I-Biograge
Ungene emlandweni waseMelika njengomsunguli, usopolitiki, osopolitiki kanye nesazi sefilosofi. Futhi - usomabhizinisi onethalente, umculi, umlobi kanye nomshicileli. Kunzima ukubiza isikhamela lapho uBenjamin Franklin ayengazange aphawule khona. Ubizwa ngokuthi "umuntu wokuqala waseMelika" kanye nomuntu wendawo yonke. Ubuso bukaFranklin bukhonjiswa kwizikweletu ezingama- $ 100, kanye neqhaza lenqubomgomo emlandweni ukuthi ngephutha kubhekwe njengoMongameli waseMelika.Ubuntwana nentsha
UBenjamin wazalelwa eBoston emndenini omkhulu. Kusuka eBrithani kuya eMelika, inhloko yomndeni kaJosai Franklin yathuthwa ngumfazi nezingane ngo-1662: UPuritanin wesaba ukushushiswa ngokwenkolo. Ingane yakwa-15 - indodana kaBenjamini - yavela ekuqaleni kuka-1706. Emva kwakhe kwazalwa ezinye izingane ezimbili. Eminyakeni engu-8, uBhen wathunyelwa esikoleni, kodwa umfana wafunda iminyaka emi-2 kuphela: uyise wayengenamali eyengeziwe yokufunda. UFranklin oneminyaka engu-10 wasiza uyise ensipho, kodwa umsebenzi wokuqeda amandla awuzange ushaye ukuzingela ukuze ufunde. Ntambama, uBenjamin washaya i-wax ngamakhandlela nensipho ephekiwe, kwathi kusihlwa wafunda i-swash. Incwadi kababa ayikwazanga ukuthenga izincwadi, ngakho-ke ngazithatha isikhashana nabangane nabantu obajwayele.
Ulwazi lolwazi lwendodana ehlakaniphile lwajabula nabazali, kodwa ukungafuni kukaBen ukusebenzela emsebenzini emhlanganweni owenziwe insipho kwakukuhle. Ukuze ube umpristi, njengoba ubaba ephupha, indodana ye-15 nayo ayifuni. Ngakho-ke, uJosaia wathumela osemusha endodaneni endala eyayithola umjovo. UFranklin oneminyaka engu-12 wasebenza eceleni, wahamba ngebhizinisi le-typographic kanye nokubhala i-ballad. Omunye umfowabo wabhala umfowethu wanyathelisela, kepha ukuqubuka kukaBenjamini akazange athande uYise, owabheka izimbongi ukuba zibe ngu-nichelas.
Umfowethu omdala wakhipha iphephandaba. UBenjamin Franklin oneminyaka engu-16 waqonda ukuthi uma uYise ethola ukuthi waba yintatheli yokushicilelwa, khona-ke konke kuzophela, njengoba kuvinjelwe ama-ballads. Ngakho-ke, lo mfo wabhala amanothi ngesimo sezincwadi lapho kwakuchotshozwa khona izimilo zikahulumeni. I-satire efungezayo yombhali (izinhlamvu zibhalisele i-pseudonym) zijabulele impumelelo yabafundi. Kepha lapho umzalwane ezwa ukuthi ngubani ongumbhali wawo, uBen waqhutshwa.
UBenjamin Franklin wakopisha imali ebhafini futhi waphunyuka ePhiladelphia, lapho ahlala khona endaweni yokunyathelisa. Inkosi encane nenempilo yabonwa futhi yathunyelwa eLondon, yanikeza ukuthenga imishini futhi ivule ukuthayipha ePhiladelphia, okwakuzothatha ama-oda kahulumeni. Abadlali baseBrithani bathande kakhulu uFranklin, eminyakeni eyishumi nambili kamuva, waba ngumshicileli wamaphephandaba akhe no-Almanac. Izincwadi zanyatheliswa ngendlu yazo yokunyathelisa yakwaBenjamini futhi zaletha imali. Njengoba eqinisekisile ubukhona bomndeni ongenambelela, uBenjamin Franklin wagxilisa amabutho kwisayensi nezepolitiki.
Ipolitiki
I-Binjamin Frabhlin Biography yezepolitiki yaqala ePhiladelphia. Lapha wasungula umbuthano wokuxoxa, okuthi ngo-1743 oguqulwe emphakathini wefilosofi waseMelika. Ngibonga uFranklin ngo-1731 eMelika, okwakukhona ngaleso sikhathi ikoloni lamaNgisi, umtapo wolwazi wokuqala otholakala obala uvulekile. Iminyaka eyi-15 uBenjamin wasebenza eposini likaNobhala We-Pennsylvanian General Assembly, okwathi kamuva. Uholele eposini lasePennsylvania, wabe eseyiposi yezinye izinto zedolobha laseBrithani.
Kusukela ngo-1757, eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala, uBenjamin Franklin wayefanekisela izintshisekelo zezifundazwe ezine zaseMelika eBrithani, kwathi ngo-1775 osopolitiki futhi eseqediwe waba yinxusa lengqungquthela yesibili yamazwekazi. Njengengxenye yeqembu eliholwa nguThomas Jefferson, uFranklin wathuthukisa umdwebo wejazi lezingalo (ukuphrinta okukhulu) kwe-United States. Ngemuva kokusayina isimemezelo ngoJulayi 1776, umMelika wokuqala wawumi ekhanda leqembu eya eParis eyothola ukwesekwa empini elwa neMpi YaseGreat Britain. Kuze kube yibusika, 1778, ngenxa yakwaBenjamini, uFranklin ngaphansi kwenkontileka kwakumi isiginesha yaseFrance, futhi kwashiywa isilawuli esinekhono eParis njengesithunywa. EFrance, wajoyina i-masoop loop "odade abayisishiyagalolunye", baba ngumfundisi wokuqala waseMelika.
Ngawo-1780s, osopolitiki baholelwa njengengxenye yalabo abadluliselwe eMelika ukuyoxoxisana eLondon, lapho asayina khona isivumelwano se-versailles, ababeka iphuzu lokugcina empini yase-US ukuze inkululeko. UBenjamin Franklin obizwa ngentando yeningi "inkontileka emithethweni phakathi kwamanenekazi ahlomile kahle." Ubudala ngaphambi kokuba u-Adam Smith ahlelwe futhi agxilise umbono wenani, abize nge-meryl hhayi imali, futhi asebenze. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1770s kuya ku-1790, uBenjamin Franklin wabhala i-autobiography engazange iqede. UPolitician kulindeleke ukuthi uluhlele ngokuzayo njengoba ama-Memoirs mayelana nezikhathi ezikhanyayo zokuphila. Incwadi ethi "Autobiography" yaphuma ngemuva kokushona kukaFranklin.
Phakathi kweminye imisebenzi ethandwayo yohlobo lobaba wombuso oMbusi - Izincwadi zakhe "Ukucabanga Ngenkululeko Nesidingo, Ukuhlupheka Nabahlupheko," "Iseluleko Esidingekayo Kulabo Abazothanda Ukuba Ucebe" kanye "Nendlela Yokuchichima". AmaMelika adumile awazange amkhokhele ukunakwa komqondisi. Impilo kaFranklin yaboniswa kumafilimu ngokuthi "uJohn Paul Jones", "uJohn Adams" kanye "Nezinceku Zenkululeko." Isithombe sokugcina siphume kwizikrini ngo-2015. Lo nguMqondisi-Umqondisi we-Mini-Series kari Cedema, atshele ngezikhathi lapho i-United States yayiyikoloni laseBrithani. UFranklin wadlala uDean Norris.
Impi yenkululeko
Ngesikhathi sempi yenkululeko yase-US, uBenjamin Franklin wahlakulela uhlelo lwenyunyana yamakoloni, waba ngumsebenzi weposi (waba ngumphathi weposi ojwayelekile), wayephakathi kwababhali bokumenyezelwa kwenkululeko nomeluleki- Induna ye-George Washington Army.
Lapho iRiphabhuliki eyayisanda kuzalwa iqala ukufuna ababambisene nabo, uFranklin waya eFrance futhi wabhekana nama-mission ngenkani. Ngo-1778, iFrance yaqala ukuya eSifundazweni saseYurophu yabona inkululeko yaseMelika.
Ukuqanjwa Nesayensi
Ipheshana leSciences Franklin likhombise ngisho nasebuntwaneni. Ngolunye usuku, uBen omncane wavela ogwini lolwandle ngokushushuluza, okunamathiselwe emilenzeni nasezandleni. Ngala madivaysi (kamuva abizwa ngama-flippers), wawathola ohlangana naye kulo mncintiswano. Ngokushesha, uBenjamin waphinde washaywa ngabangane, waletha inyoka yamaphepha ogwini. Ukusizakala ngomoya odlulayo, walala phezu kwamanzi futhi, ebambe intambo, wagijimela emgqeni wamanzi, njengaphansi komkhumbi.
Ukuhlolwa kwesayensi nokwesayensi, uBenjamin Franklin akazange anikeze isikhathi esiningi emsebenzini wezepolitiki nangokwepolitiki: ingqikithi yeminyaka engu-5-6. Kepha isikhathi esifushane kanjena, usosayensi uye wathola imiphumela emangalisayo. UBenjamin Franklin waba ngumhloli wamanzi kagesi, izinsimbi zokuhlola ezintweni ezishisayo, wafunda ukuthi umsindo wasolwandle uyasebenza kanjani.
Usosayensi wakwazi ukuhlola futhi anciphise "nomlilo wasezulwini", lapho ngesikhathi sokuduma kwezulu kwaba imbangela yemililo emibi ebhubhisa amadolobha nemizana. Ukusungulwa komqhubi wombala kunciphise imililo ibe ubuncane, futhi u-Imanuel Kant obizwa ngokuthi uBenjamin Franklin "New Promethem". Usosayensi uphakamise ukwethula "ukuhlanganisa" no "minus" ngogesi, kwakha umthetho ngokulungiswa kwemali kagesi, wasungula amalambu amalambu asemgwaqweni kanye ne-capacitor yasemgwaqweni.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ipolitiki yobudlelwano nabesifazane yikhanda elikhethekile le-biography. Impilo yomuntu siqu kaBenjamin Franklin yagcwala: Wezwa indoda enothando, ukwethembeka akuyona into yakhe ehlukile. EPhiladelphia, uFranklin wahlangana nentombazane egama linguDeborah umhlanga, owaba ngumakoti. Kepha phakathi nesikhathi eside eLondon, le nsizwa yathandana nendodakazi yomnikazi wefulethi, lapho ayehlala khona. Othandekayo wamnika izibulo, indodana kaWilliam. EPhiladelphia, uBenjamin Franklin wabuyela emntwaneni ongekho emthethweni, uDeborah atholayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, wahlala umfelokazi wotshani, washiya umyeni owaphunyula ezikweletini.
Ezinye izingane ezimbili zazalelwa emshadweni womphakathi noDeborah: Indodakazi uSara noNdodana uFrancis, abashonile eneminyaka engu-4 ubudala, abatheleleke ngengxibongo. Impilo nomlingani wezempi ayikhokhisi: Lo mbhangqwana wawuhlala ndawonye iminyaka emibili. UBenjamin Franklin ohlaba umxhwele futhi onobuhlakani wayenezinkinga ezimbalwa. Maphakathi nawo-1750 eBoston, wahlangana nobuhle baka-Catherine Ray. I-Love Couple Cup iphephe kuze kube izinsuku zokugcina zepolitiki. Iminyaka eminingana bekukhona ukuxhumana nomnikazi wendlu, lapho uFranklin ayehlala khona nomndeni wakhe. Kukhathazekile ukuthi ukukhathazeka kothando kwavela ngezinkomba ezimbili: nomninindlu nomshana wakhe osemusha.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1770s, uBenjamin Franklin, owaphenduka u-70, wahlangana noBryon de Zhuhi, ongumfelokazi obizwa ngokuthi yi-gengving, ebizwa ngokuthi yisenzo sokugcina sepolitiki. Incwadi edumile kaFranklin - ngamathiphu wezocansi - izinsuku zibuyele ngonyaka we-1745. UBenjamin oneminyaka engu-39 wakubhalela umngani ongabizi. Umlayezo ugcinwe ezindabeni zeNkonzo Yamanye Amazwe AseMelika. Ishicilele incwadi ngo-1926. Usomizwe osemusha weluleka umngani wakhe ukuthi akhethe amaphutha akhe asebekhulile futhi abiwe ngemininingwane esondelene naye, kungani abesifazane basemantombazane amancane angcono.
Ukushona
Usopolitiki oneminyaka engama-84 nososayensi bafa ngo-Ephreli 17, 1790. Abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-20 bafika emngcwabeni we "Okokuqala ZaseMelika" ePhiladelphia (inani ledolobha laliyizinkulungwane ezingama-33.
Ukufa kukaBenjamin Franklin othandekayo ku-Benjamin Franklin kudalule izigidi zabantu baseMelika. Ngaphezu kwanoma ubani e-United States wangcwatshwa ngamahloni anjalo. E-United States, kwamenyezelwa izinyanga ezimbili zezinyanga ezimbili kwabafileyo.
Impumelelo
- I-Crew yemibhalo emithathu ebaluleke kakhulu ephansi kokwakhiwa kwe-United States: Isimemezelo senkululeko yase-United States, uMthethosisekelo wase-US kanye ne-Verailleills Mirny Chirey ka-1783.
- Omunye wabathuthukisi bentuthuko ye-USA.
- Esokuqala sabantu baseMelika ababa yilungu langaphandle leSt. Petersburg Academy of Science.
- Ukusungula umtapo wolwazi wokuqala.
- Kwethulwa ukuqokwa kweziboshwa ezikhokhiswa ngogesi "+" "- -".
- Kufakazele imvelo kagesi ye-zipper.
- Wasungula umphumela wombani.
- Yasungulwa izibuko ze-bifocal.
- Uthole ubunikazi bokwakheka kwezihlalo ezinyakazayo.
- Usungula i-oveni enobukhulu obuncane yendlu, igama elithi "uFranklin olivekile" noma "iPennsylvanian FirePlace".
- Owokuqala wasebenzisa inhlansi kagesi yokuqhuma kwempuphu.
- Uqoqe idatha ebanzi emimoyeni yesivunguvungu (nord-odala) futhi wahlongoza umbono ochaza umsuka wawo.
- Ngokuzibandakanya kwaBenjamin Franklin, kwadalwa ikhadi lokuqala le-golf.
Amacaphuna
- Imithetho ethambile kakhulu ayihlonishwa kakhulu, inzima kakhulu - akuvamile ukuba kufakwe ohlwini.
- Izinga lokuhlanya lokuqala ukubheka wena ukuhlakanipha; Okwesibili ukukhuluma ngakho; Okwesithathu - ukudela imikhandlu.
- Hola imali esitha futhi uzothola umngane; Imali enqabile kumngane futhi uzolahlekelwa yiwo.
- Nganikela ngenkululeko ngenhloso yokuphepha akukufanele noma inkululeko noma ukuphepha.
- Lowo othenga ngokungadingekile kuzodingeka athengise okudingekayo.
- Abagxeki bangabangane bethu: bakhombisa amaphutha ethu.
- Umqhele awephuli kusuka ekhanda.
- Ukuphumula kwekhefu okuhlala ngengcebo, kulele ubuphofu, kudanga ubumpofu futhi kulale nehlazo.
- Ngubani ophila ithemba, ubungozi bokufa babulale ukufa.
- Umhlaba, emi emilenzeni yakhe, uphakeme kakhulu kunokuba umnene emi emadolweni akhe.
- Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili, indoda ikweleta isifiso, inengqondo engamashumi amathathu, ngesizathu samashumi amane.
- Ngubani othi imali ingakwazi konke, angenza konke ngemali.
- Isikhathi imali.
- Musa ukuhlehlisa kusasa okungenziwa namuhla.
- Ukuhamba okukodwa kulingana nemililo emithathu.
- Uma ufuna ukwazi amaphutha entombazane, ukuncoma phambi kwabangane bakho.
- I-Master ukubheka ukucaciswa akuvamile ukuba yinkosi kwenye into.
- Intukuthelo yokuqala iyaphela ihlazo.