I-Biograge
Indlela evela kwezingane eziyi-15 zengane yeMounts yase-Austrian e-Austrian e-France, eyaphela ngokuphila eGuillotine, uMaria-Antoinetta wenziwa eminyakeni engama-38. Wabizwa ngokuthi iNdlovukazi iRococo neMadame Deficit.
Kuthiwa ukusungulwa kwezinto eziningi zemfashini, eziningi zazo zahlala kuze kube namuhla futhi zisetshenziswa ngokuzithandela ngabaklami bezindlu ezifashisayo. UMaria - I-Antoinette ethandwayo fign skating futhi abolekwa izakhi zamadoda zokugqoka. Ubangelwa yisincomo esabekayo sokudla amakhekhe, uma kungekho sinkwa.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Inkosi yesikhathi esizayo yeFrance Maria-antoinette yazalelwa eVienna. Bazali - Umbusi uFranz ngikhanye futhi uMary Terezia - sengivele selikhule inzalo eyi-14. Ingane eyishumi nanhlanu (igama eligcwele - uMaria Anthony Josef Josef Josef Gwansburg-Larring) wazalwa ngoNovemba 2, 1755. Ukuvela kwe-Antoine - intombazane yendabuko yabizwa kanjalo - kwahambisana nokuzamazama komhlaba kweLisbon, okwathatha izimpilo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-80 zesiPutukezi ngemizuzu. Ukubeletha okusindayo kwendlovukazi kamama kanye nokukhethwa koMntwana Omkhulu - inkosi nendlovukazi yasePortugal - bahumusha njengezimpawu ezimbi.
Ubuntwana uMariya-Andoitetti badlulile endaweni yokuhlala ehlobo ama-habsburg - iSchönbrunn castle, isakhiwo esihle kakhulu ngesitayela se-baroque. Emndenini omkhulu nonothando, ingane yavuma ukuthi ayizange imsindise imithetho emibi ngokwemikhosi. Eminyakeni engu-3, u-Antoine wabeka i-corset, kanye nabo bonke abesifazane emndenini wamakhosi. Futhi kubona ukuthi amazinyo amancane ama-Erzgerini akhula ngokugqekeza, udokotela wamazinyo wenkantolo wagqoka ama-nozzles akhe ama-wire.
Balethe uMaria Antoinette ohlelweni olukhethekile: Izifundo zomdanso, ukupenda, umlando kanye nesipelingi sothisha kuhlanganise isifundo sethiyori yokuphathwa kombuso, izibalo kanye nezilimi zakwamanye amazwe. Amakhosazana nezikhulu zafundisa imithetho yobuciko kanye nekhono lokugcina ingxoxo yezwe. Kepha u-Antoine akazange athokozise indlovukazi-umama entshiseko - intombazane kuzo zonke izifundo yayinolwazi olungelona iqiniso.
UJegor-George odumile, owayefundisa i-Erc evumelekile, futhi wakhala ngokungalaleli komfundi, no-Antom oneminyaka engu-12 ubudala njengomfundisi, wamthola futhi eqonda kuphela lezo zinto ezijabulisa .
Enkantolo yaseFrance
Imishado yezingane yayibhekwa ngamakhosi lapho kunesifiso sokuqinisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwezifunda. Akukho okuhlukile ne-habsburg. Ngokweseluleko sama-diplomats ase-Austrian, ama-Dynastic Unions obusiswa ubukhosi bamakhosi ase-Austria kwadingeka aqinise isikhundla esishaywayo sase-Austria eYurophu, lapho ama-ercger no-Ertsgersogin ashada futhi ashada futhi ashada nezindlalifa zeBourbon Dynasty.
UMaria Antoinette oneminyaka engu-14 ubudala wayengeyena owehlukile, owatholakala embhangwini waseFrance Dauphin Louis. Iziphakamiso ezivela eKing France Queen Mine zifuna unyaka, kwathi lapho kufika, ngangizophendula ngaphendula futhi ngilungiselela ukulungiswa kwe-antoine ethandekayo ekuphileni eNkantolo yaseFrance. Othisha bavukele i-DATAL DEFINE DEFINE NGOKUQINILE: Ukudansa, i-etiquette kanye nezilimi kwafundiswa nge-Antoinette yeMaria eyihlazo ngemodi esheshayo. Indodakazi yalala kulo lonke indlovukazi-mama kuze kube yilapho ukusuka.
Umshado wenzeka ngo-Ephreli 1770 eVienna. Umkhwenyana nguProxy wethule i-Ertzgertick yaseFrance, ethunywe yiBourbon e-Austria. UMaria-Antoinette washiya izwe lakubo kuze kube phakade. Umkhosi kaDofy wokudlulisa wawubanjelwe ngoMeyi: Ensimini engathathi hlangothi, e-Antoan, eshintsha izingubo no-Austrian e-French abuyele ezihlotsheni nakubangane bakhe, ahambe aye eFrance. Umkhwenyana onamathimba wahlangana nomkakhe ehlathini leCompi.
Umshado wesibili wenzeka eVersaille. Imikhosi Yomshado yahlala kusukela kwabangu-16 kuya ku-30 Meyi. Ngosuku lokugcina, kuhlelwe umvuthwandaba - imikhosi yabantu eParis Square of Conver. Ngenxa yenhlangano embi (umgodi wokwakha kanye nama-tranches esigcawini), abantu abesaba ama-bangs emicibisholo ye-pyrotechnic baphuthunyiswe kwi-trigger, baphuthuma. Isixuku sabaleka kubantu abawile, inqwaba yabo bathokozela umgodi. Isibalo sabafileyo safinyelela ku-139. Bangcwatshwa eSallo General. Kwakuyisibonakaliso sesibili esimnyama se-Antoine.
UMaria Teresia, eqaphela ukuthi indodakazi kaYuna futhi engenalwazi, isithunywa sikaMerche D'Argentanto, owabuka uMary-Antoinetta ngesinyathelo ngasinye.
Umshado noLouis ngenxa yokuntuleka komzimba womyeni wakhe, iminyaka yokuqala yaphenduka ingagcwaliseki: abashadikazi balala emakamelweni ahlukene. Ithanda ubumnandi nenjabulo kaMaria-antoinette, edumele ngokukha okubandayo, kwangena kulo lonke ithuna. Emabhajini naseRauta DOFINA achithe izinsuku nobusuku, enika ukudla okuhlekisayo kweNkantolo. Umndeni wamakhosi wawuyisizinda sokunakwa futhi wanika izizathu zemibhalo yabaphangi. Umalokazana wase-Austrian wahlanjalazwa ngaphandle kokungazwakalise inkohliso nenkululeko.
Indlovukazi
Ukuziphatha kwenkantolo yaseFrance uMarie Antoinette kwabonakala kudume kakhulu, i-dofine esencane yazungeza abanye abantu abazama ukuzuza ethembeni elithembekile, ababengazange babhekane nokuhlubuka kwenkundla. Ukuphela kokuphela kwenhle e-Antoine kwahlala umkhosi wase-Austrian, izincwadi ezigciniwe lapho izimfihlo zama-bie-ographies e-dauphine adlula emakhulwini eminyaka emva kokuvulwa kwayo.
Amadodakazi amathathu angashadile anguLouis XV amisiwe amelene noMaria Antoinette ngokuthandana kukababa - Madame Dubarry. Lesi sakamuva saba nokuxhumana enkantolo futhi saba nomthelela. UMariya U-Antoinette wayalwa ukuba enze abangane noMama wakhe onolwazi.
Ukukhohlakala kukaLouis XVI kwabangela ugqozi phakathi kwamaFulentshi: Abantu bakhipha i-Epoch of Fakaziticasm futhi balinda ushintsho. Abantu bafika endlovukazi encane, bebona ngowesifazane wakhe ophanayo nomusa.
Umama uMariya Teresia wabiza indodakazi ukuba inamathele empilweni ezolile nokwahlulela, yenza imizamo yokusungula ubungane phakathi kwe-Austria neFrance. Kepha uMaria-antoinette wazungeza ngama-hivigans kanye nokudumba, owasebenzisa umusa nomusa ndlovukazi, edonsa imali nezikhundla zomndeni kuyo.
Umngane osondelene noMariya u-Antoinette, uCountess de Polynac, wakwenza umsebenzi osheshayo kuye kanye nezihlobo: ama-aristocrats ampofu ahlala egcekeni, ethola kwiNdlovukazi uhhafu we-Livra minyaka yonke. Ngomgcinimafa wasebukhosini uMaria-antoinette, kwakungewona umkhosi, ukudweba kusuka lapho kumnandi nangokugqoka kwamanani amakhulu.
U-Empress wawuthanda i-skating futhi wathethelela ezemidlalo yenkantolo. Ngekhono lokuhlala eqhweni wayengalingani. Ngemuva kokufaka ukuvinjelwa koshade naye, uMaria Antoinette wahlatshwa umxhwele ngokugembula. Encwadini, uMariya Teresiai Anxusa u-Ambassador athi le ndodakazi ngo-1778 ilahlekelwe ama-FRANCS ayizinkulungwane eziyi-171 etafuleni lekhadi.
Isigodlo sika-Trianon, esakhiwe nguLouis Louis XV ngePompadour eyintandokazi, indlovukazi esencane yenza isikhathi eside sahlala isikhathi eside, yamema isikhathi eside, yammema inzondo yamadodakazi aseNkantolo angalindi izimemo. Ukuzethemba kweNdlovukazi kusetshenziselwe osopolitiki abangathembekile kanye nokuthakazelisa, ukuphoqa uMaria Antoinette ukuheha izintshisekelo zabo enkantolo futhi akhohlise umbono womyeni wakhe. Indlovukazi yaseFrance yavuka e-Austria ekuxabaneni kwamasosha, okubizwa nge- "Potato War".
Ekuqaleni kwenguquko, uMaria-Antoinette uzimisele ngokwayo njengesitha sohlelo lwentando yeningi. Futhi lapho ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba 1789 Versailles bathumba iselula, indlovukazi enomngane wakhe womshado yathuthela eTuileries. Amafu agqibale phezu kwamakhanda enkosini yomndeni. NgoJuni 1791, uMaria Antoinette nomyeni wakhe bazama ukusheshisa ukuhlasela kwamabutho ase-Austro-Prussian, bezama ukusindisa isihlalo sobukhosi, impilo kuye nasezinganeni. Kepha umphumela waba okuphambene nalokho: Ngo-Agasti 1792, isigodlo aseTuileries sathumba izihlubuki.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngemuva kokwelapha i-phoomosis, uLouis waba yindoda egcwele. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-7, yena noMaria Antoinette batholwe embhedeni ofanayo. Abashadikazi bazalelwa ezinganeni ezine: amadodana amabili namadodakazi amabili. Mayelana nempilo kanye nekusasa likaMaria Antoinette asusiwe hhayi amafilimu ayishumi nanye. Ngokokuqala ngqa, iNdlovukazi yaseFrance yadlalwa ngu-Actress Shirer eMeludrama kaMqondisi waseMelika Woodbridge eqinile van dike, enyatheliswa kwizikrini ngo-1938.
I-Movie Morgan, iZhev'Evyeva Kazil noKarin Vinass bazama e-Antooman ebukekayo futhi ehlanganisiwe ngeminyaka ehlukile. Ku-Drama "Maria-antoinette" Sofia Koppol, i-Premiere yayo yenzeka ngo-2006, iNdlovukazi yadlala iKirstse Dunst. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-6, idrama yesiFulentshi - i-French-Spanish "Farewell, iNdlovukazi yami" yaphuma, lapho uDiana Kruger avele khona emfanekisweni womlingiswa ophambili.
Hhayi ukunakwa kukaMaria Antoinette nababhali. Incwadi ekhuluma ngeNdlovukazi yabhalwa nguStefan Cweig. I-heroine kukhulunywa ngaye kumanoveli ka-Alexander Duma, Alexey Tolstoy, Lyon Feikhinenger noHenry Heine.
UMariya Antoinette uthi umbhali webinzana elithi "Uma bengenaso isinkwa, mabadle amakhekhe!". Kodwa izazi-mlando nabacwaningi bathi umlando wemvelaphi yamagama adidayo futhi umlobi wale sho ungenye indlovukazi yaseFrance - uMaria Teresia. UMaria-Antoinette wakuthanda ngempela impilo kanokujula futhi waphuthelwa amanani amakhulu avela kuMgcinimafa, owathola ngayo ukuntuleka kwesidlaliso madame, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye wadumala ngomusa.
Ukweqa nokubulawa
Ngemuva kokugumbuqelwa kukaLouis XVI kanye noshintsho lwamandla kulo mhlangano, umndeni wasebukhosini wabulwa ejele. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezi-5, inkosi yabulawa, futhi uMaria Antoinette wadluliselwa eTadpl eTo Concierger tower, esesiqhingini saseSita eSeine. Amasu weRoyalist ukusindisa indlovukazi eloliwe.
INkantolo phezu kweNdlovukazi eneminyaka engu-38 yenzeka phakathi no-Okthoba 1793. UMaria Antoinette wasolwa ngokukhaphela izintshisekelo zeFrance. Ekuseni kakhulu ngo-Okthoba 16, isigwebo satholwa selahlwa yicala. Umuntu obulala undlovukazi undlovukazi enqunu futhi wahlwanyela izandla zakhe ngemuva. Ngaphambi kokubulawa kukaMaria Antoinette oboshwe ngesithunzi sasebukhosini. Ukhuphukele e-scaffold uqobo futhi walala phansi ummese we-guillailtine efakwe endaweni yokuvuma.
Isidumbu esinqunyelwe sikaMaria Antoinette saphonswa ethuneni eliphelele lalabo ababulewe emdleni weNdlovukazi eminyakeni engama-23 edlule. Ngo-1815, izinsalela zabantu ababulawa zadluliselwa eSaint-Denis Abbey enyakatho yeParis. Indawo yokungcwaba ngqo eCathedral ayikaziwa.
Ngemfashini
- UNellier . UMaria-Antoinette udedele amantombazane avela kuma-corsets amancane neziketi ezibanzi ezazibalwa ngosayizi ongazange alunge. Ikhodi eqinile yokugqoka yathathelwa indawo ngesitayela sobudedeee - Izingubo Zasekhaya ezivela esikabeni, eBodice kanye nama-Swing Sweateshirts. I-Redreirees ifaka i-Queter esungulwe yindlovukazi ye-White Muslin emhlophe, ekhumbuza ihembe lasebusuku.
- Abakhethi . Efuna ukubukeka emncane, indlovukazi yayicashe izindawo, ikhipha iminyaka. Izandla - Ngaphansi kokuzijabulisa, kwafakwa i-blush ezihlathini, futhi intamo evuthayo yayifihlekile ngemuva kwabashokobezi - amakhethini e-satin, amaphethini afekethisiwe.
- Amasudi Amadoda . Indlovukazi, eyafika ekuzingeleni eCamcole naseChatit, yazisa amasudi amadoda namajakethi - phhraki. Amantombazane abeka izigqoko zomuntu.
- Mula. . UMaria-Antoinette wethule izicathulo zesithende eziphakeme kangangokuba wayekwazi kuphela ukunqamula ekwindla emseleni. Kamuva, izicathulo zisindile ekuguqukeni futhi zaphenduka i-mula - ama-slippers amahle esithendeni esiphansi ngomgede, avale iminwe.
- Umhlobiso omningi nezesekeli . I-Ryush yabo, i-ruffle, ama-garlands wezimbali, iminsalo - kwakunamasango amaningi ezigqoke abesifazane abantekenteke kwabonakala benomusa.
- Ukuphrinta okunezimbali . Amaphethini ngesimo sezimbali, ama-bouquets, izitshalo ezihlobisa - ukusungulwa kweMaria Antoinette. Abalingiswa bomdwebo ezingutsheni besifazane bashintsha, kepha ukuphrinta okunezimbali kwangena imfashini kuze kube phakade.