I-Biograge
Akumangali uSir Walter Scott obizwa ngokuthi nguyise wencwadi yesiNgisi, ngoba lo mbhali ogqamile waba ngomunye wabokuqala owaqhamuka nohlobo lwenoveli yomlando. Umbhalo wesandla wenkosi enesiphiwo yezimpaphe wathinta ababhali abaningi beminyaka engu-19 nangekhulu lama-20. Kukhathazekile ukuthi imisebenzi kaWalter Scott yahunyushelwa endaweni yoMbuso WaseRussia ngejubane lokukhanya: Inoveli ebhalwe ngu-English ngo-1829, ngawo-1830s avele afunda ngokuzwakalayo kuma-sats wezwe kanye neNkosi.Ubuntwana nentsha
Umlobi odumile wazalwa eyingane yesishiyagalolunye ngo-Agasti 15, 1771 enhloko-dolobha yaseScotland - Edinburgh, idolobha, ebekelwe izinto ezikhangayo, amathempeli nemigwaqo yamatshe. I-Novelvesist yesikhathi esizayo yakhula emndenini omkhulu wasePresbyterian (kwakunezingane eziyi-13 kuphela), ezazihlala esitezi sesithathu esakhiweni esisefulethini endaweni ephansi yenyuvesi yakudala.
UWalter Scott wakhuphuka emndenini weScotland Professional Lowyer Walter John. Isahluko somndeni sasivame ukudingidwa ngosizo lwezomthetho lwamakhasimende amahle, kepha iWalter-Sedere ngenxa yesizotha nokuthamba kwehluleka ukondla umbuso. Umama womlobi, u-Anna Rutherford, wayeyindodakazi kaSolwazi Evelele yezokwelapha eyayisebenza e-Edinburgh Institute. U-Ana wayengowesifazane onesizotha, efundwe kahle futhi wathandana nezinto zakudala nezindaba zomlando. Lezi zimfanelo zathola njengendodana.
Akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi ubuntwana be-Novelist yesikhathi esizayo bejabule: Ukugula okungalindelekile kungubuthi ukuba khona komfana omncane. Iqiniso ngukuthi lapho uWalter egcwaliseka ngonyaka nesigamu, waphulwa ukukhubazeka kwezingane, ngakho-ke ingane yazakhela impilo yonke ezayo. Ngo-1775-1777, uWalter waphathwa ezindaweni zokungcebeleka, futhi waphinde waba nepulazi likamgogo (lapho, uScot Omncane okokuqala futhi wajwayela i-Folk Epic naseFoundlore). Kepha lokhu kugula okungalindelekile kwakufana noWalter empilweni yakhe yonke, ngoba umlobi omkhulu wahlala e-Chrome kuze kube phakade (elahlekelwe ukuhamba komlenze wesokudla).
Ngo-1778, le nsizwa ibuyela kwa-Edinburgh yayo yangempela yaqala ukuya esikhungweni sokuqala semfundo. UWalter akazange ajabule ngezifundo, ikakhulukazi umlobi wesikhathi esizayo akazange athande amafomula ayinkimbinkimbi we-algebraic. Kepha kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uScott wavuka ingane enkulu: vele eneminyaka emihlanu, wafunda imisebenzi yasendulo yamaGrikhi kaHomer futhi wanwetshwa kalula ukuthi ubhebhetheke yinhliziyo.
UWalter empilweni yakhe yonke wazenzela ukuzifukulela, futhi ibhentshi lesikole alizange lishiye umbono olwazini lomlobi. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ngisho noConan Dotlector Doyle, uConan Doyle uthe ubuchopho bomuntu buyi-attic engenalutho lapho ungagcwalisa khona noma yini. Isiwula senza: sihudula okufiswayo futhi okungadingekile. Futhi ekugcineni, isikhathi sifika lapho into edingekayo ngempela ngeke icashile lapho.
Ngakho-ke, ukufika "e-Attic" oyifunayo, uWalter uyibeka lapho ilusizo kakhulu, njengoba besho, empeleni. Ngakho-ke, ngokuzayo, imithwalo enkulu yolwazi oludingekayo yasiza uScott wabhala cishe noma yisiphi isihloko.
UWalter-Student wayengumuntu onobuthi, njalo elwa impi enobuhle futhi anciphise futhi athandwa ukugijima ekushintsheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iWalter ekhefu phakathi kwezifundo isebenzisa amandla omlandili: Izixuku zontanga zibuthene ngokuzayo kwezeluleko ze-Novesist kanye nangona ngenkathi zilalela izindaba ezimangalisayo ezikhunjuzwa ngamanoveli we-adventure.
Eminyakeni engu-junior, uScott waduma ngokugibela: Umfana othuthukile ngokomzimba wanqoba kalula iziqongo zezintaba, wondle abangane besibindi, isibindi nokuqeqeshwa okuhle kwemidlalo. Lapho umlobi wesikhathi esizayo eneminyaka eyi-12, wangena ekolishi. Kepha isifo sohlobo lwe-genius saphinde senze ushintsho: Ngemuva konyaka, uScot osemusha wasinda ekuthomeni kwamathumbu, ngenxa yalokho angakwazi ukuqhubeka nokufunda.
E-Epoch of incanement, umuthi awuzange uthuthukiswe, imikhakha eminingi yezokwelapha yaleyo minyaka ibilokhu ishaya abafundi banamuhla kuze kube namuhla. Ukuletha isimo somzimba kujwayelekile, uWalter Scott kwadingeka ukuba adlule kuyo yonke imibuthano yesihogo. Umfana amahora ambalwa wema enqunu eLyudo Claus, waya ezinhlolweni zemabhuloji, futhi wayehleli nasekudleni okunenyanga ezinyangeni ezimbili futhi wamkhawulela ezihlalweni ezithandekayo. Ngemuva kokwelashwa okude, kwathatha iminyaka emibili, le nsizwa yabuyela ezweni lakubo yangena ezinyathelweni zikayise, iba ngumfundi ehhovisi lezomthetho lakhe.
UWalter akazange athande umsebenzi ofanayo kumzali walowo mzali, iphepha Volokol kuphela lalethela ukulangazelela le nsizwa. Kepha emsebenzini ojwayelekile uScott usazama ukuzuza ngokwakhe: Ukunciphisa izinsuku ezijabulisayo, le nsizwa izama ngosizo lwe-inkewell kanye nepeni elivezwe emaphepheni omhlaba amnandi. Futhi, ukubhala kabusha amadokhumenti ahlukahlukene asemthethweni, uWalter uthole iholo elincane, elichithe izincwadi eziyizintandokazi.
Lapho kugcizelela umzali, uWalter ukhethe umkhuba wezomthetho. Ngo-1792, insizwa yadlula ezivivinyweni eyunivesithi yathola isihloko esihle sommeli. Ukusuka kuleli phuzu kuqhubeke, uScott ubekwe emphakathini nomuntu ohlonishwayo onomsebenzi ohlonishwayo nemfundo.
Iminyaka yokuqala yokuphila kwempilo iScott esetshenziswe yinzuzo: yahamba emadolobheni ahlukene nakumazwe, ijwayelene nempilo namasiko abanye abantu, kanye nezinganekwane zendabuko kanye nama-ballads eScotland. Kodwa-ke, uhambo olunjalo luhambile kuphela kumlobi we-novice futhi wabonakala emasovo amaningi.
Ngasikhathi sinye, uWalter waqala ukungena emzwelweni omkhulu wezinkondlo waseJalimane: insizwa enesithuthumela yahunyushelwa yonke imigqa kaMatrov. Ukuhumusha kwaphuma i-Incognito, ebizwa ngokuthi ngumlobi, okubandakanya nomsebenzi odumile we-burger obizwa nge- "Lenor" (abafundi abakhuluma isiRussia ukusayina vasily zhukovsky) ne-Getz von Berliken ".
Into yokufunda
USir Walter Scott, njengoFranz Kafka, akazange akholelwe ukuthi insimu ebhaliwe ingabhekwa njengemholo elikhulu empilweni, futhi futhi ayifuni ukuthandwa, ukucacisa ukuthandwa futhi kubhekiselwe kuwo ngaphandle inkulumo. Ukubhala kweScott kwakungeyona into edlula umsebenzi owuthandayo nokuzijabulisa, amawashi anomzwangedwa wokuba futhi enza umzwelo omusha nopende egumbini lokuphumula.
I-Novelist encamela ukuba khona ngokuzolile futhi ngokuzimisela, yanikela isikhathi esikhulu emsebenzini wakhe othandekayo - ukutshala izihlahla. I-biography yokudala kaWalter Scott ayigcinanga ngokuhumusha kuphela, futhi nasezinkontsheni. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala - i-ballad "John kusihlwa" (1800) - wafundiswa ngamanothi wezothando. Umlobi waqhubeka nokuqoqa izinganekwane zaseScotland, ezazisekelwe emibhalweni yakhe yesandla.
Ngo-1808, uWalter Scott uba ngumsunguli we-Exponses ebhala, wasungula inoveli emavesini ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Marmion". Ngokumangazayo, ngisho nalolo hlobo lwe-mast mast amaconsi e-Creative Drops kanye nokuthatha: ukwazi ukuthi uScott wahlukaniswa ngabagxeki efliff nothuli. Iqiniso ngukuthi labo ababhekise ku-matra abuhleleli: ubuhle nobuhle baxutshwa kwi-protagonist yakhe, futhi izimfanelo ezinjalo bezingafanele i-lyrical iqhawe.
UFrancis Jeffrey ukhulume kangangokuba i-fabul mamion yayiyisicaba futhi isidina. Kepha ukwamukelwa okunjalo kwababhali abapholile akuzange kuthinte idumela elithe xaxa lomlobi. Abalobi baseRussia bamukela inoveli emavesini nge-bang. Isibonelo, uZhukovskk uhumusha ngokukhululekile isigaxa sikaStrott ekwenzeni i-Creation Creat "emgodini", kanye noMikhail Lermontov, njengokungathi umxhwele uWalter, wabhala le nkondlo "Izmail-bay", izenzo zawo zenzeka eCaucasus. Futhi ngisho ne-Byron ngokwakhe yathola icebo le- "Mamion" elikhangayo futhi lasebenzisa izisusa ezithile ezikudala.
UScott waqamba imisebenzi "yamachibi amabili" (ngo-1810) no- "Rockby" (1813), ngenxa yalokho waba ngumsunguli weqiniso wohlobo olusha - inkondlo emlando. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhali, njengoShakespeare, oxutshwe ngekhono ebhodleleni elilodwa nasezinganekwaneni, futhi okuhle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, le ndaba emisebenzini ye-Master of the Phen ayizange ime indawo, kodwa yaqhubekela phambili: Isiphetho sabalingiswa bathonya izinguquko zesikhathi.
Umlobi waqonda ukuthi afundwe amanoveli e-Gothic nama-Antique, kepha awazange adlule kubantu abaphambi kwawo. UWalter ubengafuni ukusebenzisa imfihlakalo eyeqile, ngokuchithwa kwawo we-Edgar software edumile, futhi futhi akafuni ukuba ngumbhali wemisebenzi "yasendulo". Ngokubona kwakhe, ubuciko obuningi bumane bube ngumfundi ongaqondakali we-epoch yokukhanyiselwa.
Yize uWalter Scott evela ekuzalweni okuhlushwa impilo ebuthakathaka, kanye nokubona okubi, asebenze kahle kakhulu futhi ekwazile ukudala okungenani izincwadi ezimbili zonyaka. Sekukonke, i-Master of the pen empilweni yakhe yakwazi ukuqamba amanoveli angama-28, kanye nama-ballads amaningi kanye nokuhola, izindatshana ezibucayi neminye imisebenzi yokudala.
Imisebenzi ka-Writan, njengePuritan (1816), "Avengo" (1819), "Abbat" (1810), "Quentin Dorvard" (1823), "I-Talisman" (1827), "impilo kaNapoleon Bonaparte" (1827) nakuningi Abanye baye baba yi-desktop Bible for balaba balabani iminyaka elandelayo. Isibonelo, uCharlotte Bronte, u-Arthur Conan Doyle, Byron, uJane Austin nezinye izibalo zemibhalo ezivelele zazincike kule mibhalo yesandla.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu kaScott yayinengqondo. Eminyakeni engama-20, uWalter esifubeni uqale wakhula umcibisholo we-Cupid eyi-cunning: insizwa ethile yathola umqondo wothando kuWilliamne Belšes, indodakazi yommeli, owayemncane kunomvuzo iminyaka emihlanu. Umlobi iminyaka emihlanu wazuza uzwela oluhlanzekile kule ntokazi enomoya, eyathatha umgede, kodwa akazange aphuthume ukupholisa uthuli lwalo ngempendulo engathandeki.
Ngenxa yalokho, uVillamina wakhetha ukuya eWalter kwenye insizwa - uWilliam Forbes, indodana yombhali odumile. Uthando olungafanelelwanga luye lwavuthela umlobi wamanoveli, kepha ngasikhathi sinye kwavuka imisebenzi emisha, okungokwakhe ama-protagonors anezinhliziyo ezaphukile.
Ngo-1796, umlobi washada noCharlotte Carpenter, owanikeza othandekayo wezingane ezine - amantombazane nabafana ababili. Empilweni, uWalter Scott akathandanga ezamehlela ezinomsindo kanye nokufika ngokweqile, umsunguli wenoveli evesini wawusetshenziselwa ukuchitha isikhathi ulinganiswe, ezungezwe umndeni nabathandekayo. Futhi uWalter wayengeyena uWelter wayengeyena uFonzhuru: indoda yadelela izibopho zasohlangothini futhi yaze kwaba ngumlingani.
Inkosikazi edumile yeezimpaphe ithandela izilwane ezifuywayo, futhi yajabulela indlu. UScott uyazibonakalisa, ngaphandle kosizo, u-Heded Estate Ebbotsford ngokufika imibala nezihlahla eziningi.
Ukushona
Eminyakeni yamuva nje yokuphila, impilo yomlobi yanda kakhulu, uWalter Scott wasinda lapho kuvela iziteleka ezintathu ze-apoplextic. Futhi ekwindla ka-1832, inkosi eneminyaka engu-61 ubudala yabulawa yinhliziyo.
Ngokukhumbula umlobi, kwasungulwa izikhumbuzo, kanye namafilimu abhalwe phansi kanye nobuciko.
I-Bibliography
- 1808 - "Marmion"
- Ngo-1810 - "I-Deva Lake"
- Ngo-1811 - "Umbono kaDon Roderika"
- Ngo-1813 - Rokby
- Ngo-1815 - "Inkambu yeWaterloo"
- Ngo-1815 - "Iziqhingi ezi-Reluer"
- Ngo-1814 - "Waverley, noma iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha edlule"
- 1816 - "Puritan"
- Ngo-1820 - "Abbat"
- Ngo-1823 - "Quentin DORVARD"
- Ngo-1825 - "Talisman"
- Ngo-1827 - "Ababili Abahamba Phambili"
- Ngo-1828 - "Igumbi elinama-tapestries"
- Ngo-1829 - "UKarl Bold, noma u-Anna Genderskaya, UVirgo MnuAka"
- Ngo-1831 - "Count Robert Paris"