I-Biograge
UBogdan Mikhailovich Khmelnitsky wangena endabeni njengomholi wesikhundla sokuvukela. Imisebenzi yeHetman yasiza isimo saseRussia ukuba samukele i-Bank Bank Dnieper, Zaporizhia Sich neKiev. Mayelana nengane kanye nentsha uBogdan Khmelnitsky uyazi okuncane. Izazi-mlando zabona ukuthi ukuzalwa kweHetman kwenzeka endaweni engezansi ngo-1595. Abazali bakaBogdan Mikhailovich bavela eShuttlefish.
Ukuqeqeshwa Khmelnitsky kwaqala esikoleni saseKiev Fraternal School, mayelana nalokhu okusheshayo kwe-bogdan. Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni, le nsizwa yaba ngumfundi weLoligium yamaJesuit, etholakala eLviv. Izinto eziphambili ezazifunda iKhmelnitsky kwakunguLatin, isiPolish, Rhetoric kanye ne-eseyi. Naphezu kwezitayela zalesosikhathi, uBogdan Mikhailovich akazange azithobele futhi wasala okholweni lobu-Orthodox.
UKhmelnitsky usevele esemsebenzini uyavuma ukuthi amaJesuits awazange angenele ukujula komphefumlo. UHetman waphawula ukuthi kwakunzima ukungasuki ngendlela elungileyo futhi ekugcineni ukuthembeka ku-Orthodoxy. UBogdan Mikhailovich wayevame ukuhamba emhlabeni.
Ukusebenzela Inkosi
Ngo-1620, kwaqala impi yasePoland-Turkish. UBogdan Khmelnitsky wabamba iqhaza kwizitha. Kwenye yezimpi ezidlula ngaphansi kweTsetsoroi, uBaba wafa, futhi uHetman wayethunjiwe. Kwaphela iminyaka emibili, uBogdan Mikhailovich wayesebugqilini, kodwa kulokhu wathola: ngifunde uTatar noTurkey. Ngesikhathi sokudingiswa, izihlobo zikwazile ukuqoqa ukuhlengwa. Lapho ebuyela ekhaya, uKhmelnitsky wabhaliswa ku-Registrarcycle.
Ngokushesha, iBogdan ikhangwa ekuhambeni kwezintaba zasolwandle ezenziwa emadolobheni aseTurkey. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1629, uHetman nebutho elithungelwe ukuhanjiswa kweConstantinople. Emazweni athunjiwe, uKhmelnitsky wahlala isikhashana, ngemuva kokuthi uhambo lwabuyela eChigirin. Iziphathimandla zikaZaporozhye ziqoke iBogdan Mikhailovich eya eposini laseSotnik Chigirinsky.
Ngemuva kokujoyina isihlalo sobukhosi sasePoland, uVladislav IV waqala impi yeCommonwealth ngombuso waseMoscow. UKhmelnitsky wahamba nebutho ukushushumbisa. Emicimbini yezindaba zobukhosi, kwathiwa uBogdan Mikhailovich wabamba iqhaza ekuvinjezelweni kwedolobha. UHetman ngo-1635 wasindisa inkosi yasePoland ekudingisweni, lapho athola khona iGolden Saber.
Kusukela kulokhu, iKhmelnitsky yaqala ukuhlonipha nenkantolo yasebukhosini. Lapho uVladislav IV enqume ukumelana noMbuso wase-Ottoman, uBogdan Mikhailovich wafunda okokuqala ngezinhlelo zenkosi. Umbusi wakhuluma ngomqondo weKhmelnitsky. UHetman wazise uVladislav IV mayelana nodlame olubhekiswe khona ezitokisini, ngaleyo ndlela avikele abantu.
Imininingwane evunyelwe ehlukahlukene igcinwe mayelana nesikhathi seZithuthuthu zaseFrance neSpain. Izazi-mlando eziningi zaphetha ngokuthi izinkulungwane ezimbili zezindawo zobuholi ngaphansi kobuholi baKhmelnitsky babamba iqhaza ekuvinjezelweni kwenqaba yeDunkirk. I-Ambassador de Breji waphawula ithalente lamakholoni kaBoris Mikhailovich.
Kepha izazi-mlando uZbignev Vuitsik noVladimir Golowbutsky bakuphikisa. Ochwepheshe bathi ama-orcenaries asePoland amenyelwa ekuvinjezelweni kweDunkirk, eyayiyalwa ngamakholomu we-Pshimer, uCabare noDe Siro. Kuze kube manje, azikho izingxoxo ngalolu daba. Imibhalo Engokomlando iqinisekisa ukuthi uKhmelnitsky wabamba iqhaza ezingxoxweni namaFulentshi, kodwa wangabaza inqaba - akwaziwa.
UVladislav IV waba ngumqambi wempi neTurkey, kodwa ngangifuna ukusekela hhayi ku-Seima, kodwa eCossack Starin, kufaka phakathi iBogdan Khmelnitsky. Emahlombe ezinhlamvu zasekhaya kwakukhona ukungavulwanga kwezitha zombuso wase-Ottoman. Lokhu kwavumela i-hetman ukuthi ithole idiploma yasebukhosini, ngokuhambisana nezindawo zokuphumula zabuyiselwa kumalungelo futhi zibuyiselwe kuwo amalungelo.
Wafunda ngezingxoxo nezikolo. Amalungu ePhalamende akhuluma ngokungahambisani nesivumelwano, ngakho inkosi kwadingeka ngibuyele kulokhu okukhulelwe. Kepha i-Cossack Starin Barabash yagcina idiploma yezindawo zokufunda. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, iKhmelnitsky, esebenzisa iqhinga, yathatha umqulu kuye. Kukhona inguqulo idiploma kaMikhailovich eyinkohliso.
Ukulwa
UBogdan Khmelnitsky wabamba iqhaza ezintabeni eziningi, kodwa umuntu ongumlando, cishe izinganekwane, uHetman wenza impi yenkululeko kazwelonke. Imbangela eyinhloko yokuvukela kwakuwukuthathwa kwamazwe okunobudlova, okungekuhle ezikhundleni zezindawo zasezesikolo zabangela izindlela ezididekile zomzabalazo wezigxobo. Ngoba lokhu kwakumi amandla asePoland.
Ngokwenguqulo esemthethweni, ngoJanuwari 24, 1648, iKhmelnitsky yabona i-hetman. Umcimbi obalulekile wenzeka eSchoove. Ngesikhathi sohambo, uBogdan Mikhailovich waqoqa ibutho elincane, elaphupha amabutho asePoland. Ngemuva kwalokhu kunqoba, inani le-hetman lagcwaliswa kancane kancane ngokuqashwa.
Okokufika nje kwezifundo zokuqeqeshwa ezihleliwe. Amakhosi afundisa uthango lwe-novice, amaqhinga amabutho, ukulwa nokuhlanjululwa ngesandla nokudubula. I-Khmelnitsky iyazisola ngento eyodwa kuphela - mayelana nokungabikho kwamahhashi. Kepha le nkinga yanyamalala ngokushesha ngenxa yeNyunyana neCrimean Khan.
Umlayezo ophathelene nokuvukela kwasakazeka ngokushesha, ngakho-ke indodana kaNikolai Pototsky yakhuluma ngokumelene namabutho eBogdan Mikhailovich. Impi yokuqala yenzeka ngaphansi kwamanzi aphuzi. Izigxobo bezingakulungele ukulwa, ngakho-ke zilahlekelwe ezikhubekeni. Kepha le mpi ayiphelanga.
Iphuzu elilandelayo kwakunguCorsun. Owokuqala ukufika kuleyo nqubomgomo wawuhlanjululwe amasosha eCommonwealth. Izigxobo zabulala abantu, zabaphange uMgcinimafa. UKhmelnitsky uhlele ukuqamekela amakhilomitha ambalwa kusuka ku-corsun. Futhi kwaqala impi yakwaKorsun. Ibutho lePolyakov laliqukethe abalwa abangu-12,000, kepha lokhu bekunganele ukunqoba phezu kwe-Cossack-Tatar Army.
Impi yenkululeko kazwelonke yasiza ukufeza imiphumela oyifunayo. E-Ukraine, izigxobo ezishushiswa namaJuda. Kepha ukuvukelwa kwalokhu kuphethwe yiKhmelnitsky. Kuleli phuzu kuqhubeke, uHetman ulahlekelwe yithuba lokuphatha izikolo.
Ukufa kweVladislav IV kwenza impi empeleni akunanjongo. UBogdan Mikhailovich wafaka isicelo sosizo enkosini yaseRussia. UKhmelnitsky wafunwa uMbusi wePhathina. Izingxoxo eziningi nesiRussia, izigxobo, ngisho namaSweden awazange ahole kumphumela oyifunayo.
NgoMeyi 1649, izikolo zaqala esigabeni sesibili sempi. Izivumelwano zangaphambilini zaphulwa amabutho okuqala eCommonwealth. UBogdan Mikhailovich wabhekwa njengomuntu ohlonishwayo, ubalwa ngokunemba zonke isenzo. UHetman uthathe amasosha asePoland endalini futhi wayehlala ehlasela njalo. Iziphathimandla kwadingeka zisayine izwe laseZorovsky.
Isigaba sesithathu sempi saqala ngo-1650. Amandla ezikoloni aphela kancane kancane, ngakho-ke ukunqotshwa kokuqala kwaqala. Amaphoyisa aphetha umhlaba weBelotsovkov. Lesi sivumelwano siphikisane nezwe le-zborovsky. Ngo-1652, naphezu kwedokhumenti, ama-cosseras aphinda futhi aqala ubutha. Uyedwa ukuphuma empini ecishe elahlekile, uKhmelnitsky akakwazanga, ngakho-ke nginqume ukuphetha ukuthula nesimo saseRussia. I-Cossacks yafunga u-Alexey Mikhailovich.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
E-biography yeBogdan Khmelnitsky, kunolwazi olungaba amakhosikazi amathathu: U-Anne Somko, u-Elena Chaplinskaya, u-Anne Zhototarenko. Abesifazane abasebasha baletha umlingani wezingane eziyisishiyagalombili, kubandakanya nabafana abangu-4 namantombazane amane. Indodakazi kaStepanesid Khmelnitsky yayishade neColonel Ivan Necha.
Wathunjwa ababusi baseRussia, okwathi emva kwalokho, kanye nomlingani wakhe, babesenkomba yalesi sifunda. I-Catherine Khmelnitskaya Bogdan Mikhailovich Ikhishwe UDanil Navilovsky. Ukuba ngumfelokazi ngemuva kokubulawa komngane womshado, le ntombazane yaphinde yabandakanyeka ne-Pavel Tetry.
Imininingwane ngqo kuMaria Khmelnitsky namanje abatholanga mlando. Ngokomunye umqulu, lona wesifazane osemusha washada nekhulu lamaKorsun esondelana, ngakolunye uhlangothi, unkosikazi kaLukyan MOVChan. Indodakazi yesine u-Elena Khmelnitsky, ngokwemininingwane ethile, yayiyingane eyayikhulisa izingane.
Mayelana namadodana kaBogdan Mikhailovich uyazi kancane. UTimosh wahamba iminyaka engama-21, uMfoweth 'uGrigory washona ebuntwaneni, uYuri wafa iminyaka engama-44, kanti u-Ostap Khmelnitsky, ngokusho kolwazi olungaqinisekisiwe, usho imininingwane eyi-10 ngemuva kokushaywa. Imidwebo ebhalwe ngesandla kuphela yeKhmelnitsky efinyelelwe kulolu suku, ngoba kuleyo minyaka isithombe asikanzi.
Ukushona
Izinkinga zempilo eBogdan Mikhailovich Khmelnitsky zivele ekuqaleni kuka-1657. Ngalesi sikhathi kwakudingeka ukunquma ukuthi ngubani okufanele ajoyine - kumaSweden noma amaRussia. UHetman ulindele ukufa, ngakho-ke nginqume ukubiza ukugqama kuChigirin ukudlulisa amandla ku-Enalondali. Indodana eneminyaka engu-16 uYuri yasukuma yaya endaweni yaseKhmelnitsky.
Izazi-mlando isikhathi eside azikwazanga ukuthola usuku oluqondile lokufa kukaBogdan Mikhailovich, kodwa ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi bathola ukuthi ukufa kufike kuHetman ngo-Agasti 6, 1657. UKhmelnitsky ushone ngenxa ye-hemorrhage ebuchosheni.
Umngcwabo womholi weCossacks wabanjelwa edolobhaneni labathobisi. I-Bogdan Mikhailovich's Grouble iseduze kwendodana kaTimofey eSontweni lase-Ilinsk, eyakhiwe yisikhukhula. Ngeshwa, ngemuva kweminyaka engu-7, uPole Stephen Charnetsky weza wayala ukuba ashise umzana, athathe umlotha weKhmelnitsky futhi alahle izinsalela.
Manje ngeBogdan Mikhailovich iyazi e-Ukraine, eRussia naseBelarus. Igama le-hetman yimigwaqo, izigcawu, amadolobha. Ifulegi ledolobha laseKhmelnitsky yilanga ngemuva kwesibhakabhaka. Ukuhlonipha umholi wezindawo zokugcina, izikhumbuzo zakhiwa, kubandakanya neKiev. Ngesikhathi sempi enkulu yokuthanda izwe, bamisa ukuhleleka kwabo. I-Bogdan Khmelnitsky, isuse amafilimu amadokhumenti kanye nobuciko.
Kumasiko
- 1938 - "I-Bogdan Khmelnitsky"
- 1941 - "I-Bogdan Khmelnitsky"
- 1956 - "Iminyaka engama-300
- 1999 - "Umlilo Nenkemba"
- 2001 - "I-Black Rada"
- Ngo-2007 - "I-Bogdan Zinovy Khmelnitsky"