I-Biograge
Omunye wabamele abasezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu be-Classic School of Natural Diver yangena ezincwadini, lapho abafundi bomhlaba wonke bagxiliswa emsebenzini weGarkland Garland, uStephen Crane noFrank Norris.
Umlobi owakha imibono esemqoka yobuciko besimanje emisebenzini, ngokwesibonelo sempilo ethile yomuntu wafunda i-plexus yamandla emvelo kanye nezindlela zenhlalo. Ukuba yi-arevelist, umshayeli akazange akhohlwe ngesihloko esithi "iziqalekiso zenyama", njalo ububele amaqhawe endalo yakhe.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UTheodore Herman Albert Driver wazalwa ngo-Agasti 27, 1871, etholakala emphakathini waseTerre-Hot (Indiana). Baphila abashayeli kabi. Inhloko yomndeni ithathwe noma yimuphi umsebenzi, kepha imali yokuqukethwe kwezingane eziyisishiyagalolunye yayintulwa yinhlekelele. Mayelana nokwehla kwesimo sezinto ezibonakalayo, umlobi wesikhathi esizayo ekugcineni kwesikole wasuka endlini kababa waya eChicago eyothola imali. Lapho, bengasabi umsebenzi onzima, umfana wakwazi ukusebenza futhi ahlanze endaweni yokudlela, kanye nesandla esitolo esitolo, kanye nomthwalo.
Ngo-1889, insizwa yokuvelela yadlula ngempumelelo ezivivinyweni zokungena eyunivesithi yaseNdiya eBloomington. Kuliqiniso, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemali, bekungenzeki ukuphothulwa esikhungweni semfundo. Uma ufuna impilo engcono, umshayeli wasuka edolobheni waya edolobheni. Kule minyaka yama-wardings (kusukela ngo-1892 kuya ku-1894) uTheodore wakwazi ukuvakashela intatheli emaphephandabeni ePittsburgh, eToledo, eChicago, eSt. Louis neNew York.
Into yokufunda
Lo mbumbulu "udadewabo waseKorer Kerry" wabona ukukhanya ngo-1900. Enhliziyweni yesakhiwo - umlando wentombazane yesifundazwe kaCarolina (Kerry), ozofuna impilo engcono efika eChicago. Emsebenzini, inhloso yemali yendabuko yalowo mbhali waseMelika ilandelwa kahle. Umlobi kule mibala uchaza umzila lapho umuntu ekwazi khona ukuze afune uqobo lwenhlala-kahle.
Izici ezibalulekile zakwaRoma - UKerry namadoda amabili (uDruie noHerror), abambe iqhaza elinqumayo empilweni yakhe, - okunamathela emzimbeni, ukubonga, ububele beqiniso, ububele kanye nothando. Konke ukunakekelwa kwezintathu kuphela ngezinzuzo zazo futhi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ukuvumela izintshisekelo zazo zikulungele ukudlula amakhanda.
Umsebenzi wesibili - UJenny Gerhardt - ushicilelwe ngo-1911. Emsebenzini sikhuluma ngobuhle, kepha abampofu njengegundane lesonto nentombazane enesisulu, okuthi ngenxa yenhlala-kahle yabantu abathandekayo ingena esimweni sokuqukethwe. Ngo-1912, inoveli yokuqala evela eTrilogy "Isifiso" yashicilelwa - incwadi ethi "Imali". Umsebenzi, okusekelwe esakhiweni se-biography of the American Millionaire Charles Yerks, utshela abafundi indaba yempilo kaFrank Kauperwood.
Umlingisi ophambili wazalwa emndenini wesisebenzi esincane sasebhange, okufeziwe kwendodana yeminyaka evuthiwe, ahlele iChado ethandekayo ukuthi isebenze enkampanini ayesebenza kuyo. Lokhu kufakazelwe enhlanganweni njengomthengisi onethalente, uFrank, ngemuva kwesikhashana, waya ekunqobeni iPhiladelphia. Lapho, umthengisi weStock Exchange wachitha umbhangqwana wokusebenza ophumelelayo waba yisigidi. Isimo esisha savumela usomabhizinisi osemusha ukungena emibuthanweni ephakeme yomphakathi ophakeme wasePhiladelphia.
Encwadini, kanye nokuchazwa kwenkohliso yezezimali, kuqhutshelwa ne-sportline yesibili, ukutshela ngempilo yomuntu siqu ye-kauperwood. Umshayeli uchaze umlingiswa wenoveli yakhe ngaphandle kokugcotshwa, walifaka zombili izimfanelo ezinhle nezimbi. Ekugcineni, bekungekhona okufiselekayo ukubheka izimiso nemithetho eyamukelekayo evamile nemithetho yokuziphatha emphakathini ophakeme, iBunlet Natura Frank iyilethela ejele.
Izenzo zenoveli elilandelayo elithi "TITAN" ka-1914 zenzeka eChicago. Ayikwazi ukudweba okutholakele kwaFrank kubuyela emvelweni wakubo ongowokuzalwa. Manje umgomo wawo yizinkampani zegesi nezokuthutha. Ubuhlakani bezezimali bakhetha ngokwabo indlela ephikisayo ne-gingerbread. Iziphathimandla eyodwa azifumbathe, nokunye okusabisa. Abaqhudelana, abanentshisekelo yabo ngenhloso yomthengisi, bajoyina osomabhizinisi abaxoshwa empini evuthayo yamandla.
UFrank Kauperwood ulahlekelwa yimpi futhi ungena emthunzini. Ngaleso sikhathi esifanayo, iqembu elimnyama lifika empilweni yomndeni yeqhawe elikhulu. Unkosikazi, owantshontsha ukuxhumana komlingani nentombazane encane, uzama ukuzibulala. UFrank usindisa ethembekile futhi emncenga ukuba ahambe naye eLondon, lapho, ngokweziqinisekiso zakhe, zizoqala impilo entsha.
Izenzo zenoveli yesithathu, ephetha "Stoik" (ngemuva kokushona komlobi ngo-1947) kwembula enhlokodolobha yaseFrance. Lapho, iKauperwood ibandakanyeke ekwakhiweni komugqa weMetro. Naphezu kweminyaka eqinile, i-baloveman yekusasa isazama ukubeka yonke imali yezwe ephaketheni lakhe. Kulokhu isifo sezinso siphazamisa amacebo akhe. Ngemuva kolunye uhlangothi, le ndoda izifiso zayo ayimvumeli ukuthi aphile impilo ejabulisayo nenokuthula, efa, engenalo ngaphambi kokuba ikomidi lokushona lizona phambi komkakhe nenkosikazi yakhe.
Phakathi kwezincwadi zezincwadi 'zochungechunge lwesifiso' ezingozini zaphuma "ubuhlakani" (1915), "Usizi LaseMelika" (1925) no- "Optot" (1946). Ingxenye yenoveli ye-autobiographical "Genius" yethula umfundi ngempilo yomculi yujina vitla, obuntu bakhe buyashintsha lapho ewela emhlanganweni wenxiwa. Indlela yonke yempilo kaYujina, echazwe kwinoveli, umshayeli uhlanganyela ezigabeni ezintathu: ubusha, umzabalazo, udlalwa. Indaba, eyakhiwe ebukhwini nasezinkanzini, kusukela othandweni lwabesifazane nokupenda, kusuka ekuphumeni okubabayo kanye nokuwa okubabayo, ngeke kushiye noma ngubani ongenandaba.
Isimo somsebenzi wesibili ("Usizi LaseMelika") yizehlakalo zangempela ezenzeka eMelika ngo-1906. Lo mkhiqizo ungahlukaniswa ngokunengqondo izingxenye ezintathu. Emsebenzini wokuqala ujwayelane neqhawe eliyinhloko likaClyde Griffiths, obani, kanye nomndeni wakhe opilo, uhamba emadolobheni aseMelika ngomshini wenkolo. Ukuphila ebuphofini bensizwa yokuhlaselwa emhlabeni wonke kwabazali ababheka umsebenzi wabo wokufundisa abantu abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka.
Umfana osemusha, yonke imiphefumulo elwela impilo engcono, yabiza ihhotela, lapho abangane abasha bajoyina khona abafana ababengakwazi impilo enhle yotshwala nokuhambela izifebe. Isifiso sezivakashi ezicebile zikaClyde, owabuka edumo ngesikhathi sokudubula, wakhula ngokungananazi. Ingxenye yesibili yenoveli iqala eChicago. Kwakulapho lapho umlingiswa ophambili owayegijima ngemuva kwalokho okwenzeka kuye emaphethelweni omdabu wesigameko esingathandeki.
EMzini wamathuba amahle, wahlangana nomalume wakhe, owamnika amandla efektri ukuze ekhiqizelwe ikhola. UGriffiths wakwamukela lokho okunikezwayo futhi wathuthela ngokushesha eLiburg (New York). Ekwenziweni kwensizwa esebenza kanzima ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu esikufunayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, impilo yayo yomuntu siqu ibhekana nezinguquko. Uthandana ne-subladinate yakhe - uRoberta - futhi, ufuna indawo yentokazi esencane, epholisa inzalo eyenziwe kanye. Lapho-ke empilweni yakhe ibonakala i-aristocrat yangaphakathi yeSondra.
Ingxenye yesithathu inikelwe abaphonsolo bakaGriffiths phakathi kwe-coquette ecebile futhi bathanda intombazane yakhe yothando engathandeki. Lesi simo siyinkimbinkimbi iqiniso lokuthi uRobert ugqoke ingane ngaphansi kwenhliziyo, ngakho-ke ukuthi uClyde akakwazi ukusuka kuye. Umlando womndeni wakwaBarns wokugeleza kwenkolo yama-Orthodox yamaQuaker womndeni wakwaBarns utshelwa encwadini kaLlot. Ukungqubuzana kwezizukulwane ezihambisana nokucatshangelwa kwezingane ezinhlanu umugqa ophakathi womsebenzi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi wokuqala wobungcweti bokubhala kwakunguSara Osborne White. Ngesahluko esinezinwele ezibomvu, umbhali wahlangana ngo-1893. Ngemuva kwalokho intatheli yentsha ye-St. Louis Newspaper Repacklik Theodor Theodor Draizer yafundiswa ukuba ihambisane nabanqobi bomncintiswano "Uthisha Ohamba Phambili" eChicago World Revition. Phakathi komklomelo wayeshade naye esikhathini esizayo. Ukulula, ubuhle kanye namahloni wentombazane kuthathwe umlobi. Esimweni sothando i-euphoria, lo mbhangqwana wawukhohlisiwe. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha nje emva kwalokho, i-prose yaqala ukubona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwakhe nothandekayo.
I-Society yalesosikhathi yagxeka oxhumana nabo bomzimba phakathi kwabantu abasha ababengenzi ubudlelwano babo. Umshayeli wayengasondelene nefilosofi enjalo, kodwa emhlophe okukholelwayo enkomeni yomshado futhi iminyaka emihlanu akazange avumele i-TheOdore, esho ukuthi ukusondela okusondelene kuzokwenzeka ngemuva komshado. NgoDisemba 28, 1898, eWashington, uHerman Teodore, umshayeli kanye noSara osborne White bahlanganiswa nomshado osemthethweni.
Njengoba umlobi ahlala exhumana naye ngaleso sikhathi, wazama ukwethula kulombuthano noSarah. Umzamo awuphumelelanga: intombazane ayikwazanga ukuphumula esimweni songcosi sonxiwankulu kuye. Kodwa-ke, lesi simo asiphazamisi le ntokazi enokuqonda kwabesifazane kuphela ukubheka isimo sengqondo sokunganakwa sabamele abamele lo mphakathi.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi eNew York, i-drivester yayinabesifazane. Ngokushesha wawa othandweni futhi washeshe waphola ngokushesha. Kwenzeka kanjalo kuze kube yilapho umzuzu empilweni yombhali, uTelma Kudlipp akaveli. UTelma wayeyindodakazi yomunye wabasebenzi balo magazini, umhleli wawo owawungumshayeli. UHerman wangeniswa kumkakhe ukuthi wayithola leyo mizwa. Ngo-1909 isehlukaniso sabo senzeka. Kakade empilweni yelanga, ngo-1944, uTheodore washada nomzala wakhe uHelen Richardson.
Ukushona
UTheodore Driver washona evela enhliziyweni ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo ngoDisemba 28, 1945 eLos Angeles (eCalifornia).
Ifa lokudala lomlobi ligcinwe kumaqoqo amanoveli nezindaba. Ngaphezu kwezinye izinto, ngo-1931 nango-1951 e-United States, uMqondisi uJoseph, u-Sternberg noGeorge Stevens, ngokusekelwe kwinoveli kaProsuika "Usizi LaseMelika". Imisebenzi yomlobi "uJenny Gerhardt" (1933) noDade Carri (1952) nabo badinwa.
I-Bibliography
- 1900 - "UDade Kerry"
- 1911 - "UJenny Gerhardt"
- 1912 - "Imali"
- Ngo-1914 - "Titan"
- 1915 - "Genius"
- 1925 - "Usizi LaseMelika"
- 1946 - "Plot"
- 1947 - "Stoik"
Amacaphuna
- "Injabulo iza kulowo owaziyo ukulinda."
- "Imali isheshe ithole ukungabi namandla kwayo, lapho nje izifiso zomuntu zihlobene nendawo yemizwa."
- "Abantu abathandana ngokujulile futhi bathandana kakhulu, bathatha okuncane."
- "Ungaziqhenyi lapho usiza abampofu. Bopha ukubonga ukuthi wethula leli thuba. "
- "Akukho lutho olungokoqobo noluPhakade, ngaphandle kwenhliziyo, umusa womuntu."
- "Umhlaba umkhuhlane wadluliselwa yilabo abangahlanganyeli ebuhlanya bakhe."
- Isikhathi siqinisa imikhuba yethu, izifiso zethu kanye nemizwa yethu. "
- "Yenza okuhle ngokuhle, khona-ke uzothola ubuningi obuphelele"
- "Ababusisiwe akuyena owenzayo, kepha lowo onikezayo."
- "Kuyisiwula ukunikeza izeluleko kubantu abangafuni ukwamukela."