I-Biograge
UMikhail Sholokhov ungumbhali omkhulu kakhulu wekhulu lama-20 lemisebenzi yamasiko ("Umbhali weCunnity", "Intombi evusiwe", "eyayivuse Intombi"), eyayiphrinta hhayi kuphela endaweni ye-USSR, kodwa nasemazweni aphesheya. Laureate woMklomelo kaNobel ezincwadini. UMikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov uzalwa ngo-11 (24 ngesitayela esisha) ngoMeyi 1905 enyakatho yesifunda saseRostov, edolobhaneni elihle laseVeshinskaya.
Umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wakhula wawena kuphela ingane emndenini epulazini epulazini uKrzilinsky, lapho iDetuchian Alexander Mikhailovich Sholokhov nomkakhe u-Anastasia Danilovna baphila khona. Ngenxa yokuthi uSholokhov--ubaba asebenze ngokuqasha futhi atholanga imali esemthethweni, umndeni uvame ukuhamba endaweni.
I-Anastasia Danilovna - intandane. Unina wenzeka esitokisini, kwathi uyise wayesuka ezweni labaningi besifundazwe saseChernihive, kamuva wathuthela eDon. Eminyakeni engu-12, yahamba ngayosebenza njengomnikazi womhlaba wakwaPopova futhi ayishadanga ngothando, kodwa ngokubalwa kwe-Static Ataman Kuznetov. Ngemuva kokuba lona wesifazane wayenendodakazi efile, wenza isenzo esivamile salezo zikhathi - waya eSholokhov.
U-Anastasia Danilovna wayeyinsizwa ethokozisayo: Wayengafani futhi encanyana, kepha ngasikhathi sinye wanikezwa imvelo enomqondo omubi nokujika. Unina womlobi wafunda ukufunda nokubhala kuphela lapho iNdodana ingena endaweni yokuzivocavoca yokuzimela ngokuzimela babhalela uChad izincwadi, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umyeni wakhe.
UMikhail Alexandrovich wayethathwa njengengane engekho emthethweni (phansi kwezingane ezinjengazo ezibizwa nge- "Naulenki", futhi, kufanelekile ukusho, ekuqaleni babenegama le-Kuznetov futhi ngabonga kakhulu: Mina uthole uzungu lwe- "Cossack". Kepha ngemuva kokushona koshade naye owedlule, u-Anastasia Danilovna ngo-1912, othandekayo wakwazi ukubhalisa ngokusemthethweni ubuhlobo babo, futhi uMikhail waba yiSholokhov - indodana kaMediden.
UMonkeLand Alexander Mikhailovich - Isifundazwe saseRyazan, uhamba nobhiya ocebile: umkhulu wakhe wayengumthengisi wenhlangano yesithathu, enza okusanhlamvu okuthengwayo. Sholokhov-sr. Isebenza ngokubhidlizwa kwemfuyo, futhi yahlwanyela isinkwa emazweni ase-Cossack. Ngakho-ke, imali emndenini yanele, okungenani, umbhali wesikhathi esizayo nabazali bakhe abahlali ekulimaleni.
Ngo-1910, iSholokhov yashiya ipulazi likaKrzilinsky ngenxa yokuthi u-Alexander Mikhailovich waya enkonzweni yomthengisi edolobhaneni laseKarginsky, elisesifundeni saseBoschesky se-Rostov esifundeni saseRostov. Ngasikhathi sinye, umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wafunda ulwazi lwangaphambi kwesikole, ngenxa yale njongo uthisha ekhaya uTimofey Mrzhinin wamenywa. Umfana wathanda ukondla izincwadi, wafunda le ncwadi wafunda ukubala.
Naphezu kokufunda okuseduze, uMisha wayenomusa futhi wathandwa ngabafana abangomakhelwane ekuseni ukuze badlale umgwaqo. Kodwa-ke, ubuntwana nentsha uSholokhov baboniswa ezindabeni zakhe. Uye wachaza ngokucophelela lokho ayekubona, futhi iqiniso lokuthi wanikeza ugqozi nezinkumbulo ezimnandi kakhulu: ukuphefumula kotshani obupholile, ukuphefumula kotshani obusha, ogwini lwe-anvure an non Lokhu kwaqhamuka nobuciko.
UMikhail Alexandrovich uza eKarginsky Parish School ngo-1912. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uMikhail Grigorivivich Kopylov, owaba yi-prototype yeqhawe elivela ezweni elidumile lomhlaba "uDon" odumile kwakunguthisha wensizwa. Ngo-1914, ukugula ekuvuvukeni kwamehlo, ngemuva kwalokho kuya ekwelashweni enhlokodolobha.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, kuhumushela eBoguchar ngendawo yokuzivocavoca yabafana. Waphothula izigaba ezine. Ngesikhathi sezifundo zakhe, le nsizwa yafundwa yimisebenzi ye-Great Classics, ikakhulukazi yathanda imisebenzi kaNikolai Vasilyevich Gogol no-Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.
Ngo-1917, amahlumela enguquko aqala ukuvela. Imibono yeSocialist kaLenin, iTrotsky neSverdlov, eyayifuna ukugumbuqela uNicholas II futhi yasuswa esakhiweni saseMonarchist, yanikezwa abalimi kanye nabasebenzi abanzima. Izidingo zeBolshevik Coup zenziwa ngokwengxenye, futhi impilo elula yedwa yashintsha phambi kwamehlo akhe.
Ngo-1917, u-Alexander Mikhailovich waba ngabaphathi be-Steam Mill edolobhaneni lase-Elansky, esifundeni saseRostov. Ngo-1920, umndeni usuka edolobhaneni laseKarginsky. Kwakukhona lapho u-Alexander Mikhailovich efa ngo-1925.
Ngokuqondene nenguquko, uSholokHov akazange azibambe. Hhayi ngombala obomvu futhi ngokunganaki waphatha okumhlophe. Wamukele uhlangothi lomnqobi. Ngo-1930, uSholokhov uthole ikhadi lephathi, waba yilungu leqembu lamaKhomanisi lonke le-Bolsheviks.
Wazibonakalisa evela ohlangothini oluhle kakhulu: akazange ahlanganyele ekunyakazeni kwe-counter-acculmational, kwakungekho imibono ye-batch yokuphambuka. Yize e-biography yeSholokhov kukhona "indawo emnyama", okungenani umbhali akazange aphikise leli qiniso: ngo-1922, uMikhail Alexandrovich, engumhloli wentela, wagwetshwa ukubulawa kwawo amandla asemthethweni.
Kamuva, isijeziso sathathelwa indawo ngunyaka wokusebenza okuphoqelekile ngenxa yamaqhinga abazali abalethe isitifiketi sokuzalwa esingamanga enkantolo, ukuze uSholokhov wahlulelwa njengengane. Ngemuva kwalokho, uMikhail Alexandrovich wayefuna ukuba ngumfundi futhi futhi athole imfundo ephakeme. Kepha le nsizwa ayizange ithathe izifundo zokulungiselela uDkt., Ngoba wayengenamakepha afanele. Ngakho-ke, isiphetho sesikhathi esizayo seLaureate yomklomelo kaNobel siye sathuthuka ngendlela yokuthi asebenze kanzima ngokomzimba.
Into yokufunda
UMikhail Alexandrovich waqala ukutadisha ngokungathi sína ngo-1923, umsebenzi wakhe wokudala waqala ngama-FEKelons amancane ephephandabeni "kwentsha eyiqiniso". Ngaleso sikhathi, kwashicilelwa izindaba ezintathu zesiguli ngaphansi kwesiginesha ye-mich. Sholokhov: "Hlola", "Okuthathu", "Auditor". Indaba kaMikhail Sholokhov ebizwa ngokuthi "Isilo" isitshela ngesiphetho sikaDodiCcommarisar Bodhagin, owaphindela ezweni lakubo, wathola ukuthi uYise uyisitha sabantu. Lo mbhalo wesandla wawulungiselela incwadi ngo-1924, no-Almanac "Molod-Guard" akazange akubheke ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuphrinta lo msebenzi emakhasini encwadi.
Ngakho-ke, uMikhail Alexandrovich waqala ukusebenzisana nephephandaba ngokuthi "i-Leninet encane". Iphinde yanyatheliswa kwamanye amaphephandaba weKomsomol, lapho izindaba zathunyelwa khona kwaDon Tyk kanye neqoqo likaLazorian Steppe Collection. Ekhuluma ngomsebenzi weMikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov, akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuthinte "ukuthula okuthule" okuqukethe amavolumu amane.
Ngokuvamile kuqhathaniswa nokubaluleka nomunye umkhiqizo wama-Classics aseRussia - Umbhalo wesandla weLeo Nikolayevich Tolstoy "Impi Nokuthula". I- "Aill Don" ingenye yamanoveli asemqoka ezincwadini zekhulu lama-20, okuthi kuze kube namuhla kuyimpoqo ngokufunda ezikhungweni zemfundo kanye namanyuvesi.
Kepha bambalwa abakwaziyo ukuthi ngenxa yencwadi, balandisa ngempilo yama-don cossacks, uSholokhov wasolwa ngokubumbana. Kodwa-ke, izingxabano mayelana nokwebiwa kwezincwadi ze-Mikhail Alexandrovich akupheli kuze kube manje. Ngemuva kokungena ekukhanyisweni kwe- "Voile Ton" (amavolumu amabili okuqala, ngo-1928, lo magazini "ngo-1922) emibukeni yemibhalo yaqala izingxoxo ngenkinga yokubhalwa kwemibhalo kaM. A. Sholokhov.
Abanye abacwaningi, futhi abathandi bezincwadi abakholelwa ukuthi uMikhail Alexandrovich wazalelwa yena umbhalo wesandla, owatholakala esikhwameni sensimu esimhlophe, wadutshulwa yiBolsheviks. Bathi izingcingo ezingaziwa ziza. Owesifazane othile ongaziwa ongaziwa ukhulume esithombeni seThucu yocingo saleli phephandaba A. Serafimovich ukuthi inoveli ingeyakhe endodaneni yakhe.
U-Alexander Serafimovich akazange aphendule ngentukuthuko futhi ekholelwa ukuthi kwenzeka lokho ngenxa yomona: Abantu abaqondi ukuthi umbhali oneminyaka engu-22 ubudala ekuqeshweni kwamehlo athola inkazimulo nokwamukelwa kwendawo yonke. Intatheli kaJoshph Gerasimov yaveza ukuthi i-serafimch yayazi ukuthi i- "tuen don" ingeyakho eSholokhov, kepha ayifuni ukuthulula uwoyela emlilweni. USholochman Konstantin Primima wayeqiniseka ukuthi ukumiswa kokushicilelwa kwevolumu yesithathu kwazuzisa abalingani beTrotsky: Abantu bekungafanele bazi ngemicimbi yangempela eyenzeka eVeshinskaya ngo-1919.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi isazi sabaphikweni esidumile baseRussia uDmitry Bykov akangabazi ukuthi umbhali weqiniso 'othule uDona' nguMikhail Sholokhov. UDmitry Lvovich ukholelwa ukuthi ukwamukela ngokusekelwe kunoveli kudala: Icebo lijikeleza ngokuxabana phakathi kokubomvu nokumhlophe nangokuphonsa umlingiswa ophambili phakathi konkosikazi wakhe nenkosikazi yakhe.
"Kulula kakhulu, uhlelo lwezingane olunembele. Lapho ebhala impilo yobukhosi, kuyacaca ukuthi angamazi ngokuphelele ... lapho yena, kusho, ukuthi, isikhulu emkhakheni wakwaBrahi sizokwenza umkakhe kumkayo, kuyacaca ukuthi Wacabanga ngamaFulentshi, "kusho umgxelu wemibhalo ekudluliseleni" ukuvakashela uDmitry Gordon. "Ngo-1930-1950, uSholokhov ubhala enye nenoveli ebukekayo enikezelwe ekuqopheni kwabalimi, "Intombi ekhulisiwe". Imisebenzi yezempi, efana "nenkundla yomuntu" futhi "balwa nezwe labo" babedumile. Umsebenzi wezokugcina wenziwa ngezigaba eziningana: 1942-1944, 1949 nango-1969. Ngaphambi nje kokushona kukaSholokhov, njengoGogol, washisa umsebenzi wakhe. Ngakho-ke, umfundi wanamuhla uhlala anelisekile ngamakhanda ngamanye amanoveli.
Kepha ngoMklomelo kaNobel, uSholokHov usungule izindaba zoqobo kakhulu. Ngo-1958, uPasternak wabekwa phambili kumklomelo ohlonishwayo ngesikhathi sesikhombisa. Ngawo lowo nyaka, amalungu e-Writers 'Union avakashele eSweden futhi athola ukuthi amaSholokhov nabanye ababhali babekwa phambili ngoBoris Leonidovich. Ezweni leScandinavian bekukhona umbono wokuthi umklomelo kufanele uthole i-pasternak, kepha eTelegraph ebhekiswe kwinxusa laseSweden, kwathiwa e-USSR, umklomelo kaMikhail Alexandrovich's AWARD.
Kwabuye kwathiwa umphakathi waseSweden isikhathi eside ukuqonda ukuthi uBoris Leonidovich wayengathandwa izakhamizi zaseSoviet nokuthi imisebenzi yakhe ayikufanele ukunakwa. Chaza lokhu kulula: I-Pasternak iye yaphunyuka kaninginingi ukubalekela egunyeni. Unikezwe kuye ngeprimiyamu ka-1958 waphonsa izinkuni. Umlobi ka "Dkt Zhivago" waphoqelelwa ukuba alahle umklomelo kaNobel. Ngo-1965, i-lavra yahlonishwa neSholokhov. Umbhali akazange akhothame enkosini yaseSweden, eyanikeza lo mvuzo. Lokhu kuchazwe ngumlingiswa weMikhail Alexandrovich: Ngokwamanye amahemuhemu, isenzo esinjalo senziwa ngenhloso (izikolo azinamatheli kunoma ngubani).
Impilo yomuntu siqu
USholokhov washada ngo-1924 eMaria Groslavskaya. Kodwa-ke, kwalukwa uLydia, udadewabo. Kepha uBaba wamantombazane, uStanny Ataman P. ya. I-Groslavsky (ngemuva kwenguquko - i-posthar), yagcizelela ukuthi uMikhail Alexandrovich kumele anikeze isandla sakhe nenhliziyo yendodakazi endala. Ngo-1926, intombazane kaSvetlana yazalelwa emidlalweni, kwathi umfana ka-Alexander wavela eminyakeni emine kamuva.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sempi, umlobi wasebenza njengombhali wamasosha. Uthole umvuzo wempi yokuthanda izwe kanye nezindondo. Ngokwemvelo, uMikhail Alexandrovich wayenjengamaqhawe akhe - isibindi, athembekile futhi axoshiwe. Kubhekwa ukuthi nguyena kuphela umbhali owayengesabi uStalin futhi angabuka umholi eqonde esweni.
Ukushona
Ngaphambi nje kokuba afe (isizathu - umbhali uLarda), umlobi wayehlala edolobhaneni laseVeshinskaya, wayevelakakhulu, ngawo-1960, ngawo-1960, empeleni wakuphonsa. Wayekuthanda ukuhamba emoyeni omusha, wayethanda ukuzingela nokudoba. Umbhali we "Thula uDona" wasakaza imiklomelo yakhe emphakathini. Isibonelo, uNobel "ushiye" ukwakha isikole.
Umlobi omkhulu uMikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov. Ithuna laseSholokhov alikho emathuneni, kepha egcekeni lendlu ahlala kuyo. Ukuhlonipha inkosi yepeni, i-asteroid yaqanjwa ngokuthi, amafilimu abhalwe phansi asuswa futhi kwasungulwa amadolobha amaningi.
I-Bibliography
- "Izindaba zeDon" (1925);
- "ILazorian Steppe" (1926);
- "Ukuthula uDon" (1928-1940);
- "Intombi ekhulisiwe" (1932, 1959);
- "Balwa nezwe labo" (1942-1949);
- "Zonda" (1942);
- "Izwi nge-Motherland" (1948);
- "Isiphetho Somuntu" (1956)