I-Biograge
INkosana yaseMoscow Ivan i Danilovich Kalita yaduma emlandweni njengombusi obaluleke kakhulu, yandisa insimu ye-Princire. Wasungula ubudlelwano no-Ordi Khan. Ngo-2001, u-Ivan Kalitu wakhiwa ebusweni bezindawo zabangcwele baseMoscow.
Ubuntwana u-Ivan Kalita, owazalelwa eMoscow, akamangaliso ngezazi-mlando. Kwakuyi-yunet ejwayelekile, yakhula emndenini kaPrince Danille Alexandrovich noMlingani kaMbusi. Ngiseyingane, umfana uhlala ezwa izindaba ezikhuluma ngamaTatar, okwabe esehlasela eRussia. Abadala abaningi baye babhekana nokwesaba. Umuzwa ongathandeki wanikelwa eLittle Ivan, lapho esemncane esencane umfana wabona ukuthathwa kweMoscow.
Kusukela e-BASSARS BAYRAS, uyise watshela umbusi wesikhathi esizayo ngokwenzekayo embusweni. Eminyakeni engu-3, ingane yafakwa ehhashini yaqala ukuqeqesha ukugibela amahhashi. Masinyane ngemuva kwalo mkhosi, umfana wadluliselwa kwaMadoda abanakekeli. Othisha banaka kakhulu izisekelo zeBhodi, njengoba uPrince Daniel Mosco wayefuna ukubona ekhanda lika-Ivan, hhayi indodana kaYuri endalo.
U-Ivan Kalita wahamba ngokuqapha futhi ukwahlulela uJunic ngokungafani nomfowabo, owayehlukaniswe yintukuthelo engalindelekile. Ngo-1303 uDaniel uyafa. UYuri oneminyaka engu-21 uzocelwa esihlalweni sobukhosi, futhi u-Ivan oneminyaka engu-15 waba ngumsizi kwinkosana. Ngenkathi umfowethu odala esevele, u-Ivan kwadingeka avikele i-Pereslavl. Isimo esinzima, ukulungiselela okuhle kakhulu kusize ekusindeni, naphezu kwenani elincane lebutho.
Ukuxoxisana ngezombusazwe neKhana kuholele emiphumeleni emibi. Ngesikhathi sohambo oluya eHolde yegolide, umbusi omusha uyabulawa. Isihlalo sobukhosi sadlula, njengoba sasihlelwa nguDaniel Moscow, indodana encane - u-Ivan Kalita.
Indikimba Ebusayo
U-Ivan Kalita ungumbusi ongajwayelekile. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala, inkosana ayizange ihlule izindawo ezintsha, kepha yaqala ukukhuthaza i-Orthodoxy. Esikhundleni sombusi waseVladimir, indawo yokuhlala i-metropolitan yahlehliswa eVladimir. Ngakho-ke, idolobha laphenduka inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia. Igunya leMoscow lenyuke.
Izinkinga ezinokwahlukaniswa komhlaba zaqala ngo-1327, lapho abantu bevukela eTver, futhi kamuva babulala inxusa le-Orda. U-Ivan Kalita waya eKhan, owakhipha ilebula kumbuso ku-Dictionary Majer. Ngokubambisana namaSuzdalia, isikhulu esigawulwe i-tver, kuyilapho u-Alexander Mikhailovich Tver ebalekele ekujezisweni okungenzeka e-Novgorod (kamuva etholakala ePSKOV).
Ngemuva konyaka, uKhan Uzbek wanquma ukuhlukanisa ubukhosi phakathi kwe-Ivan no-Alexander Vasilyevich Suzdal. I-Novgorod ne-kostroma yathuthela eKalita, kanti inkosana yesibili yi-nizhny novgorod nama-goridets. Ngo-1331, u-Alexander vasilyevich uyafa, isihlalo sobukhosi sihlala kuKonstantin. Ngalesi sikhathi, izindawo ezingaphansi kwenkosazana uSuzdal zibuyele eGreat Duchy.
Esikhathini esivela ku-1328 kuya ku-1330, u-Ivan Kalita uphetha imishado emibili ethandekayo - amadodakazi ashada noVasily Yaroslavsky naseKonstantin Rostovsky. Izinyunyana zizuzisa umbusi, ngoba ukufelwa sekudlulile ekuchitheni isikhulu. Ukungezwani phakathi kweMoscow ne-Novgorod bafinyelela inani eliphakeme ngo-1331.
Ingxabano yaqala ngokwenqatshwa kwedolobha laseMetropolitan Feoganost ukubeka umbhishobhi omkhulu kaNovgorod Arsenia. Okuthunyelwe kwanika ama-vasily kalics. Ngalesi sikhathi, uKalita ukhombisa izidingo zokukhokhwa kwe-dani ekhuphukile. Ukwenqaba kuholela entukuthelweni yombusi - isikhulu sibekwa phambili nebutho ezweni leNovgorod. Akuzange kufikile emihlanganweni, njengoba u-Ivan ehlelele ukuxazulula inkinga yomhlaba.
Ukuziphatha kukaKalita, okungukuthi, umshado wendodana kaSymeon nomuntu onamandla, indodakazi kaGedimi, wayekhathazekile ngokwesaba uNogorodi. Ababusi banqume ukwenza okuthile: Isimemo salandelwa yisimemo sikaNarimunta, owanikezwa inqaba yamantongomane, uLadoga, iKorologis, uhhafu weCorgana. Ebuyaneni, u-Alexander Narimuntovich weza ukuzohlela, ngenkathi uyise ehlala eLithuania. Ukuxhaswa kusuka ku-Union Novgorod akuzange kulindile. IMarmaist ayizange ifike ukuyolwa namaSweden futhi ihoxise iNdodana evela emazweni.
Ngo-1336 kuphela kuphela, ngemuva kokuthi iMetropolitan Feoganut yangenelela, umhlaba ufika phakathi kweNovgorod naseKalita. IPrince Ivan ithola inkokhiso oyifunayo nesihloko sombusi weNovgorod. UGedimine wazama ukuziphindiselela ezweni laseNovgorod ukuze izwe lincike eMoscow, kepha impi ayikaze iqale.
Ngo-1337, u-Alexander Tver, kanye nendodana yakhe yabulawa. UKhan wamukele isinqumo esinjalo ngemuva kwezansi kuka-Ivan Kalita. Ngokushesha isikhulu sibuyela eMoscow. Ngokuhleleka kombusi, insimbi iyasuswa esontweni laseSt. UMsindisi futhi ahanjiswa enhlokodolobha. UKalita angaphansi komfowethu u-Alexander Mikhailovich.
Kwi-biography yaseKalita Kunemikhankaso eminingi yokunqoba ngokumelene nezikhulu zokuxoshwa. Ngo-1339, ibutho leMoscow lathunyelwa kwaSmolensk ngenxa yokungafuni ukukhokha intela kuHorde. Ukungqubuzana phakathi kweNovgorod neMoscow kuphinde kwazalwa kabusha. Akunakwenzeka ukuxazulula impikiswano ka-Ivan kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo.
Inqubomgomo u-Ivan Kalita ibizwa nge-adiguous. Isikhulu esisesigabeni saseMoscow State sakha amathempeli amaningana: Isonto Lesivikelo Sangasindisa uMbozeli, i-Assigekel Cathedral Cathedral, iSonto likaJohane The Dirotewnish. Ngesikhathi sokubusa (kusuka ku-1328 kuya ku-1340), i-New Moscow Kremlin evela e-Oak idonsa i-kalita. Umbusi ubhekene nokukholwa. Ngaphambi nje kokuba afe u-Ivan abhale iVangeli likaSiya. Manje umBhalo utholakala emtapweni wezincwadi we-Russian Academy of Science.
Ngokuphila kukaKalitis kwaveza umbusi njengenkosana eguquguqukayo futhi eqhubekayo. UHan Horde ohlonishwayo futhi uthembekile uMuscovite. Kwasize ekusindiseni iMoscow kusuka ekuhlaselweni kwama-orda. Inhlala-kahle yezihloko yakhula, inganekwane yanyamalala. U-Ivan Danilovich wasusa inkosazana ekuphangeni nasezimpini iminyaka engama-40. UKalita unesihluku esine-vouthly unabaphikisi, isivuno sabantu besiyala samiswa ngenxa kaDani.
I-Ivan ngafinyelela umphumela ongakaze ube khona emhlabeni othile, kufaka phakathi iNovgorod, TVER nePSKOV. Eminyakeni yokuBusa, isikhulu siqoqe ingcebo, esazuza izingane kanye nabazukulu, kubandakanya noDmitry DonSkoy. Ukuqashelwa kwendlalifa, kwakudingeka ukuthi uKalita athole umhlaba kwezinye izikhulu.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
U-Ivan Kalita wahlanganiswa nezibopho zomshado kabili. Ngo-1319, u-Elena waba ngumbusi. Imininingwane yomlando ngemvelaphi yentombazane ayigcinwanga. Babenamadodana amane - uSimeyoni, uDaniel, u-Ivan no-Andrei. Isifo esingaziwa simunca impilo yomuntu ozoshada naye.
Ngo-1332, u-Elena wafa, kwathi ngemuva konyaka u-Ivan washada. Ukukhetha kwakungu-Ulyana. Kwavela amadodakazi amane emshadweni - uMaria, eudokia, eRevodosia, uFootin. Kalita ngenzuzo yomuntu siqu ekhishwe amantombazane ashadile. Isikhulu saphakamisa ukuphela kwesimo - umbusi uzophatha ohulumeni uqobo.
Ukushona
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokushona kuka-Ivan Kalita kwathatha okuthunyelwe. Ukuvimbela ukusatshalaliswa phakathi kwamadodana, uMbusi wasabalalisa impahla ngesikhathi sokuphila. USimeyoni uyaziqhenya waba ngumnikazi wefa lesithathu. Ubaba wamshiya njengomvikeli wezingane omncane. Kalita emfanini obulawa uMbuso. Isigaba esinjalo senza ukuba sikwazi ukugwema ukuchoboza umfutho we-moscow. Ukufa kwenkosana kwafika ngoMashi 1340. Umngcwabo wawubanjelwe e-Arkhangelsk Cathedral, wakhelwe ngemiyalo ka-Ivan I.
Indaba ayilwazi omunye umbusi onjalo, njengoba nje ilangazelela iMoscow. Idolobha laguqulwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Ivan Kalita. Ukubulawa okunesihluku kwabaphikisi akwenzanga isikhulu eminyakeni edlule kaHulumeni, ngokungafani nomfowabo. Kusuka ku-Ivan ngahamba isiko ukunika isidlaliso umphathi. UKalita usho isikhwama semali noma isikhwama sesikhumba sokugcina izinhlamvu zemali.
Indawo yesendulo
Kukhona inganekwane, ngakho-ke isikhulu sizwa umuntu ophanayo.
"Ehlobo le-6837 (I.E. Ngo-1329 - i-approx.) Inkosana Great Ivan Danilovich yahamba emhlabeni eVeliky Novgorod futhi yema eTorzhok. Futhi beza kuye ngokusindisa okungcwele benza nesitsha, amadoda ayi-12 emkhosini. Bababaza amadoda ayi-12, benza sengathi banesanta: "UNkulunkulu unikeza ehlobo eliningi ehlobo elikhulu kwinkosana yase-Ivan u-Ivan Danilovich yonke iRussia. UVasta, ukondla ezabo. " Futhi isikhulu sabakhulu babuze i-boyar nabantu abadala be-novotorger: "Beze kwaba yini kimi?"
Basebemtshela abafana baseNovotorzhetsitsi: "Lona nguMnu, owenza lo msindisi ongcwele, futhi lelo ndebe labanikela ucingo lwafika eJerusalema." Isikhulu sawoMkhulu sasibuka endishini yabo, sasibeka esihlokweni sakhe, sathi: "Yini, bafowethu, athathe umnikelo wami kulesi sitsha?" U-Pretnanna waphendula: "Sizisola ngani, bese uthatha." Isikhulu sakuleli khulu sabanikeza i-hryvnia umnikelo omusha: "Futhi uya kimi masonto onke ungithathe izitsha ezimbili zikabhiya, owesithathu - uju. Futhi hamba nababusi bemi futhi ujabulele imishado, bese uzithatha izitsha ezintathu zikabhiya. "
Ukukhumbula
Ngalezo zinsuku, ababusi babevezwa ezithombeni, ngakho-ke ungacabanga ukuthi u-Ivan Kalita wabheka esithombeni. I-accent ekubonakaleni kwabantu besikhathi benkomba ayengenzi, kodwa wachaza isimilo nokuziphatha. Isibonelo, uKalita uyindoda ebalwa, ehluke ingqondo. Umbusi wabikwa ngokuthi unesihe. UKalita wayevame ukufinyelela abampofu ngesikhathi sokuhamba eRussia. Izicelo zabantu bazamile ukwenza. Indoda efanayo i-Ivan ngafaka amahlandla amaningi.
Emhlabeni wanamuhla ngoMbusi weMoscow ungakhohlwa. Isibonelo, ochwepheshe baye bathuthukisa imoto ehlukile esimisweni seMoskvich. Imoto ibizwa nge- "Moskvich" Ivan Kalita ". Ngo-2006, esifundeni saseMoscow okokuqala, umyalo ka-Ivan Kalita wethulwe, indondo yomyalo ka-Ivan Kalita.