I-Biograge
Isikhathi sokubusa 'kweNdlovukazi - Intombikazi' noma indlovukazi enhle ye-BESS, njenge-Muscovy, abantu abaphila ngesikhathi, babizwa ngokuthi "inkathi yegolide eNgilandi". Okokugcina kwamakhosi eTudor Dynasty akwazile ukukhulisa iBrithani esigabeni esisha sentuthuko futhi aqinise isikhundla sezwe esiteji somhlaba. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwendodakazi encane uHenry VIII, uWilliam Shakespeare, uChristopher Marlo noFrancis Bacon. Babizwa ngokuthi "ama-Elizabetians" ngenxa yokuqanjwa kweNdlovukazi yobuciko namasiko.Ubuntwana nentsha
UPrincess wazalwa ngoSepthemba 1533 empumalanga yeLondon, endlini yobukhosi eGreenwich. Kunina, u-Anna Boleyn, uHeinrich VIII washada nothando futhi wayenethemba lokuthi lowo oshade naye wayezomnika ifali. Yize kunjalo, umfazi owedlule, u-Catherine Aragon, akazange abelethe umfana, okwenza isikhundla sombuso uShaky.
U-Ana wazala unkosikazi othweswe umqhele uMariya, kwathi emva kweminyaka engu-17, u-Elizabethe wabonakala. Inkosi ayizange ithole injabulo kusukela ngokuvela kwentombazane yesibili, kepha ubhapathizo lwakhe lwaluhambisana nemigubho elukhuni. Igama lenkosazana lanikezwa ukuhlonipha umama wenkosi u-Elizabeth York. Ingane yaxazululwa esigodlweni saseHatfield House, indawo yokuhlala eduzane naseLondon, lapho kwavakashelwa khona ithuba lakhe ngabazali bakhe.
U-Elizabethe akazange afezeke futhi eneminyaka emithathu ubudala, njengoba umama engazange abe ngu-Anna, futhi akazange enze injabulo yomkakhe nendlalifa, wabulawa, emahlahleni amaningi emyeni wakhe nasembusweni kahulumeni. Izazi-mlando zihlangana ngombono wokuthi ukuqeda uBolein Heinrich wanquma ukushada futhi abelethe iNdodana ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi ubufakazi boshintsho lungaqashwa. Ukubulawa kukamama kwaletha u-Opal e-Elizabeth eneminyaka emithathu: UPrincess wabizwa ngokuthi inkosazana. Isiphetho esifanayo sathola udadewa wakhe osekhulile uMaria.
Usuku ngemuva kokwenza iBolein, inkosi yaseMonarch yahamba ngasese ne-Jane Seymour oyithandayo. Ngemuva konyaka, iNdlovukazi yabeletha umyeni wakhe wendodana eyayilindele isikhathi eside u-Edward. Njengoba ngingowesifazane omuhle, uJane wazama ukubuyisana inkosi namadodakazi, kepha uHenry wayengenakunyakaziswa: Indodakazi ka "Ukubheja" yahlala endlini yaseHatfield, yize ingumkhonzo omncane wendlu.
Ezinsukwini eziyi-12 ngemuva kokuzalwa kweSeaymour kwafa. UHeinrich waya ngaphansi komqhele amahlandla amathathu. Ngomunye wabafazi bakhe, wahlukanisa, owesibili, uCatherine Howard, njengo-Ana Boleyn, wabulawa. Ukubulawa koMnathi wethukile u-Elizabeth oneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, kushiya umkhondo osesiphelweni senkosi yesikhathi esizayo: Wayengashadi, yingakho isidlaliso sakhe "indlovukazi". Izimo zengqondo ezifudumele ezivela kwinkosazana ekhuphukile nomfazi wesithupha kababa - uCatherine Parr.
Indlovukazi yesikhathi esizayo yaseNgilandi ne-Ireland esetshenziselwe isiFulentshi, isiGreki, isiNtaliyane, kanye nezindlela zokwelapha izazi-mlando - amaRoma afunda umama wamaRoma futhi abhalwa kabusha nonishwa kaCarade Parr. Yize le ntombazane ibibhekwa njengengemthetho, kepha ukwakheka kwanikezwa okuhle: amakilasi anothisha beCambridge, abalandeli beNguquko, bebengelona ize.
Ngenxa ye-Parr nokuvela kwendlalifa emndenini wasebukhosini, umhlaba wabuyiselwa. Ubaba wakhuphuka ngamadodakazi athi "okungekho emthethweni", yize isimo sokonakaliswa singakhanselanga. Ekuqaleni kuka-1547, uHeinrich ushonile. Entandweni, inkosi yabiza isihlalo sobukhosi sika-Edward. Endabeni yokufa kwakhe nangokungabikho kwezindlalifa, isihlalo sobukhosi savunyelwa ukuthatha uMariya no-Elizabethe. Lapho-ke ithemba lokuma ekhanda lombuso wamadodakazi kaHeinrich lalibonakala ligcwele kakhulu, kepha iTestamente lakhuluma ngokuqashelwa kwamadodakazi futhi livunyelwe ukushada nezikhulu zenkosi yaseYurophu.
Ngemuva kokushona kukayise nomshado wakhe, wathumela u-Elizabetha osemusha endaweni yokuhlala, efeni laseHartfordshire. Intombazane yaqhubeka nokufunda ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukathisha ngolwazi lwe-encyclopedic kaRoger Esamom.
Ekwindla ka-1548, umama wendlubhuku washonelwa esibhedlela somama, futhi umlingani wakhe uThomas Seymour wenzele umzamo ongaphumeleli we-State Coup. Ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo, wabulawa, futhi isihlalo sobukhosi sathatha indlalifa engokomthetho e-Eduard VI. UMfowethu wamema ukuba azohlala nodadewabo omncane wenkantolo, abekade naye efudumele. Ukufa kuka-Eduard ehlobo lika-1553 kwaqala ukushaya ku-Elizabeth.
Umzamo weNkosi uMvikeli kaJohn Dudley wabeka umqhele kuMkhulu uHeinrich, uJane oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, waphela nge-bunt. Ukuvukelwa kwadlula kungxabano yamasosha phakathi kwabasekeli bempunga noPrincess Mary, indodakazi endala uHenry. Isihlalo sobukhosi sathatha uMaria. Ku-Elizabeth, zombili izinhlangothi zengxabano zazingezinkinga: Uma kwenzeka unqoba, abasekeli bakaJane, waphucwa ilungelo lesihlalo sobukhosi, kodwa wasaqhubeka nokunamathela okholweni lwamaProthestani. Ukunqoba kukaKadlotuchka Mary kukhona ubukhona buka-Elizabeth, kepha washiya ilungelo lokuthola ifa lomqhele.
UMaria oneminyaka engu-37 ubudala ngathweswa umqhele ngo-1553, ekwindla sekwephuzile. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zeBhodi yeNdlovukazi yathatha ukubuyisa izwe ukukhokha amaKatolika. Iningi lamaBritish lavuma ukuthi ukholo lwamaKatolika, kepha amaProthestani ayenobuhlungu obuthonya. Ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo, amaProthestani uThomas Whitet aphakamise ukuvuselelwa, ehlose ukuvimba umshado kaMariya neNkosi yaseSpain kaPhilipp. Kunenguqulo lelo mvubelo ayenzelwe ukubeka esihlalweni sobukhosi u-Elizabeth.
Ukuvukelwa kwanikezwa, kwathi kwabulawa i-Whitet. Ngaphambi kokuba afe, wafunga ukuthi u-Elizabeth ubengazi ngesimungulu futhi akazange abambe iqhaza ekuhlelweni kokulungiswa. INdlovukazi yangena kudadewabo omncane eMbhoshongo, kepha yashiya impilo yakhe. Ehlobo lika-1554, uMariya washada nommeleli wohlobo lwamaHabsbukhosi wakhipha u-Elizabethe entandweni, kodwa wayithumela esixhumanisi esitokisini.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4, u-Elizaven waphindiselwa eLondon. Umshado kaFiliphu noMaria waba yingcwexiswa, indlovukazi yombhoxo. Lapho ezwa i-ambulensi ephela, ngaphansi kwengcindezi yabeluleki ababizwa ngokuthi udade umqhele oyindlalishi. "Igazi eligazi elithi" Mariya, njengeNdlovukazi ebizwa ngokuthi yiNdlovukazi, ibingafuni ukunika udadewethu ophilayo, ngoba wayesaba ukubuya kobuProthestani. Kepha wesaba izinxushunxushu kanye nomvubudo ngemuva kokufa, kwadingeka afike eCrown Elizabethe.
Ukuqala kwebhodi
Ezinsukwini ezintathu emva kokufa kukaMariya, emkhandlwini wokuqala weNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth ubonge ngabonga labo abamsiza phakathi kwama-opals. UThomas Perry uthole uMgcinimafa Post, uRobert Dudley waqala ukubethela, uWilliam Cecil wahlala esihlalweni ngunobhala. NgoNovemba 1558, indlovukazi eneminyaka engu-25 yahlangana nezixuku zezakhamizi ezinomdlandla zaseLondon.
Iminyaka yenkosi ngaleso sikhathi yayingathathwa njengeyincane - amaBrithani akuvamile ukuthi aphile abe ngamashumi amahlanu. Kepha u-Elizabethe wabukeka emncane kunaseminyakeni yakhe. Akazange ashade futhi impilo yakhe ayizange anciphise ukuphusuka kwengane nokuphuphuma kwesisu, njengabesifazane abaningi besikhathi sakhe. Indlovukazi entsha yaseNgilandi yaba ngumthetho wemfashini: ekwamukelweni okusemthethweni e-Oxford, yavela esikhathini eside, yavela emfuleni, amagilavu. Kwalandelwa yibo bonke amafayifiya ama-fashiy.
Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari wonyaka ofanayo, iNdlovukazi yazizwa ubukhulu bomqhele: INgilandi yahlukaniswa yaba yizingxenye ezimbili ezinobutha - amaProthestani namaKatolika. Emoyeni Vitali Vitali War. Ukuze agweme ukushaqeka, u-Elizabeth ngamemezela "isenzo sokufana", okuvumela amaKatolika ukuba akhonze isisindo.
Ngokushesha iPhalamende lanxusa u-Elizabethi ukuthi ngikhethe umngane womshado futhi anikeze ubukhosi nendlalifa. Kulolu hlu lwezomnotho kwavela ukuthi umyeni kadadewabo oshonile uFiliphu, bobabili isibusiso esivela kuhlobo lwama-habsburg kanye nama-kronprints aseSweden. Ngokushesha inkosi yaseRussia u-Ivan Grozny yangena ohlwini lwabafaka izicelo. Kepha u-Elizabeth, ukwesaba ukwenqaba ngqo ePhalamende, kwathola izizathu zokungavumelani nokushada nanoma yikuphi. Iminyaka eminingi, eduze kuka-Elizabeth ngiyi-Robert Dudley ayithandayo.
Ezombusazwe zasekhaya
Ukwenqaba ukuya ngaphansi komqhele, u-Elizabeth wathola amaZwi eBrithani, iNdlovukazi iphindaphinda "etholwe nesizwe". Abantu bamfanisa neNtombi Enyulu uMariya, futhi abakhothayo - ngokuduka, unkulunkulukazi wentsha nobuhle. Uphawu luka-Elizabethe lwaphenduka uPelican, okhipha izingcezu zenyama yalo ukuze azondle amaphuphu.
NgeNdlovukazi enhle, abaphathi baqiniswa, uMnyango wezezimali wahlehlisa, kanye nesonto lamaProthestani amaStellican lasungulwa njengenkolo yoMbuso. "I-Queen-Virgo" yakhuthaza ukuheha kwabafuduki abanethalente ku-England. Izinkampani zezohwebo zaxazululwa ezweni, ezasekelwa ngu-Elizabeth. Mhlawumbe ukuphela komkhakha okusele okungapheli kwakuwumkhakha wezolimo. Imithetho enzima ka-Elizabeth yathatha ngokumelene ne-Vagrancy.
Ingxabano ephukile neSpain yaphoqa ukuthi uhulumeni akhulise izintela ukugcwalisa isabelozimali sezempi. Ukwaneliseka kwabathengisi kanye nezindlela ezizimele ezivela emthwalweni owengeziwe wentela. Ukuphela koHulumeni weNdlovukazi - Uhulumeni, umthwalo wentela waphenduka ibhuleki, elingavumeli umnotho waseNgilandi. URopot ngokumelene ne-Agpolututusm uyakhuphuka, ukuphikiswa kwePhalamende kwaqina.
U-Elizabeth ngaduma ngokuthi yi-patonage yezobuciko. Indawo ekhethekile yeNdlovukazi yabonisa enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi, ibamba iqhaza emibonweni ye-amateur. Ngo-1582, i-Royal Troupe yavela ngesandla sokukhanya somuntu onomqhele, lapho iShakespeare yangena khona. Lapho u-Elizabeth ekhala izinhlamvu zemali ezintsha: iphawundi legolide kanye nehafu. Iphawundi elinesisindo esingu-11,146 amagremu, okuyi-10,213- igolide elihlanzekile.
Inqubomgomo yakwelinye izwe
Ekupheleni kwe-1550s eScotland, i-bunct of Prothestani vs. Frantnezenki Mary de Giz, Resents noMama uMariya Stewart baqubuka. Unobhala uWilliam Cecil uncome ukuthi iNdlovukazi isekele amaProthestani, kepha akazange afune ukuvula usizo, anikeze imali ngemfihlo. U-Elizabeth wayesaba impi neFrance.
Kepha uMkhandlu Wemfihlo waphoqa indlovukazi ukuze angenelele: Ngo-1560, amasosha esiNgisi asiza amaScotland anqobe abasekeli uDe Gizov. Ehlobo unyaka ofanayo, eNgilandi esayine e-Edinburgh, inkontileka yavikela ukunqoba futhi yaletha amabutho.
Umkhulu u-Elizabeth ngidale imikhumbi, ubaba wakha ukuhweba kwasolwandle, udadewabo wathumela uhambo lokufuna enyakatho-mpumalanga yendima eya eNdiya naseChina. Kepha lapho kubusa u-Elizabeth, eNgilandi kwaba amandla e-Naval. Ukuhlaselwa okuthenga kanye nokuhlaselwa kwe-pirate kwabafowethu bakaHawkins nemikhankaso kaFrancis Drake yaqala.
Ukuphanga amaBritish of Spanish Spanish, ukuhlasela kwabo emakoloni abaseSpain kwakuyimbangela yempi yolwandle engakhethi eLondon neMadrid. Kepha maduze nje i-United Kingdom ikwazile ukuzuza isimo samandla amakhulu olwandle kumaSpain. Abaphikisi bahlambalaza indlovukazi ukuze babhekane nabaphangi, kodwa umgomo wamalungelo "amalungelo, onamandla" wabe esebuswa. Impi esekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1580 phakathi kwale mikhumbi yawo mandla amabili yayiphezu kokunqotshwa kwe-armada enkulu yabaseSpain.
U-Elizabeth ebenokuxhumana nenkosi yaseMoscow u-Ivan Grozny. Phakathi kwamazwe amabili, kwaqala ubuhlobo bezohwebo, ukuqala kwalo okwakubekwe eKing Edward, kodwa ukuchuma kokuhweba kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNdlovukazi - intombi. U-Elizabeth waba yilowona kuphela wesifazane u-Ivan IV abhalwa kabusha. UGrozny wabhala indlovukazi okokuqala ngo-1562, enikela ukungena emshadweni. I-ventrenosa British yenqabile kunalethe ulaka lwenkosi yaseRussia. Impendulo eyihlane i-Ivan okubi okuphazamise ukuhambelana kweminyaka engama-20, kodwa wabe eseqala kabusha futhi wahlala phambi kokushona kwenkosi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokwesinye sezinguqulo, ukungabaza kuka-Elizabeth ukuthi ngihambe ngaphansi komqhele kuchazwe ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Kukhona enye inguqulo. INdlovukazi yaseNgilandi yayinenoveli noRobert Dudley, umngani wobuntwana, ngemuva kwesikhathi kunalokho ayithandayo. Kepha uDudley akazange aqhamuke ohlwini lwabakhwenyana abavela ePhalamende.
Kuyakhathazeka ukuthi umRoma wendlovukazi eneNkosi wahlala ekufeni kukaRobert Dudley ngo-1588. Waba yilabo ababezobizwa ngokuthi umyeni womphakathi namuhla. Kukhathazekile ukuthi lo mbhangqwana wake waba nezingane. Kusolwa ukuthi inhloli yaseSpain yaxoshwa eNgilandi yathola izincwadi atshele ngayo ngensizwa eyimfihlakalo egama lingu-Arthur Dudley, eyayiyindodana ka-Elizabeth engekho emvelweni evela ku-Israyeli.
Ukuqinisekiswa okuqondile kwenguqulo yendodana ka-Elizabeth kwakuyizinhlamvu zamanxusa angaphandle egcekeni leNdlovukazi, lapho kuchazwa khona isifo sika-Elizabeth - esiswini, lapho alulama khona "esiswini." Inkampani yethelevishini yaseBrithani "BBC" yasusa amadokhumenti "Impilo eyimfihlo ka-Elizabeth I", ekhuluma ngobufakazi bokuba ngumama wendlovukazi.
Ukufa nememori
Ukufa kwabantu abathandekayo kwabahlisa impilo ka-Elizabeth I. Ekupheleni kuka-1603, indlovukazi yangena ekucindezelekeni. Ukuphuma kweBritish kwafa entwasahlobo wonyaka ofanayo eRichmond. Ngangcwaba indlovukazi enhle eWestminster Abbey. Ukufa kuka-Elizabeth ngabeka ukuphela kweTodir Dynasty.
I-Biography's Biography, isiphetho sowesifazane omkhulu saba ngumthombo wokubhala inqwaba yezincwadi nokwakha amafilimu. Ngomfanekiso ka-Elizabeth kwizikrini, kwavela uSarah Bernard, uBett Davis noJean Simmons. Ngo-2007, kwadedelwa idrama "Age Golden" kwizikrini, ezazisa umlando weNdlovukazi yaseNgilandi. Ngomfanekiso ka-Elizabeth, kwavela uKate Blanchett.