I-Biograge
Iningi labantu elifunda ubuciko, akuvamile ukuthi bacabange ngekusasa lomlobi. Futhi ngeze, ngoba kwesinye isikhathi i-biography yomlobi, imbongi noma iprosesi iyakwazi ukucishwa nge-epic ne-dramatic (noma ihlaya) yomsebenzi wakhe. Isibonelo esicacile sokwamukelwa okunjalo - Taras Grigorieving Shevchenko.Ubuntwana nentsha
Imbongi yesikhathi esizayo yazalwa kanye nomculi ngoFebhuwari 25, 1814. Kwenzeka lo mcimbi edolobhaneni laseMorinets, esifundazweni saseKiev.
Abazali bakaTaras bangumuntu oskeya olula wenqaba emthonjeni wePrince Potemkin, uSenator Vasily Engelhardta. UGrigory Ivanovich Shevchenko, ubaba womfana, uvame ukungabi nayo indlu ngenxa yokuthi uChumakov - wathatha ukuthengisa ukolweni kaPansk edolobheni elinjengeKiev nase-Odessa. Unina weTaras, uKaterina Yakimovna Boyko, izinsuku zisebenza ezinhlelweni zePan. Kungakho umkhulu nodadewethu umdala uCatherine bahlanganyela emfundweni yembongi yesikhathi esizayo.
Ngo-1816, umndeni weShevchenko uthuthela eKirillovka - idolobhana, elizobizwa ngalo ukuhlonipha imbongi. EKirillovka, uTaras uchitha ubuntwana bakhe futhi ahlangabeze uthando lokuqala u-Oksana Khalenko.
Ngo-1823, ngenxa yemithwalo ephakeme, uKaterina Yakimovna uyafa. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uyise kaTaras washada ngokwesibili emfelweni u-Oksana Tereshchenko futhi ungena endlini kaShevchenko enezingane ezintathu. Masinyane umlingo akazange akholwe amaTara, ngakho umfana wayefuna ukuvikelwa udadewabo omdala, kwathi ngemuva kokushona kukayise ngo-1825 anquma ukushiya indlu ngokuphelele.
Kusuka ku-1826 kuya ku-1829, ama-taras aphapha futhi akhathazeke lapho ungakwazi khona. Indawo yokuqala yomsebenzi omubi iba yisikole sasePhezu seDeca Paul Ruban. KuseShevchenko yakhe ujwayelana nezisekelo zokufunda nokubhala. Indawo elandelayo yomsebenzi iba ngumphakathi wakwaDakov-iConiesters - ane-taras ayamukela izisekelo zokudweba. Ngaphezu komsebenzi onjalo, uShevchenko wenzeka ngesinye isikhathi umlomo wezimvu, uqoqe isivuno futhi usize amadoda amadala ngezinkuni zomlilo.
Ngo-1829 kuhlelwe njengenceku kumnini mhlaba omusha - uPavel Vasilyevich Engelgardt. Isikhathi sokuqala sisebenza njengompheki, bese kuba umsizi womuntu siqu uSofia Grigorievna Engelhardt, ofundisa ama-Taras French. Esikhathini sakhe samahhala, umfana uyaqhubeka ukudweba.
Lapho uSofia Engelhardt wabona le midwebo futhi washeshe watshengisa umyeni wakhe. Wayithokozela ithalente lomfana, acabange ukuthi angaba nomdwebi omuhle kuye futhi athumela ama-taras aye eVilen University. Umeluleki womfana usephenduka isithombe esithandwayo seYang Rusrem.
Ngemuva konyaka nesigamu, u-Engelgardt uthumela uShevchenko eSt. Petersburg - ukwandisa ama-Horizon kanye nokuqeqeshwa okuvela kumakhosi. Ngo-1831, ngaphansi kobuholi bakwaVasily Shiryaeva Taras babamba iqhaza ekudwebeni kwe-Bolshoi Theatre.
Eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, engadini yehlobo kunesibonakaliso sikaShevchenko. Umcimbi - Uthisha wezwe u-Ivan Soshenko, osusa i-Taras ekukhanyiseni, ethula imbongi vasily zhukovsky, umculi we-carl burl kanye nomunye wabaholi be I-Imperial Academy of Arts Vasily Grigorovich. Bayazwelana le nsizwa futhi bayabona ithalente lakhe lobuciko, ngakho-ke wonke umuntu uzama ukusiza ukuxazulula inkinga ngokuhlengwa kwama-taras avela e-Engelhardt.
Kepha umnikazi womhlaba akafuni ukuvumela uShevchenko, ngoba usetshale imali etshalile iGuinea kulokhu. Izingxoxo zibambezeleka isikhathi eside futhi sezivele zibonakale sengathi isihlengo asinakwenzeka, kepha ekhanda leSushenko liza nombono omuhle. Umnyombo womqondo ukuhlela i-lottery lapho isithombe seZhukovsky sizodlalwa khona, sibhalwe nguBryullov. Ophumelele uthola isithombe, futhi yonke imali engenayo izoya ekuhlengweni kukaShevchenko.
Ilotho lalibanjelwe e-Anichkov Palace. Ukuhlela lo mcimbi kwasiza ukubala uMikhail Velgur. Ngifisa ukuwina umfanekiso uthole okuningi, konke kwabuyiselwa emuva ama-ruble angama-2500. Lonke leli nani lidluliselwe e-Engelhardt ngo-Ephreli 22, 1838. UShevchenko wayengasenaso isisebenzi se-serf. Isinqumo sokuqala sivunywa kwi-Academy of Arts.
"Ngiyaphila, ngiyaphila, angikhothami muntu futhi angimesabi muntu, ngaphandle kukaNkulunkulu - injabulo enkulu ukuba ngumuntu okhululekile: futhi akekho ozokuvimba," kusho uShevchenke. lezo zikhathi kudayari yakhe.Into yokufunda
Isikhathi kusukela ngesikhathi sokwamukelwa kwi-Imperial Academy of ACRISTER yezobuciko naphambi kokuba aboshwe ngo-1847 yindawo eyanda kakhulu eShevchenko ngohlelo lwezincwadi. Ngo-1840, ukuhlanganiswa kwehlelo ngemisebenzi yakhe yezinkondlo "Kobzar", okuyinto, ngesikhathi sokuphila kwembongi, akulungile. Ngo-1842, ama-Taras ashicilela inkondlo yawo engokomlando neyeqhawe. "Caadamaki."
Ngonyaka olandelayo uShevchenko uthathe isinqumo sokuya ohambweni lokuya e-Ukraine ukubona okudala nokuthola ugqozi lobuciko obusha. Izicucu zakhe zalezo zikhathi ziba ngu-Anna Zakrevskaya kanye noVarvara Repnin-Volkonskaya - owokuqala kwakungunkosikazi womninindlu womniningikazi owayene-taras, kanti owesibili kwakunguNkosana. Ngemuva kwalolu hambo, uShevchenko wabhala inkondlo "Poplar" nezinkondlo "Katetina" ne- "Yeretik".
Esezweni, imisebenzi yenkondlo yahlangana ngemfudumalo, kepha ukusabela kwabagxeki bedolobha elikhulu kwakuphambene ngokuphelele - bayigxeka ngokuphelele izinkondlo uShevchenko ukuze kube lula kwesifundazwe (yonke imisebenzi yabhalwa ngesi-Ukraine).
Ngo-1845, ama-taras abuye abuye abuyele e-Ukraine ukuyosebenza ePereyaslav (manje iPereyaslav-Khmelnitsky) kuDokotela ojwayelekile u-Andrei kozachekovsky. Ngolwazi olungaqinisekisiwe, imbongi yahamba yalungisa impilo yakhe. Uma uthanda lo mbono, "iTestamente" lakwaShevchenko elibhaliwe libhalwe ngalowo nyaka. Ngawo lowo nyaka, izinkondlo zakhe "Motnitz" ne "Caucasus" ziphuma.
Ngemuva kwe-kozachekovsky, ama-taras ahlelwe ngumculi weKhomishini ye-Archaeographic, ilungelo le-Pereyaslavl. Umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko ngaleso sikhathi - ukwenza imidwebo yezikhumbuzo zemivubukulo nezomlando zedolobha (i-Pokrovsky Cathedral, itshe lesiphambano seSt. Boris nokunye).
Ngo-1846, imbongi ishukumisela eKiev, lapho ameme khona esinye isikhathi eside - isazi-mlando kanye nohulumeni uNikolai Kostomarov. I-Kostomarov izothuthukisa uShevchenko kuKirillo-Medius Medic. Imbongi ayiqondi ngokushesha ukuthi ivela ukuthi idonswe enhlanganweni yezepolitiki eyimfihlo. Ukuqwashisa kuza lapho kuboshwa abahlanganyeli benkampani kuqala.
Ukufakazela ukunamathisela okuqondile kwama-taras kuya kwabahlaseli, kepha ubuhlanya begatsha lesithathu lobukhosi bakhe bempi yehhovisi likaPrince Alexii Orlov yivesi likaShevchenko ", lapho abona khona ukugconwa kombuso kahulumeni nokubiza ekuvukeleni. Njengesijeziso ngoMeyi 30, 1847, imbongi ithunyelwa esakhiweni esihlukile se-Orenburg ukufeza insiza yokuqasha. UShevchenko naye wenqatshelwe ukubhala nokudweba, okuba yi-blow enkulu yeShevchenko.
I-Poet Zhukovsky, ukubala u-Alexey Tolstoy noPrincess Varvara repnina-vovkonskaya bazama ukusiza ama-taras. Ukuphela kwento abayiphathayo ukufeza imvume yama-taras ukubhala izinhlamvu. Encwadini, i-kozacchkovsky shevchenko yathumela ivesi elithi "uLyakh" ("izigxobo"), elibhalwe ngabantu abakhonza naye abavela ePoland.
Buyela emisebenzini yobuciko, yize isikhashana, kungenzeka phakathi kokuphuma koLwandle Ase-Aral (1848-1849). General Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev ngasese izimvume ukwenza imidwebo yaseShevchenko yogu lwe-Aral Coast (ngombiko wokuphuma). Kepha othile ufunda ngalokhu futhi ubika ubuholi. Ngenxa yalokhu, okujwayelekile kuthola ukuphindisela okungathi sína, futhi uShevchenko uthunyelwa endaweni entsha, okuyinto eyakhiwe ngezempi yaseNovopetrovsk iya ngokuya iba (manje idolobha laseFort Shevchenko eKazakhstan).
Kukhona futhi ukuvinjelwa kokudweba, ngakho-ke ama-taras azama ukuklweba ngodaka futhi athathe izithombe zesithombe (Dagerrotypes). Ngobumba aluzange lusebenze, futhi izithombe ngaleso sikhathi zazibiza kakhulu. UShevchenko uphinde aqale ukubhala, kepha lesi sikhathi prosaic sisebenza ngesiRussia - "Umdwebi", "Gemini" nabanye. Ukukhishwa kuyivesi elithi "Khokhli" (1851).
Ngo-1857, ngemuva kwesicelo esilandelayo se-Count Fyodor Petrovich, imbongi kaTolstoy yadedelwa kwintando - uMbusi u-Alexander II ekhansela khansela isijeziso esimiswe nguyise uNikolai I.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ukuza ngenkululeko, uShevchenko ucabanga ngokwakha umndeni. Umzamo wokuqala wokushada uyisiphakamiso, okubhalwa yimbongi imbongolo yanikeza uCatherine Piunova. Ngaphambi kwalapho, imbongi yagqugquzela lo mlingisi omncane wethiyetha futhi wanethemba lokuthi uzovuma, kodwa ngangiphutha. Mayelana nomzamo wesibili cishe awusoze waziwa, ngaphandle kokuthi intombazane yabizwa ngokuthi yiHarita futhi yaqina.
UMlobokazi wesithathu uShevchenko naye waqiniswa. Leli gama kwakunguLucter wakhe Polidakov. Imbongi itshale imali eningi emfundweni yakhe, yahlunga le ntombazane efulethini, yathenga ukudla, izingubo nezincwadi. UTaras wayefuna ukumthengela umninindlu, kepha wenqaba lo mbono ngemuva kokumthola egumbini lokulala nomunye wabafundisi. Amatheras we-Taras Shevchenko awazange acabange ngomshado, esikhundleni salokho, waphinda washaya lo msebenzi, umphumela wazo waba "yincwadi eseningizimu yeSouth-Russian" - owokuqala wezincwadi wahlela kuye.
Ukubuyela empilweni yomuntu siqu, kufanelekile futhi ukusho amanoveli akhe asendulo. Uthando lokuqala lwembongi kwakuyintombazane evela edolobhaneni laseKirillovka Oksana Kovalenko. Emashumindleni amaningi, abaphathi bembongi kwakungu-Anna Zagrvskaya (bazinikele kuye "uma sihlangane futhi") noVarvara Repnina-Volkonskaya.
Eminyakeni yokusebenza eNovopetrovsk ukuqinisa, uShevchenko wahlangana ngasese ne-Agata USkovoova, owayengunkosikazi wendawo. Kunemininingwane mayelana namanye amanoveli embongi, kepha asikho isiqinisekiso esithembekile.
Ukushona
Imbongi ishonile eSt. Petersburg, lapho ayengcwatshwa khona ngemlando. Kwenzekile ngo-1861, ngosuku olulandelayo ngemuva kosuku lokuzalwa lweTaras Grigorieving. Imbangela yokufa - ama-Ascites (ukuthambisa esiswini). Kukholakala ukuthi iphutha lalesi sifo laliwukusebenzisa ngokweqile iziphuzo ezidakayo, lapho imbongi yayingumlutha khona eminyakeni emisha. Kuyasho ukuthi nguyena ohlele ikilabhu elithi "Club Realer", obanikazi bawo baminza futhi baqala izingxoxo eziphathelene nokuphila, futhi ekugcineni kwengqondo ngokuphila, nasekupheleni kwe-rengky kwakhetha "ubukhosi".
Indawo yokuqala yokungcwatshwa kwembongi kwakunguSmolensk Orthodox Chemetery, kodwa kamuva yaphinde yavuswa ngosizi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngokusho kweTestamente eNtsha. Ngokukhumbula imbongi, izindawo eziningi zaqanjwa kabusha, umgwaqo onamagama waKhe nesikhumbuzo esiya embongiweni kwesinye indawo e-Ukraine. Igama lakhe liyi-crater encane ku-mercury.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1838 - "Katerina"
- Ngo-1839 - "Kuya kwabayisisekelo"
- 1840 - "Kobzar"
- Ngo-1842 - "Gaadamaki"
- Ngo-1845 - "Duma"
- Ngo-1845 - "Testamente"
- Ngo-1845 - "Motnitz"
- Ngo-1847 - "LYAKH"
- 1851 - "Khokhli"
- Ngo-1855 - "Gemini"
- 1856 - "Umdwebi"
- Ngo-1860 - "South Russian"