I-Biograge
UMikhail Kalashnikov - umklami weSoviet noRussia, uMdali womshini weKalashnikov, ojwayelene nezakhamizi zazo zonke izifundazwe zomhlaba.Ubuntwana nentsha
UMikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov wazalwa ngoNovemba 10, 1919. UMaja uMikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov uyindawo yaseKary Altai Territory. Lo mklami wenzeka emndenini omkhulu, lapho kwazalwa khona izingane eziyi-19, kodwa kwasinda abantu abangu-8 kuphela, kubandakanya uMikhail Timofeevich. Abazali bakaKalashnikov babengabalimi.
UTimofey Alexandrovich ngo-1930 waqashelwa njengenqindi, ngakho umndeni wathunyelwa edolobhaneni laseMoulovaya TomSK esifundeni. Ngiseyingane, umklami osemusha wakhombisa ukuthakazelisa ngezindlela zobuchwepheshe, wafunda izimiso zokusebenza kwezindlela. Eminyakeni yesikole, uKalashnikov wakhombisa ulwazi lweJiyomethri ne-physics, kodwa futhi wamnika kalula izincwadi.
Kungemva nje kokuthweswa iziqu, uMikhail Timofeevich unquma ukubuyela e-Altai, kodwa angitholanga umsebenzi esifundeni, ngakho ngabuyela emndenini. Ngenxa yomndeni wenqindi, akunakuthola ipasipoti isikhathi eside iKalashnikov, kepha bese ifaka uphawu lophawu lwasendaweni lwasendaweni esitifiketini bese kuthi idokhumenti selikhona.
UMikhail uphinde abuyele e-Altai. Ngalesi sikhathi, kukhona ukwazi okuqala ngedivayisi yezikhali. Le nsizwa yakwazi ukwehla isibhamu esinsundu. Lapho uKalashnikov eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala, umklami uqhubekela eKazakhstan. Umfana uqashwe edepho yesiteshi i-matay turkestan-Siberian Railway. UMikhail akazange akwazi ukuxhumana nje nezikhiye kanye nemishini, kodwa futhi uthole ulwazi ngenqubo eyayikuncome kusukela ebuntwaneni.
Ngo-1938, uMikhail Timofeevich wahamba wayokhonza embuthweni obomvu. Le nkonzo yenzeka esifundeni samasosha eKiev. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, uKalashnikov waba ngumshayeli wethangi umakhenikha, ngemuva kwalokho umklami wadluliselwa ekwahlukaniseni amathangi ayi-12. Ngesikhathi senkonzo esezingeni lebutho elibomvu, uMikhail wadala i-counter enatial yokudutshulwa esibhamu. Futhi, phakathi kwentuthuko yensizwa, imishini yayikhona ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokudutshulwa kwe-TT Pistol, imitha yezimoto yeTank.
Ngo-1942, le divayisi yathunyelwa ekukhiqizeni okukhulu. Ngeshwa, izenzo zamasosha zivimbele ukusetshenziswa kwephrojekthi. Mayelana nale mishini kaKalashnikov eyabikwa mathupha ngumkhuzi weKieli lezempi elikhethekile lempi, jikelele kwebutho, uGeorgy Zhukov.
Ngemuva kwengxoxo, uMikhail Timofeevich uthunyelwa esikoleni saseKiev Tank, lapho adala khona ama-prototypes aqhube ucwaningo. Kamuva, uKalashnikov ushukumisela eMoscow, lapho kuqhubeka khona ukusebenza kwemishini. Vele esitshalweni se-leningrad. IVoroshilova Mikhail enamakhosi aguqulwa ikhawuntara.
Umqambi omkhulu
Ngesikhathi sempi enkulu yokuthanda izwe, uKalashnikov uthole ukulimala okungathi sína, ngakho-ke, amasonto ambalwa waphathwa esibhedlela, nangemva kokuba indoda ithunyelwe eholidini. Kulokhu, uMikhail Timofeevich, onikezelwe ekwakhiweni kwesibhamu sesibhamu somshini.Ngemuva kokuthi isampula lakhe lilethwe esimweni esifunekayo, uKalashnikov wamthumela kulo mncintiswano. Ikhomishini yokuncoma ayikaze ihlangabezane nayo, ngoba, ngokusho kochwepheshe, izikhali ziyabiza futhi zinzima. Ukuqhathanisa, kuthathwe ama-PPs nama-PPs. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ithalente lomklami liqaphelekile.
Ngo-1942, uMikhail Timofeevich uthatha insiza ekuphathweni okuphezulu kwebutho elibomvu. Indoda ihambisa izikhali ezinhlwini ze-servicemen. Ngokushesha ubuholi baphinde banikeze iKalashnikov umsebenzi omusha: Umklami bekudingeka ukuthi athuthukise isikhali, athathe i-cartridge "ephakathi nendawo enesikhalo esingu-7.62x39 mm. Isibhamu noma umshini kumele ube nebanga lokudubula lamamitha angama-200-800.
Ngaphezu kweMikhail Timofeevich, abakhi abavele banolwazi abahlanganyele kulo mncintiswano. Ngenxa yalokhu, uSimono we-Self-Wezetication Simonov ubonakale embuthweni, isibhamu somshini wencwadi kaDegtyarev. I-kalashnikov's automaton imele umklamo oyinkimbinkimbi. Azikho amasampula we-gunsmith asondela ezimfuneko zomncintiswano. Isigaba sokuqala saphela ngokuhlaziywa, kanti okwesibili - ukunqoba kwabahlanganyeli abasebasha. Ku-Intanethi ungabona isithombe se-Kalashnikov, othanda umsebenzi.
UMikhail Timofeevich wayengaphuthumi ukwenza izinto ezintsha, futhi imibono yobuhlakani bomqambi abakwazi ukubizwa. Ngaleso sikhathi, umshini wenzelwe kusuka kumayunithi asezingeni eliphakeme nezinqubo ezihlolwe ukuzilolonga. Izikhali zingadubula kunoma yisiphi isimo, kufaka phakathi ukuwa kwamanzi, ukungcola. Abukho bunzima ekuhlanzeni nasekuhlanzeni.
Ngenxa yemiklamo edumile, umshini weKalashnikov angenziwa kwimishini ekhona ngamanani amakhulu. Izindleko zezikhali zibonwa njengephansi. UMikhail Timofeevich wadala umshini othomathikhi hhayi njengomklami, kepha njengesosha elijwayelekile, okubalulekile ukuthi idivaysi ilula, ikhululekile futhi iyaqondakala.
Ngo-30, uMikhail Kalashnikov waba yi-laureate yomklomelo we-stalinist. Umqambi wathola i-oda lenkanyezi ebomvu yentuthuko eyingqayizivele. Masinyane nje emva kwalokho, umshini wadluliselwa ekukhiqizweni kwesitshalo sezempi se-Izhevian. Umklami wathuthela e-Udmurtia ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekwakhiweni kwezikhali. UMikhail Timofeevich uhlala ethuthukisa ukusungulwa.
Isikhathi eside, uKalashnikov wazama ukusungula ukukhiqizwa, kusukela ngesikhathi senqubo emshadweni watholakala, kufaka phakathi ebhokisini lomzimba. Uchwepheshe washintsha ubuchwepheshe, wamisa ukukhetha kokugaya, okuwina kakhulu ukwenziwa kwemishini. Lapho nje le nkinga inqunywe, yabuyiselwa kumbono wokuqala.
Ngokushesha isibhamu sidale ukuguqulwa okusha kwe-AKM. Kusukela kulesi sikhathi, imishini kanye nemishini yokudlala izibhamu uKalashnikov waba yizingalo ezinkulu zezinsana, njengoba indalo kaSimono noDegTarev yasuswa ekukhiqizweni. Kuma-70s, banquma ukuthatha ama-cartridge angenalutho angenalutho 5.45x39 mm. Imincintiswano ememezelwe phakathi kwabaqambi. UMikhail Timofeevich wanikezwa futhi ukunqoba.
Emuva kuma-50s, izikhali zikaKalashnikov zaqala ukunikezwa abahlanganyeli enhlanganweni yesivumelwano seWarsaw, nakwamanye amazwe lapho i-USSR eyayinobudlelwano obunobungani. Kepha imakethe yesikhali emnyama yachuma ngalezo zinsuku, izisebenzi eziningi ezingaphansi komhlaba zaqala ukukopisha ukudala uMikhail Timofevich.
Izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe zithathe njengesisekelo seKalashnikov ezenzakalelayo, kodwa zihambisana nentuthuko yazo, eyayivezwa ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni okusha. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isikhali sathola igama elisha ezweni ngalinye, kwasala u-AK. I-kalashnikov's automaton ihlala idume kakhulu futhi ithembekile emhlabeni. I-AK ihlala ngo-15% womhlaba wezikhali.
Ngo-1963, uMikhail Timofeevich waqala ukuthuthukisa ama-RPCs ahlome ngombono we-butt we-butt kanye nobusuku. Ngasikhathi sinye, uKalashnikov wazama ukuthuthukisa isibhamu esizenzakalelayo sama-cartridge ama-9x18. Kepha isibhamu asikwazanga ukuncintisana ne-stechkin. I-Mikhail Timofeevich, Mikhail Timofeevich, ayikwazanga ukukhokha ukunaka okwanele kwaleli ntuthuko.
Kakade ngawo-1970s, uKalashnikov wazama umkhakha omusha womsebenzi - imisinga yokuzingela. Njengoba isisekelo sezibhamu sathatha owakhe umshini. Masinyane nje ngemuva kokuhlolwa, iKarabina yathunyelwa ukuyokhiqiza. Ngo-1992, i-Master yakha i-carabiner yokuzikhangela eyazilayishayo "saiga", ifakwe umbono wokubona.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Kwi-bikhail kalashnikov kukhona imishado emi-2. Umfazi wokuqala wale ndoda kwakungu-Ekaterina Danilovna u-Astakhov, owazalelwa eTheritory yase-Altai, ngemuva kokusebenza esiteshini sesiteshi sesitimela uMatay. Ngo-1942, indodana kaVictor yavela emndenini. Kamuva, uMikhail Timofevich no-Ekaterina Danilovna bahlukana. Umlingani wakudala nengane wasala eKazakhstan. Ngo-1956, owesifazane wafa ngokuzumayo, ngakho uKalashnikov wadlula endodaneni e-Izhevsk.
Unkosikazi wesibili uMikhail Timofeevich waba yi-ekaterina viktorovna moiseeva. Owesifazane wasebenza njengochwepheshe ongumqambi. Kusukela emshadweni wokuqala, lona wesifazane wayenendodakazi uNelli. Kepha uKalashnikov wethule le ntombazane.
Kamuva, lo mndeni uvele emndenini - uNatalia no-Elena, okwenzeka kamuva kuthatha isikhundla sikaMongameli we-Internalgional Public Foundation. M.T. Kalashnikova. Ngeshwa, uNatalia washona eminyakeni engama-30. UMikhail Timofeevich wahamba nobaba nogogo ojabulayo. Izingane zethule abazukulu abayisihlanu: UMikhail, u-Alexander, evgenia no-Alexander, u-Igor.
Ukushona
Izinkinga zempilo yaseCalashnikov zivele ngo-2012. Isikhombisi soMklami sasho ukuthi le kwakuyimbangela yokunakekelwa emsebenzini. NgoDisemba wonyaka ofanayo, kwangeniswa owesilisa engozini eRepublican Clinical and Diagnostic Center of Udmurtia ye-UDmurtia yenhlolovo ehlelelwe. Okunye ukuwohloka kwenhlala-kahle kwaqoshwa ehlobo lika-2013. Ngendiza yoMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo ngemishini ekhethekile, uMikhail Timofeevich wahanjiswa eMoscow."Mayelana nesidingo sokuhlolwa kwezokwelashwa, odokotela banquma ukuthumela uMikhail Timofeevich komunye wemitholampilo yaseMoscow," kusho uMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo.Odokotela baseMoscow batholwe yi-thrombombolism ye-artery ye-pulmonary. Kungakapheli amasonto ambalwa ngaphezulu kweKalashnikov, odokotela bamadolobha amakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, inhlala-kahle yendoda yathuthuka, ngemuva kwalokho uMklami wabuyela ekhaya e-Izhevsk.
NgoNovemba, uMikhail Timofeevich waphinde wakuzwa kabi, ngakho-ke umklami we-17 wangeniswa esibhedlela eMnyangweni wokuvuselela umtholampilo waseRepublical kanye nokuxilonga Center for Udmurtia. Izihlobo zikaKalashnikov zikholelwa ukuthi isimo se-Gunsmith sathinta amalungiselelo emikhosini ngesikhathi seminyaka engu-94 kaMikhail Timofeevich.
Ekuqaleni kukaDisemba, uKalashnikov wenza umsebenzi ophuthumayo, kepha ukungenelela okuhlinza kwakha isimo sokwakha. Ngemuva kwenyanga, ukuthuthuka okubonakalayo akuzange kubo bonke odokotela. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokushona kwezibhamu kudluliselwe ekunakekelweni okukhulu ngenxa yokopha kwesisu. Ukufa kukaMikhail Timofeevich kwaziwa ngoDisemba 23.
I-Farewell kuMikhail Kalashnikov yenzeka ngoDisemba 25 no-26, futhi i-Panshid yenzeka eNhobisweni Mikhailovsky Cathedral of Izhevsk. Mayelana nokufa komqambi e-Udmurtia, ukulila ngemiyalo yenhloko yesifunda esimemezelwe. Umngcwabo kaKalashnikov wabanjwa ePantheon of Heroes of Federal Miles Memorial Cemetery.
Emcimbini wokungcwaba, izikhulu kanye nabantu abakhulu boMbuso, kufaka phakathi uVladimir Putin noSergei Shorobyu, noReri Vorobyov noSergey Ivanov, uDenis Manurov, abekhona emngcwabeni. Amakheli aveze umqondisi jikelele weSergey Chezov yenkampani yombuso uRosterch. Isikhumbuzo esiya eMikhail Kalashnikov savela endalini yengadi eMoscow. Umqambi wesikhali esakhiwe wanikezwa izindondo "Inkanyezi yeGolide" ne- "Sickle neHammer".
Ukukhumbula
Ngokukhumbula umsunguli omkhulu, kudutshulwe imidwebo eminingi yobuciko nemibhalo. Enye yamafilimu aqhakazile - "Kalashnikov", eshicilelwe nge-2020. Iqhaza leMikhail Timofeevich lidlale umlingisi we-Actor Yuri Borisov.
Ukusungulwa
- Isibhamu se-Counter sertial of Tank Guns
- AK-47
- Umshini wesandla wesibhamu sesibhamu kalashnikov
- Isibhamu se-gun kalashnikov
- I-Kalashnikov Machine 100 Series
- Ukuzilola Ukuzingela Carbine "Saiga"
- Isibhamu esizenzakalelayo se-othomathikhi
-Zuzayo
- Ngo-1946 - Indondo "yokunqoba iJalimane eMpini Yenkulu Yezwe Elikhulu yango-1941-1945"
- Ngo-1947 - I-oda le-Okthoba Revolution
- Ngo-1949 - I-Red Star Order
- 1958, 1969, 1976 - Order of Lenin
- 1958, 1976 - I-Hero of Socialist Labour
- 1958, 1976 - I-Medal "Izintambo neHammer"
- 1975 - Ukuhleleka kwesibhengezo esibomvu
- Ngo-1982 - Order of the Fenuple of People
- 1985 - Ukuhleleka kwe-Patriotic War I Degree
- 1993 - Zhukov Medal
- 1994 - Order "for Services to Babaland" II Degree
- 1998 - Ukuhleleka komphostoli oNgcwele u-Andrei kuqala ukubizwa
- 2004 - Order "for Merit Merit"
- Ngo-2009 - iqhawe leRussia Federation
- Ngo-2009 - "Inkanyezi yeGolide"