I-Biograge
I-Richard I Lion Heart - King English King of Plantagenets, ebuswa yi-England ngo-1189-1199. Igama likaRichard ngihlala emlandweni, hhayi ngenxa yempumelelo yezokuphatha engokwemvelo kuYise nakuMfowethu. Inhliziyo yebhubesi yaduma ngenxa yothando lwe-adventure, ezothando kanye nobukhosi, ihlanganiswe ngobuqili ngobuqili, nokuziphatha okubi kanye nonya. Umfanekiso wenkosi enesibindi wancibilika emigqeni yakhe uShakespeare:"Ngubani umfutho othukuthele futhi uLeo, ovela esifubeni sebhubesi ngesibindi sadonsa inhliziyo yasebukhosini ...".Ubuntwana nentsha
URichard, indodana yesithathu kaHenry II English and Alorera Aquitan, wazalwa ngoSepthemba 8, 1157, mhlawumbe, enqabeni yaseBiamont e-Oxfont. URichard wachitha ingxenye enkulu yempilo emakholoni esiNgisi. Ngithole imfundo enkulu, wabhala izinkondlo - izinkondlo ezimbili zikaRichard engagcinwa ngazo.
Inkosi yesikhathi esizayo yaseNgilandi yayinamandla angaphelele nokubukeka okunethezeka (ukukhula - cishe ngo-193 cm, izinwele ezi-blonde kanye namehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka). Wayazi izilimi eziningi zakwamanye amazwe, kepha umdabu wesiNgisi wayengeyena owakhe. Wayewathanda imigubho yesonto namasiko, ahlabelela izicanuko zesonto.
Ngo-1169, iKing Heinrich II yahlukanisa uMbuso ngoDuchy: Indodana endala uHenry kwadingeka ukuba ibe yinkosi yaseNgilandi, futhi uJeffrey wathola iBrittany. Amaphutha kanye ne-County Poita baya eRichard. Ngo-1170, uMfoweth 'uRichard uHeinrich wathweswa umqhele njengoHeinrich III. Amandla angempela kaHeinrich III azange amukele futhi aphakamise ukuvuselelwa kuHeinrich II.
Ngo-1173, iNkosi yesikhathi esizayo uRichard, egqugquzelwa ngunina, yahlanganyela nobaba ndawonye kanye noMfoweth 'uJeffrey. UHeinrich II waphindisela emadodaneni akhe. Entwasahlobo yango-1174, ngemuva kokuthwebula umama, uRichard kwaba ngowokuqala wabazalwane ukuzinikela kuYise futhi wacela intethelelo. UHeinrich II wathethelela indodana evukelayo futhi washiya ilungelo lokubamba izifunda. Ngo-1179, uRichard wathola isihloko seDuke Aquitania.
Ukuqala kwebhodi
Entwasahlobo ka-1183, uHeinrich III wafa, eshiya indawo esosigwini sesihlalo sobukhosi uRichard. UHeinrich II waphakamisa uRichard ukuthi anikeze iBhodi eCounty of Aquity kumfowethu omncane uJohn. URichard waphendula ngokwenqaba, okwakukhona ukungqubuzana phakathi kwakhe noJeffrey noJohane. Ngo-1186, uJeffrey washona emqhudelwaneni kaNgoku. Ngo-1180, umqhele waseFrance wathola uFiliphu II Agasti. Yenza sengathi izitho zezwekazi zaseHeinrich II, ukukhiqizwa kukaFiliphu wamisa uRichard kuBaba.
E-Richard's Biography, elinye igama lesidlaliso lalondolozwa - uRichard Yebo - no-Cha, ofakazelwa esisholweni sekusasa lenkosi. Ngo-1188, uRichard noFiliphu baqala impi yokulwa nenkosi yaseNgilandi. UHeinrich walwa ngokulangazelela, kepha wanqotshwa kusuka kwamaFulentshi. Ngokwenkontileka noPhilip Amakhosi aseFrance naseNgilandi ashintshanisa nohlu.
Ukubona igama lendodana kaJohane kaJohane, uLick Heinrich II SNICK, obhekwe ohlwini lwabasuki. Ngemuva kokuqamba amanga ezinsukwini ezintathu, inkosi yangoJulayi 6, 1189 yafa. Lapho esemngcwabe uBaba ethuneni le-Abbey Fembutely, uRichard waya eRouen, lapho ngoJulayi 20, 1189, wanikela ngesihloko sikaDuke waseNanman.
Ezombusazwe zasekhaya
IBhodi LaseNgilandi Richard I laqala ngokukhululwa kukamama, ngithumela nemiyalo eya eWinchester William Marshal. Abangane bakababa wabo bonke abaye baxolelwe, ngaphandle kuka-Etienne de Marsai. UBaron, odlulile ngasohlangothini lwakhe engxabanweni noHeinrich II, uRichard, ngokuphambene, wancishwa umholo. Washiya umqhele wokuthengiswa kwezikhulu, ngaleyo ndlela wakugxeka ukukhaphela kukaYise.
I-ever, esebenzisa isimemezelo seNdodana ngakwesokunene sokufakazela ubumsulwa, wahamba ezweni lonke futhi wakhulula iziboshwa eziphetha ngesikhathi sokubusa komyeni wakhe. URichard walulama namalungelo ezincwadi ezingenayo impahla yaseHenry, wabuyisela ababhishobhi eNgilandi, abalekele ezweni eshushisweni.
NgoSepthemba 3, 1189, uRichard ngangigcwele eWestminster Abbey. Imikhosi ngosuku lokugcotshwa kwe-coronation yasibeka phezulu ngama-pogroms angamaJuda eLondon. Ibhodi laqala ngokucwaningwa kwamabhuku wemali nombhalo weziphathimandla emazweni asebukhosini. Ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni, uMgcinimafa wacetshiswa ngokuthengisa okuthunyelwe komphakathi. Iziphathimandla nabameleli beBandla, owenqaba ukukhokhela lesi sikhundla, waya ejele.
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kweNgilandi, uRichard wayesezweni kungabi ngaphezu konyaka. Ibhodi lehlisiwe laba liqoqo kuMgcinimafa kanye nokunakekelwa kwebutho nemikhumbi. Ukusuka ezweni, kwashiya ukubusa komfowethu omncane uJohn noMbhishobhi wase-Ili. Ngesikhathi engenayo, ababusi bakwazile ukulalela. Okwesibili kwafika eNgilandi uRichard ngoMashi 1194. Ukufika kwenkosi kwahambisana nelinye iqoqo lemali kusuka ku-vassal. Okwamanje, izindlela ezazidingeka eRichard War noFiliphu. Impi yaphela ebusika bama-1199 ngokunqoba kweBritish. AmaFulentshi abuya impahla ekhethiwe emqheleni wesiNgisi.
Inqubomgomo yakwelinye izwe
URichard I, ezungeza isihlalo sobukhosi, i-drezil mayelana ne-crusade hike emhlabani ongcwele. Ukwenza amalungiselelo, ukuqoqa imali ngokuthengisa iScotland yanqotshwa nguHeinrich II, uRichard waya emgwaqweni. Inkosi yaseFrance uPhilip Philip II yawusekela umbono wokuhamba ngezinyawo.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-crusaders aseFrance neBrithani kwenzeka eBurgundy. Ibutho likaFiliphu noRichard babenempi eyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu. U-Pavzed eBordeaux yomngcwabo wokuthembeka komunye nomunye, amakhosi aseFrance naseNgilandi anquma ukuya eCrusade ngasolwandle. Kepha isimo sezulu esibi sivimbele ama-crusaders. Kwakufanele ngihlale ebusika eSisily. Ukungena esimweni sezulu esibi, ibutho laqhubeka nohambo.
IsiFulentshi esafika ePalestine ngaphambi kokuba iBrithani yaqala ngo-Ephreli 20, 1191 ngokuvinjezelwa kwamahektare. URichard walwa ngalesi sikhathi ne-cypriot inkohliso, iNkosi u-Isaac Comnin. Inyanga yeHulondlo yathweswa umqhele ngokunqoba kweBritish. URichard wathatha inyamazane enkulu futhi wayala isimo sembuso weCypriothing. Njengoba eselinde ama-allies, ngoJuni 8, 1191, amaFulentshi aqala ukushaya okugcwele. I-ACCE yanqotshwa ama-crusaders ngoJulayi 11, 1191.
Kuqala uPhilipp kwavumelana noRichard. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwesikhashana, ngokuzumayo kubhekiswa kulesi sifo, inkosi yaseFrance yaya ekhaya, yathatha iningi lama-crusaders aseFrance. URichard wasala kuphela ama-knights ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi kuphela okuholwa nguDuke waseBurgundy.
Ibutho lama-crusaders, libhekwe nguRichard, lanqoba ukunqoba okukodwa ngaphezulu kweSaratiqin emva kwelinye. Ngokushesha amabutho afika emgomweni eJerusalema - izinqaba ze-Assalon. Ama-Crusaders ahlangana nebutho lesitha elingama-300. Ukunqoba kwanqoba ibutho leRichard Army. Ama-Saracins abalekile, ashiya izinkulungwane ezingama-40 ezabulawa enkundleni yempi. URichard walwa njengengonyama, edubula ukwethuka emaqhawe. Elekela indlela yedolobha, inkosi yesiNgisi yasondela eJerusalema.
Ukumisa amabutho ama-crusaders aseduze naseJerusalema, uRichard wachitha ibutho. Amabutho ayesesimweni esidabukisayo: imikhankaso ende elambile, ekhathele. Azikho izinto zokwenziwa kwezibhamu zokuvinjezelwa. Ngabona ukuthi ukuvinjezelwa kweJerusalema akunakwenzeka, uRichard wayala ukuba asuke edolobheni abuyele ku-acre ngaphambili.
Ngobunzima, ukulwa noSaracinov ngaphansi kukaJuffa, uRichard waphetha ngoSepthemba 2, 1192 ngokuxosha iminyaka emithathu ngeSultan Saladin. Ngaphansi kwenkontileka ne-sultan, amachweba ePalestine neSyria ahlala emandleni amaKristu. Abahambi abangamaKristu bathunyelwa eJerusalema okuqinisekisiwe ukuphepha. Inhliziyo kaRichard yeBrusade Lion yenyusa izikhundla zobuKristu ezweni elingcwele iminyaka eyikhulu.
Imicimbi eNgilandi yafuna ukubuya kukaRichard. Inkosi yaya ekhaya ngo-Okthoba 9, 1192. Ngesikhathi sohambo, ungene esivunguvungwini futhi waphonswa ogwini. Ishintshwe yi-Pilgrim, izamile ukubhekana nobunikazi besitha somqhele wesiNgisi - iLeopold Authorian. URichard wathola futhi waphonsela inselelo emijondolo. Inkosi yaseJalimane yaseHeinrich VI yalwa Richard futhi yabeka inkosi yesiNgisi emgodini wenqwaba yakhe. Izihloko zathengwa yiNkosi uRichard ukuthola izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-150. Ukubuya kwenkosi eya e-England Vasala kuhlangane nokwesaba.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Isandla sikaRichard safuna abashadikazi abaningi. Ngo-March 1159, uHenry II waphetha isivumelwano neBarcelona ukubalwa ngomshado kaRichard nenye yamadodakazi akhe. Amasu wenkosi ayengamiselwe ukuba afezeke. Ngo-1177, ubaba u-Alexander II waphoqa uHenry II ukuvumela esiphethweni somshado phakathi kwendodakazi kaLouis VII Adele noRichard.
E-Dowry for Adele, kunikezwe i-duchy yaseFrance kaBerry. Futhi lo mshado awuzange wenzeke. Kamuva, uRichard wazama ukushada okokuqala kuMago, indodakazi ye-Allgrena Taylefer, enesifiso sesifunda saseLa Marsh, khona-ke nendodakazi kaFriedrich Barbarossa.
Unkosikazi kaRichard - u-Alora wakhetha inkosi yakhe enkosini. Umama wendlovukazi wabheka ukuthi amazwe aseNavarre, asemngceleni oseningizimu we-Aquitaine, azovikela izinto zawo.
Ngakho-ke, uRichard ngoMeyi 12, 1191 eCyprus washada noBerengaria Navarre, indodakazi yeNkosi uNavarre SANCHO ihlakaniphile. Kwakungekho zingane emshadweni, uRichard wachitha isikhathi esincane nomkakhe. Ukuphela kwendodana yenkosi - uPhilip de Cognac - wazalwa ngokuxhumeka kwe-extramarital no-Amelia de Cognac.
Ukushona
Ngokwenganekwane, uRichard, wayithatha insimu eFrance, wathola ingcebo yegolide futhi wathumela ingxenye yeNkosi Ephakeme. URichard wafuna ukunika lonke igolide. Njengoba esethole ukwenqaba, inkosi yaya eflesstini chalet hhayi kude nama-limoges, lapho, khona-ke, amagugu agcinwe.
Ngosuku lwesine lokuvinjezelwa kukaRichard ngesikhathi sokuwa kwesakhiwo, i-French Knight Pierre Basil ifakwe ezihlotsheni zesiphambano. Ngo-Ephreli 6, 1199, inkosi yafa ngonyaka we-42 yokuphila ngokutheleleka kwegazi. Eduze kwecala lokufa kwakungumama oneminyaka engama-77 ubudala.
Ukukhumbula
- Ibergo (Roman Walter Scott)
- "Talisman" (Roman Walter Scott)
- "Ufuna Inkosi" "(Intaba yaseRoma)
- URichard Lion Inhliziyo (Book Maurice Yolet)
- URichard I, King English "(opera Georg Handel)
- I-Richard Lion Heart (Opera Andre Gretri)
- "Ingonyama ebusika" (Dlala nguJames Goldman)
- "Robin hood - Prince amasela" (ifilimu Reynolds film)
- "I-Ballada ye-valeant knight ye-avengo" (ifilimu eliqondiswe nguSergey Tarasova)
- "Umbuso Wezulu" (Ifilimu Ridley Scott)
- "Adventures Robin Hood" (Movie Michael Cartitsa)