I-Biograge
U-Ivan Franco ungumbhali ovelele wase-Ukraine, imbongi, ophikweni nososayensi. Ifa le-classic likhulu, futhi umthelela omasikweni unzima kakhulu ukuwela ngokweqile. Ngo-1915, umbhali wabekwa phambili emzuzweni kaNobel, kodwa kuze kube yilapho ecubungula, u-Ivan Franco's ukhetho ka-Franco akazange afinyelele ekufeni komsolwa.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-classic yesikhathi esizayo yezincwadi zase-Ukraine yazalwa emndenini ocebile. Ikhanda lakhe lingumGalician Pournater Yakov Franco - wathola imali yebhizinisi langaphambili, noMama - uMaria Kulchitskaya - uvela ku- "Noble". Umyeni omncane oneminyaka engama-33 ubudala, owesifazane ophuma eRusin-Shroves empofu ekhulisa izingane. Iminyaka yokuqala yokuphila yakudala ebizwa ngokuthi yiBlond.
Lapho u-Ivan Franlo eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, kusho ubaba. Umama washada ngokwesibili, ubaba wokuzitholela wabuyisela izingane zikababa. Ngo-Ivan, wamisa ubungane futhi wagcina impilo yakhe yonke. Ngo-16 u-Ivan waba yintandane: akazange enze omama.
E-Drohobych School, esigodini sezindela zamaKatolika, u-Ivan wayengumfundi omuhle kakhulu: Othisha bamdlulisela kusasa lobuchwepheshe. Lo mfowethu waba nenkumbulo eyisimanga - izinkulumo ezicashunwe ngokoqobo, futhi uKobzar wayazi ngenhliziyo.
UFranco wayazi isiPolish naseJalimane, kwahunyushwa kwenkondlo kweBhayibheli, ubuphofu bafunda ama-European Classics, usebenza emlandweni nasezindabeni zemvelo. Ukwenza imali ngokufundisa, i-Gymnasist I-Ivan Franco yakwazi ukuqoqa umtapo wezincwadi kusuka ezincwadini ze-semi-tech. Ukwazi izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, wakwazisa ngendabuko yase-Ukraine, eqoqwe futhi waqopha izingoma zabantu abadala, izinganekwane.
U-Ivan Franco waphila esihlotsheni esikude, owayenebhizinisi lokubaza eDrohobych. Kwenzeka ukuthi le nsizwa ibilele emabhokisini asanda kubumba (lendaba "e-Jointry"). Ehlobo, i-classic yesikhathi esizayo yezincwadi zase-Ukraine zinamathisela izinkomo eNaguevichi futhi zasiza ubaba osensimini. Ngo-1875, u-Ivan Franco wathola isitifiketi ngokuhlonishwa futhi wangena eLviv University ngokukhetha ubuhlakani befilosofi.
Into yokufunda
Ama-Esseys okuqala u-Ivan Franco aphrintiwe e-University Journal "umngani", ngiyabonga kuye, waphenduka isitho sabavucululo. Ama-donoms of noncriediers kanye ne-areacationaties enza ukuba ukuboshwa kokuqala kuka-Ivan Franco kanye namalungu eBhodi Lomhleli "umngani".
UFranco wagwetshwa amasonto ayisithupha, kodwa wadedelwa ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-9 (izinyanga eziyi-8 walinda enkantolo). Le nsizwa yabekwa egumbini lokuthunga izigebengu, abampofu, abampofu bangena emangele ethuneni. Ukuxhumana nabo kwakuwumthombo wokubhala kwemisebenzi eqanjiwe, okuthi, ngemuva kokukhululwa, u-Ivan Franco wanyatheliswa ezinhlakeni ezihlelekile. Izindaba ze- "Cuslic Cycle" zidluliselwa ezilimini zakwamanye amazwe futhi zibizwa ngokuhle kakhulu emafandleni omlobi.
Ngemuva kokushiya izincwadi zasejele, u-Ivan Franco wabhekana nokusabela komphakathi olondolozayo: "isigebengu" saphenduka saphenduka sabantu nama-rushepholes. Ukusuka eyunivesithi, abantu abasha baxoshwa. Inguquko encane enokubukwa kosonhlalonhle yazithola ise-Avant-Garde yabalwa nenkosi yase-Austrian. Ngomngane uM. Pavlik washicilela lo magazini "Umngani kaPhikithi", lapho ashicilela khona izinkondlo, ama-Essays kanye nezahluko zokuqala zendaba "I-BOA Constrowny".
Ngokushesha amaphoyisa athatha le ncwadi, kepha u-Ivan Franco waqala kabusha ukuphuma ngaphansi kwegama elihlukile, elikhuluma ngokwengeziwe - "Bell". Lo magazini waphrinta inkondlo yohlelo lukaFranco - "Masonry" ("Kamenyarі"). Futhi ukuphinda kuthathwe futhi kuguqulwe igama. Endabeni yesine nezokugcina yalo magazini, ebizwa nge- "Hammer", u-Ivan Yakovlevich iphrinte ukuphela kwendaba nezinkondlo.
U-Ivan Franco wakhipha umagazini umagazini kanye nezincwajana ezingaphansi komhlaba ngokuhunyushwa kwemisebenzi kaCharles Marx kanye noFriedrich Engels, okubhalwe kulo. Ngo-1878, ushintsho lwaseGalicia lwaluholwa ngalo magazini "Praca" ("kwabasebenzi"), siguqula isitho sesifundazwe ekushicilelweni kwabasebenzi bakaLviv. Ngale minyaka, u-Ivan Franco wahumushela inkondlo Heinrich Heine "Germany", "Fausta" Babian Goethe, "Kailand" Babiason, wabhala amaRoma "Borislav ahleka".
Entwasahlobo yango-1880, endleleni eya eKolomyu Ivan Franlo, kwaboshwa ngokwesibili: Usopolitiki wawa ngasohlangothini lwabantu abaseKolomoni, inkokhiso engokomthetho yaholwa nguhulumeni wase-Austria. Ngemuva kokuhlala ezinyangeni ezintathu ejele lase-Ivan Yakovlevich, ngathunyelwa eNaguyevichi, kodwa ngasemgwaqweni oya edolobhaneni ngokuziphatha ngesibindi, wawela emhlanganweni wejele eDrohobych. Ibonwa yaba yisizathu sokubhala le ndaba "ezansi".
Ngo-1881, u-Ivan Franco ushicilela iphephabhuku lomhlaba, eliphrinta le ndaba "uBorislav." Abafundi ababonanga amakhanda okugcina omsebenzi: lo magazini wavalwa. Izinkondlo u-Ivan Franco zathatha umagazini "ukukhanya". Kulaba, iqoqo "kusuka eziqongweni kanye notshani obuphansi kwakhiwa ngokushesha. Ngemuva kokuvalwa kwe- "Light", umbhali uphoqeleka ukuthi azuze, anyatheliswe ezincwadini zabantu. Ngale minyaka, indaba edumile "I-Zakhar Berkut" yaphuma kumagazini i- "Zarya", kodwa ngokushesha ukusebenzisana komlobi kuphelile "uZarya".
Maphakathi neminyaka yama-1880s, lapho ufuna imali etholwa, u-Ivan Franco weza kabili kuKiev, wabikezela imali evela enhlokodolobha inkululeko yokuhlelwa komagazini wayo. Kepha imali ethenjisiwe ibingekhona e-Ivan Yakovlevich, kepha kumhleli weZari. Ehlobo lika-1889, abafundi baseRussia bafika eGalia. Ngokubambisana nabo, u-Ivan Franco wagibela ezweni lonke, kodwa ngokushesha leli qembu liboshwe, uFranco wasolwa ngokuzama "ukuklebhula" uGalicia e-Austria nasezihlotsheni zokujoyina iRussia. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, lonke iqembu lakhishwa ngaphandle kwecala.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1890, uFranco wabhala i-dissertation yodokotela, ethatha izinkondlo zezepolitiki zikaTaras Shevchenko njengesisekelo. Kepha i-University of Lviv ayizange yamukele ukuphikiswa. U-Ivan Yakovlevich wathumela i-dissertation e-Chernivetsky University, kepha wamphika lapho. Ekwindla ka-1892, umlobi waya eVienna, lapho abhala khona i-dissertation ngenoveli engokomoya yobuKristu yasendulo. Ngonyaka e-Austria, u-Ivan Franco wanikezwa uDire of Filosophy wefilosofi.
Ngo-1894, ngemuva kokushona koMnyango Wezincwadi zase-Ukraine, uProfesa Ogonovsky, obhekwe nguMnyango Wezincwadi zase-Ukraine, eLviv University, uzama ukuthatha indawo engenamuntu. Inkulumo yakhe yokuqulwa kwecala ibangela ukuba nentshisekelo enkulu phakathi kwabafundi, kepha emnyangweni u-Ivan Yakovlevich akazange athathe. Ngokwesikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-25 yobuciko baka-Ivan Fralto, ababhali kanye nabesilisa abadala base-Ukraine bagubha kabanzi, iqoqo lezinkondlo "Izmaragd yami" yaphuma.
Ukuvukelwa kuka-1905 eRussia kwabangela ukuqina kombhali, waphendula kulo mcimbi ngenkondlo "Mose Mose" kanye nokuqoqwa kwezinkondlo "Semper Tiro", okwakuhlanganisa nenkondlo "abanqobile".
Ekuqaleni kobudlelwano be-1900 ka-Ivan Franco nezezizwe zase-Ukraine, ekhanda lapho uMikhail Grushevsky emi, elola khona. Ngo-1907, umzamo wokuhola umnyango eLviv University waphinde wehluleka: Isitatimende sikaFranco asizange sibhekwe. Ukuxhaswa kwaqhamuka eKharkov: Inyuvesi inikeze u-Ivan Yakovlevich izinga likaDkt Russian izincwadi. Umlobi nososayensi eRussia kanye nePridneProvskaya Ukraine bayahlonishwa.
U-Ivan Franco, njengabandulelayo bakhe kanye nezindawo eziphila ngesikhathi, kubhekiswe kaninginingi yemfundiso yenkolo, eBhayibhebhabhayiweyo. Ukuhunyushwa komlobi wobuntu bobuKristu kwangempela. Isampula ekhanyayo yivesi "inganekwane yokuphila okuphakade."
Ngo-1913, umlobi nososayensi baphawula iminyaka engama-40 yobuciko, kepha uhlelo lwamaqoqo weJubili samiswa ngenxa yempi engenhla yama-Imperialist. Inqwaba yezindatshana ze-prossaic nezenkondlo uMatra enyathelisiwe ngemuva kokushona kwakhe.
Sekukonke, u-Ivan Franco wabhala iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezinhlanu. Ngokuvamile, ngesikhathi sabantu abakhulu baseRenaissance, esibizwa ngokuthi "umzimba omkhulu we-astral ukufudumeza wonke ama-Ukraine." Kepha ukukhuluma ngempilo yama-classics ase-Ukraine, kuvame ukukhumbula isicaphuna sakhe: "Baphila njengonkulunkulu, ababulawa, futhi kubi kakhulu kuPsa abantu abampofu bahlala."
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngomkakhe wase-Olga, umbhali waseChina wahlangana eKiev maphakathi neminyaka yama-1880s. U-Ivan Franco kwakungeyona indoda ebukekayo: enezinwele ezibomvu, ngamehlo avuzayo, aphansi. Wakhanga abesifazane abanenkinga emangalisayo, ukubukwa okuqhubekayo kanye nolwazi lwe-encyclopedic. UBeauty Olga wayethanda iGalichanin. Izisombululo zezihlobo nabangane ukuthi insizwa ingeyebunye umbuthano, ayizange iholele kunoma yini. U-Ivan Franco waphuze umshado: Ukubeka ukwaphuka komshado, wafundwa encwadini engatheni emtapweni wezincwadi.
Ukuhambisa amaKeevids enhloko-dolobha yaseGalicia akuzange kulethe injabulo: uLvivyanki odumile wabiza u-Olga "Moskalka", intokazi, ephikisana nemizamo, ayikwazi ukuba ngeyakhe. Umndeni lapho izingane ezine zabonakala zilandelana, zidinga kakhulu imali. U-Ivan Fralro akazange athathe umsebenzi, walandelwa ngamaphoyisa namandla, ubuhlakani baletha imali ethobekile.
Amadodana ka-Andrei, amaTaras, uPeter nendodakazi u-Anne baba afundela izinganekwane zabafowethu Grimm, u-Ivan Yakovlevich wabakhalela ngeJalimane. Edolobhaneni laseNatidabu laseFranco, waxosha izingane ehlathini nasemfuleni. U-Olga, ebeka izingane ukuba zilale, zihunyushelwe esiJalimane naseFrance, zibhale izihloko zama-Almanachs, zaxoxa ngemibhalo yakhe nomyeni wakhe. Kepha izinkinga zokuphila nobuphofu ziye zanciphisa i-psyche engazinzile - u-Olga wakhombisa okuvela ku-herrow.
Ngo-1898, u-Ivan Franco wathola umklomelo kazwelonke. Kule mali, u-Olga wengeze okusele kusuka ku-dowry futhi kwathatha ukwakhiwa kwendlu eLviv. Kepha angikwazanga ukuhlala ekhaya elisha ngentokozo. Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kuka-Olga kukhula, ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa nokuqhekeka kwaqala e-Ivan Yakovlevich. Ukwehla kokugcina kwakuwukufa kwendodana yaphezulu ka-Andrei ngoMeyi 1913, u-Olga wawela esibhedlela sezengqondo.
Ukushona
Izinyanga zokugcina zokuphila kuka-Ivan Franco zazihlala endaweni yokukhosela kaSich Schiechov: Abalobi bathoswa amavolontiya. Kuze kube semkhumbulweni angama-60, uFranco akazange asinde ezinyangeni ezi-3. Wafa ngesizungu esigcwele. USon Taras ekudingisweni, uPetru walwa, indodakazi ka-Ana yasebenza esibhedlela iKiev.
Umlobi ushone ekhaya: UFranco waphunyuka endaweni yokukhosela ngoMeyi 1916. Ngawo lowo nyaka, waqokwa umklomelo kaNobel, kepha uphilile. Kwakungekho ososayensi nomlobi ngoMeyi 28. Wamngcwaba emathuneni aseLviv lychakovsky.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1877 - "Isoni Elibunjiwe"
- Ngo-1880 - "ezansi"
- 1882 - "I-Zakhar Berkut"
- Ngo-1882 - "I-Borislav ihleka"
- Ngo-1884 - "I-BOA COMRTY"
- Ngo-1887 - "Lel noFillas"
- Ngo-1887 - "Yatsi Zelepuga"
- Ngo-1890 - "MIS MIKITA"
- Ngo-1891 - "Ukufika kweDon Quixote"
- Ngo-1892 - "Injabulo eyebiwe"
- Ngo-1894 - "Izinsika zenkampani"
- Ngo-1895 - "Abu Casimov izicathulo"
- Ngo-1897 - "Ukuzwa Kwekhaya"
- Ngo-1899 - "I-Oilman"
- 1900 - "Imizila Yesiphambano"