVictorian adlula amakhulu eminyaka edlule, izinto ezimbi ezinjalo, ezinjengezezenzisi, ukuhaha, ukuqhosha, ukukhanuka, ubuvila, njll. akazange ahambe empukane.
Konke lokhu bekukhona ngisho nangezikhathi zamabhola okunethezeka kanye nama-salon wokubhala. Ukwenza isibonelo, ungakhumbula ukuthi inzondo kaNkk Bennet eya eDarcy ekubumbeni kwamehlo iguqulwa yaba yimizwa eshisekayo ngemuva kwezindaba zendoda yakhe nenhliziyo yendodakazi yakhe (" Ukuziqhenya nobandlululo "). Ngakho-ke, uJane waphula ama-stereotypes ku-fluff nothuli, eyayikaba ngabafundi bamanoveli ezithakazelo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu ye-Novelist yesiNgisi igcwele izimfihlo nezimfumbe. Isibonelo, abezimbobhe kuzo namanje abasazi ukubonakala kwangempela kwenenekazi. Eminye imithombo ithi wayeyintokazi emncane ebukekayo, abanye bayichaza njengesigqoko esishubile, abazalwane abagconwe ebuntwaneni, bakhale izihlathi. Ngokwemvelo yentombazane, futhi, kunemibono ethandwayo: Kuvela njengentombazane eyinhloko ne-plump ke, kunalokho, intokazi ebucayi nezwi elihle. Ngokubukeka kukaJane kungahlulelwa ngumfanekiso owenza uCassandra ngo-1810.
Udokotela onobuhle wethula izindaba zothando ezinomusa zomhlaba, kodwa ngokwakhe akazange athole injabulo. Impilo yakhe yaphenduka ngo-1796. UThomas Langlua Lefra, osemusha ofundile, izinyawo zeHugUenot, weza ezofuna izihlobo zakhe, ezihlala ngentuthuko eduzane nase-Ostinov. UThomas wakhangwa yinhliziyo yomlobi, uthando lwezinto ezihamba luphenduka izithandani ezimfushane, lapho ngokushesha zaqala, ngokushesha nangokushesha kanye no-Ugas. Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zomndeni, ubudlelwano bentsha buye endaweni efile ngenxa yokunganeliseki ngo-anti Lefria. Kamuva, abaphila nabantu bezenzakalo bathi le micimbi yathola itholakele 'ezingxabanweni zokucabanga', kodwa uThomas wathi uthanda uJane "uthando lobuntwana" - Alukho ubudlelwane naye kusho lutho.
Kepha u-Austin akazange aqondiswe yizimpikiswano zengqondo, kodwa waphenduka intombazane ethandekayo, eyakhunjulwa uthando olungafanele izinsuku nobusuku, ngoba, njengoba i-pushkin yayivame ukubonwa emlonyeni we-evgenia eyodwa, "Owesifazane esimthandayo, lula ukuthi simthanda. " Ngenkathi umfazi ehlupheka, uTomasi waqondisa impilo yakhe ngaphandle kobunzima: waba ijaji eliphakeme le-Ireland futhi washada nomuntu ocebile uMariya, owanikeza umlingani wezingane eziyisishiyagalombili.
Kepha insizwa uHarris Bigga yayinakho konke okuvinjelwe okuphambene nalokho: umfana wathanda uJane. Esihlotsheni sesandla nenhliziyo, ukuvumela intombazane, kodwa ngolunye usuku kwakunguMlobokazi: U-Austin akazange asiza umuthi wesikhathi, akazange akhohlwe uThomas, ngakho-ke intokazi yathola ikusasa kwangesikhathi esedlule. Le ntombazane bekungafanele azizwe njengonkosikazi onothando futhi yazi ubuhle bokuba ngumama, ngoba abanolwazi bezincwadi babengenazingane. Emhlangeni wakhe ezincwadini, uJane wabandakanyeka ethunga futhi wasiza umama wakhe endlini.
Ukushona
UJane Austin wahlushwa yisifo sika-Addison (ukuntuleka kwe-adrenal cortex). Ukwahlulela ngenchazelo yezempilo, lokhu kugula kungathatha iminyaka eminingana ngaphandle kwezimpawu futhi kuhlale kunganakwa, kepha kuthuthukiswa ngenxa yezimo ezicindezelayo noma ezinye izifo. Isiguli siphazamisa isifiso sokudla, isicanucanu siyavela, ukunciphisa umzimba, iTetania, njll.
Umlobi ushiywe ehlobo lika-1817 ngonyaka we-42. Wafika eWinchester ukuze enze ukwelashwa, kepha intombazane ayikwazi ukubhekana nalesi sifo. UJane akanaso isikhathi sokuqedela imisebenzi kaSandathon, ama-watsons neLady Susan. "I-Northern Gabty" yashicilelwa ngokusobala.
Amafilimu
Akumangazi ukuthi u-Austin ogcwele okushiwo umsebenzi wawungakabi nakancane.
- Ngo-1995, uMqondisi u-Eng Li wahlushwa inoveli "ingqondo nemizwa" kwizikrini ze-TV. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi u-Emma Thompson wabhala iskripthi cishe iminyaka emihlanu. Izindima zenziwa ngu-Emma Thompson, u-Alan Rickman, uHugh Grant nabanye abalingisi.
- Ngo-1995 ofanayo 1995, i-Pride and Pride "iyaphuma, lapho uJennifer El, uColin Firth, uSuzanna Harker nabanye basebenza kusethi. Lolu chungechunge sibonga uzungu luveze uthando lwamaKinoman anamandla emhlabeni jikelele.
- Ngo-2005, keira Knightley, uMatthew Macfadien noRosamund Pike babamba iqhaza ekuziqhenyeni "kokuziqhenya nobandlululo". U-Emma Thompson uphinde wasebenza njengesimo futhi wakhetha ukuguqula izingxoxo zibe ngulo lwangempela olubhalwe ngesandla.
- Ngo-2006, ifilimu kaJane Austin ka-Austin iyaphuma, itshela umlobi kanye nobudlelwano bukaFhia. Indima yomavist odlale u-Ann Hathaway, noJames Mcavoy baphinde bazalwa kabusha esithandekayo sakhe.
- Ngo-2008, umqondisi uDani Zeff wethula eNkantolo Yezilaleli uchungechunge oluncane "incwadi evuselelekile kaJane Austin" ngeJamaima Rupper no-Elliot Kowan inqubekela inkanyezi.
- Ngawo lowo nyaka, uJeremy wavring "ukwehluleka kothando uJane Austin" kwaphuma.
I-Bibliography
- "Uthando nobungani" (1790);
- "Umlando waseNgilandi" (1791);
- "Odadewethu abathathu" (1792);
- "Ukuzizwa nokuzwela" noma "ingqondo nemizwa" (1811);
- "Ukuziqhenya nobandlululo" (1813);
- "Mansfield Park" (1814);
- U-Emma (1815);
- "Ukuphikisana ngesizathu" (1817);
- "Northern Gabty" (1818).
- "I-Cassandra enhle";
- "Lady Susan";
- Ama-watsons;
- "Sandton";
- "Leslie castle"