I-Biograge
Umlobi, esola igazi elibandayo lendaba, aphethe umthwalo osindayo, ngoba kunzima ukwesabisa umfundi oyinkimbinkimbi, futhi kube nzima ngokwengeziwe ukuphoqa umphathi wencwadi ukuba azwe i-melancholic kanye nomhlaba okhangayo, kepha umhlaba okhangayo wangempela.
Ngakho-ke, i-Master of the pen iphoqelekile ukuba icabange ngenze lokhu: ukwenza umgcini wencwadi angeniswe ushukela, afakwe nge-fusestics plot futhi azizwe ama-goosebumps esikhunjeni. Abalobi abanjalo bahlanganisa hhayi kuphela u-Edgar Allan Pri noHoward Lovekraft, kodwa futhi nakuBram Stoker, owethule umlingiswa wesimo se-Dracula, kanye namanoveli kaMummy Talisman kanye "nesango lokuphila".
Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Abrahama "Bram" uStoker wazalwa ngoNovemba 8, 1847, enhloko-dolobha yase-Ireland, owanikeza ukukhanya ubuhlakani obuningi bezincwadi. Isibonelo, ngaphezu kwe-Stoker, uWilliam Batler Jerer wazalelwa eDublin, uGeorge Bernard Shaw, uSamuel Beckett, Oscar Wilde, uJonathan Swift nabanye ubuntu obudumile.
Ngiseyingane, uBram wakhuliswa emndenini othobekile wesisebenzi sikahulumeni. Uyise, u-Abrahama Stoker, noMama, uCharlotte Matilda Blake Tornley, wakhulisa izingane eziyisikhombisa futhi waphila impilo ejwayelekile, ekhawulelwe, eyayiyindalo kubantu bangaleso sikhathi. Abazali bomlobi babenamabala enkolo yamaProthestani, ngakho-ke uBram, kanye nabafowethu nodadewethu, baya ekufikeni kwebandla lase-Ireland, okuyingxenye yomphakathi wase-Anglican.
Ingane yeStoker yayingacebile ezenzakalweni, kepha kanye futhi yake yakhumbula ukugula kwakhe, okuthi ngomqondo wangempela wegama lalahla umfana waqonda embhedeni. Iqiniso ngukuthi ngenxa yesifo esingaziwa, uBram akakwazanga ukusukuma ahambe, ngakho-ke ngaphambi kweminyaka eyisikhombisa umbhali wesikhathi esizayo akazange asole ngisho nokudlala nontanga egcekeni nasekudlaleni imidlalo. Nakhu ukuthi kuchaze kanjani ukuthi uBram Stoker lesi sikhathi esinzima:
"Bengivela emvelweni ngicabanga, futhi isifo esihlala isikhathi eside saba nemicabango eminingi eyayithela iminyaka eyalandela."Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi umlingiswa ophambili wenoveli yakhe "Dracula" uchitha iningi lesikhathi ephusheni. Kwakunamathemba ambalwa, kepha umfana wakwazi ukunqoba lesi sifo esingahambanga nalo mkhondo ngesimo sakhe somzimba, ngoba, ukuhlala ebhentshini lasekolishi likaZiqu-zintathu, le ndoda yasekolishi, le nsizwa yayithanda i-Athletics nebhola lezinyawo.
Ngosizo lukaBram, iqembu lakhe labafundi alishabalali umgomo owodwa esangweni lomphikisi. Ngo-1870, iToker iphothula iziqu zobuchwepheshe ngezimali ezihlonishwayo, ngoba kwakungeyona kuphela i-hardy, kodwa futhi ihlakaniphile.
Into yokufunda
Njengoba usuthole idiploma etholile, uBram Stroker waya ezinyathelweni zikayise waqala umsebenzi wezisebenzi zomphakathi, ukususa umsebenzi wakhe ojwayelekile ukuze wenziwe ingxenye ethile ephephandabeni "Imeyili yakusihlwa", lapho insizwa yenziwa khona njengentatheli kanye neshashalazi ukugxekwa. Ukubuyekezwa kwesitoko kwakudumile phakathi kwamantombazane amancane futhi iNkosi, nezinye izibukeli zemidlalo zigxile nge-bram ngenhlonipho ehlonishwayo.
Lapho nje i-Stoker yabhala i-athikili enhle ngoHamlet Henry Irving. Umlingisi ugxile kakhulu ngokubuyekezwa kombhali, ojeziswe ukumema uBram esidlweni sakusihlwa eSherbourne Hotel, kusukela phakathi kwalezi zinto zobuntu bokudala, kwavuswa ubudlelwano obunobungane.
Ngo-1878, uHenry waphendukela ku-Ekler encwadini elandelayo futhi wamema umngane wakhe ukuthi athathe isikhundla soMqondisi-Umphathi weLyceum Theatre, esengxenyeni esentshonalanga yeLondon. Ngakho-ke, umbhali kwadingeka athuthele enhlokodolobha yamasiko e-United Kingdom. Ngenxa ye-Irwing, uStachec wajwayelana noMlobi we- "Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" ngu-Artur Conan Doyle, kanye ne-Master of Portque Portrait ekukhuleni okugcwele uJames Whistler.
Ngokuqondene nemisebenzi ebhaliwe, kunezincwadi ezimbalwa ohlwini lweStooter's Stationary, noma kunjalo, le misebenzi emangalisayo ayizange ithole okuthandwa kakhulu yilolo umbhalo wesandla olutholile ngempilo ye-vampire emnyama. I-Creative Biography yaqala ngo-1874, i-Crive Biography yaqala ngo-1874, khona-ke umsebenzi we- "Crystal Bowl" wabhalwa, wabe eselandela izincwadi zikaPrimrose (1875), "izibopho zomabhalane omncane e-Ireland" (1879) kanye " I-Snake Pass "(1890).
"I-Dracula" yaseRoma, okokuqala enyatheliswa ngo-1897, is apokee of Desivity Brahma Stocker, Ngubani obonga le ncwadi ebhalwe igatsha elisha endaweni yokubhala ne-cinematographic. Umsebenzi we-vampire wabhalwa eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili, futhi sonke lesi sikhathi iStoker ibingabheki nje ekugqokeni ukubhala, kodwa futhi yafunda ngokucophelela izibuko zaseYurophu nezinsumansumane eziphathelene namanzi angcwele, ilanga, i-aspen cola kanye negalikhi .
Kepha futhi kufanelekile ukukhokhela umlobi uJoseph Sheridan Le Fanny, ngoba inoveli ebalulekile yefilimu yabhalwa ngaphansi kwethonya lenoveli yakhe ye-gothic "karmilla" (1872). UBram waqala ukusebenza emsebenzini wakhe wobumnyama ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo yango-1890. Futhi waqala ukubandakanyeka embhalweni wesandla kuphela lapho izithombe zamaqhawe esizayo ziphakama ekhanda lakhe: indoda endala nentombazane eyehlela umphimbo wayo kancane.
Ekuqaleni, isenzo sencwadi sakhiwa eStyria, hhayi eRomania esenyakatho nasentshonalanga. Kepha ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, inhloso yeStoker yathuthela komunye umfula, lapho incwadi ngoVlad III Basarab isemtapweni wezincwadi isezamtapo wezincwadi ezandleni zombhali, (eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Vlad Dracula, noma i-Chain Grozny, e-Arhodied Isithombe soMbusi onokhahlo ongasazi isihe ezitheni noma abantu abaseduze.
Uma sikhuluma nge-prototype yangempela evela kwi-Roman Stoker, khona-ke uVlad III wayeyiNkosi yenkululeko yakudala yaseValahia ngonyaka we-1448, 1456-1462 no-1476. Umbusi waphawulwa emlandweni waseTransylvania (1457), izimpi ne-Ottoman Pormire nenqubomgomo yeSonto.
Ngokusho kwenganekwane, uVlad chain wawunonya, futhi waba nezifiso zakhe ezingezinhle nezikhonzi ezihluhluliwe, kwakuyinkimbinkimbi ngobuhlakani. I-FALL Real Dracula ayizange aphuze igazi lomuntu, kodwa wabuka ngobuhlungu bezisulu zakhe futhi waqhamuka nokubulawa okusha ekhanda ngenxa yokuthi awazange asuse ama-Türbans ngaphambi kokufika kwiNkosana .
Kuyiqiniso, umlingisi omibalabala onjalo, njengeVladislav III, akakwazanga ukuhlala enganakwa, ngakho-ke uBram Stroker uhlala phansi ukubhala inoveli, kepha indodana yakhe yayithi ukubhala inoveli, kepha indodana yakhe yayithi okusanhlamvu koyise kwakuyiphupho lobaba, ngobusuku obubodwa, Icebo le-vampire laliphupha ibhokisi lebhokisi.
Kwenza futhi ukuthi ngaphambi kokubhala incwadi Bram evakashele inqaba yaseScotland futhi ifunde umsebenzi weJules Verne "castle eCarparians." Kunoma ikuphi, i-Dracula akuyona into ye-biography yombusi we-valah, kepha umsebenzi ogcwele wezemibhalo ogcwele, okuyisisekelo sengqondo. I-Bram iveze i-vampirism njengesifo samademoni, ukuxuba izinhloso zokufa, igazi kanye nokukhanuka ebhodleleni elilodwa.
Isakhiwo senoveli epistololary, esabona ukukhanya ngo-1897, kususelwa kwikholamu elingafi likaDracula, womile wokuthola ubunikazi obusha. Kodwa-ke, emakhasini encwadi ungathola enye iqhawe lenkolo - u-Abraham van Helsing, isazi sefilosofi-metaphysics esinakekela umlingo wemilingo.
U-Bram Stroker akayena umbhali wokuqala owenza i-arateur enjenge-fangy efana negazi ngumsebenzi wezemibhalo, ngisho nangaphambi kwe-bram, u-prelian prose uJohn Polidori, owashicilela indaba ye-vampire ngo-1819.
Kodwa-ke, inoveli yomlobi yathi insumuso ebizwa ngokuthi yizinganekwane zama-vampire nama-stereotypes aba yisisekelo sobuciko obuqhubekayo, futhi nabagxeki bemibhalo bangokwakhe, futhi ngisho noConan Doyle uVmig ngokwakhe wasondeza ukwakhiwa kwe-bram cishe okuhle kakhulu Inoveli ye-gothic yezikhathi zakamuva.
"UDracula" waseRoma wahlatshwa umxhwele kakhulu imbongi yekhulu lesiliva u-Alexander Blok, ukuthi wambonga umngani, owameluleka ukuba afunde igazi lebandla legrafu ebiwo. Ngokusho komasiko, le ncwadi ayifunda ngobusuku obubili futhi "wesaba kakhulu."
Naphezu kokubuyekezwa okufudumele okunjalo kohlobo lwezincwadi, ukudalwa kweStoke kwakungenakuthandwa kwezitolo zezincwadi, owathenga umlobi uJeffrey Temptyte, owayehlangane naye ngeNkosana Yobumnyama - uLusifa.
Kuhle ukubhekelwa eminye imisebenzi yombhali. Ngonyaka ngemuva kwencwadi ethi "Dracula", "Miss Betty" (1898) kwaphuma umsebenzi 'wemfihlakalo yolwandle' (1902), "izinkumbulo zomuntu siqu zikaHenry Irving" (1906), "Treasure of Seven Izinkanyezi "(1907) kanye ne-" Lady eLatane "(1909).
Ngo-1911, i-Bram Stoker yajabula ngabathandi abashaqisayo ngenoveli entsha - "log of white WRM." Lesi sakhiwo salo msebenzi sizungeza inganekwane ngesilo esibi - i-lambton churve, ebikhuze izakhamizi zamadolobha kanye nezenzo zazo. Phakathi kokunye, kunamaqoqo wezindaba athi "ngaphansi kwelanga" (1882) kanye "nezivakashi zeDracula nezinye izindaba ezingaziwa" (1914).
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngeshwa, imininingwane ngempilo yomuntu siqu yombhali incane kakhulu. Kepha kuyaziwa ukuthi uBram wayengumuntu wobungani othembekile nokwazisa, ngakho-ke ukufa komngane uHenry Irving kuthinte impilo yakhe engokomzimba: Babenokushaya ngendwangu, futhi wayengeke eze esimweni esijwayelekile.
Ngokuqondene nobudlelwano besifo, umbhali we- "Dracula" washada neFlorence Balkam ethile - ubuhle, lapho kwahlonzwa khona imizwa yobuhle. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kothando olungafanelekile lomlobi "we-postrait kaDorian Grey", ubudlelwano obunobungane bugcinwe phakathi kwezibalo zemibhalo. Kuyaziwa nangokuthi okuwukuphela kwendodana kaNoyeli yazalwa emshadweni ojabulisayo wabashadikazi.
Ukushona
Naphezu kwethalente elingafinyeleleki, iminyaka yokugcina yempilo kaBram ichithe ebuphofini. I-prose yafa esikhathini esingu-64 sika-Ephreli 20, 1912, esigcawini sikaSt. George eLondon. Ezinye izingogasi zezimbali zithi imbangela yokufa nge-veriary Syphilis, abanye babenethemba lokuthi ubuhlakani bezincwadi bufa ngenxa yokukhubazeka okuqhubekayo. Isidumbu sikaBram sashiswa, kwabekwa uthuli e-URN.
Kepha kunoma yikuphi, emehlweni abathandi bezobuciko, igama elithi Bram Stocker alifi. Ngibonga kuye, izincwadi eziningi "zeVampire" zabhalwa kanti hhayi ifilimu eyasuswa, futhi isithombe se-monster enhle kaDala saba khona. By the way, ngokusho komqondisi we-Roman Bram Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau asuse ifilimu elimnyama nelimhlophe "le-nosferatu. Symphony of horror "(1922).
Kepha njengoba i-cinematic studio ayikwazanga ukuthola amalungelo egiya, amagama abalingiswa abaphambili kwadingeka ukuthi aguqulwe. Ku-cast egqamile yale filimu ethule yangena uGustav von wangenheim, uMax Shrek, uGreta Schroeder no-Alexander Glanach.
Kodwa-ke, isithombe sezincwadi ze-calonical segrafu esivela emsebenzini weStoker Dala umlingisi be-bela Lugoshi, abekwe inkanyezi empendweni "Dracula", owakhishwa ngo-1931. Uma ulandisa yonke imisebenzi ngokubhekisele kwinoveli ye-movie, akwanele futhi yonke incwadi, ngoba isithombe esijabulisayo sodumo lwegazi sithandwa nanamuhla.
Futhi, ukukhumbula umlobi, kwasungulwa umbhali we-Bram Bram, anikezwe yi-Horror Writers Association Association yempumelelo yababhali ngohlobo lwe-Gorror hlobo. Phakathi kokuhlwayiswa kwalo mklomelo, uStephen King, uGeorge Martin, uNeil Geyman, uRay Bradbury, uJoan Rowbury, nabanye ababhali bemisebenzi yobuciko.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1874 - "I-Crystal Bowl"
- Ngo-1875 - "Indima kaPrimrose"
- Ngo-1879 - "Izibopho Zomabhalane Omncane e-Ireland"
- Ngo-1890 - "" I-Snake Pass "
- Ngo-1897 - "Dracula"
- 1898 - Miss Betty
- Ngo-1902 - "Imfihlakalo Yolwandle"
- 1903 - Mummy Talisman
- 1905 - "Isango Lokuphila"
- Ngo-1906 - "Izinkumbulo Zakho zikaHenry Irving"
- Ngo-1907 - "Igugu Lezinkanyezi Eziyisikhombisa"
- 1909 - "I-" GAYY eSavan "
- 1911 - "I-White Worm Log"
Amacaphuna
- "Kubukeka kimi ukuthi kunokuthile okungokomuntu wesifazane, okuvumela abantu ukuba bavule umphefumulo kubo, babelane ngemizwa, ngaphandle kokuthola ukuthotshiswa kwesithunzi sowesilisa"
- "Ungakhohlwa iqiniso elidala - kuyadingeka ukushesha kancane"
- "Abantu abangajwayelekile bahlala bebonakala benengqondo ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ethile"
- "Yize kukhona izilo emhlabeni, kepha nokho ziningi abantu abalungile - futhi kuyakhuthaza."
- "Kumangaza ukuthi umuntu uluthola kanjani ngokushesha umuntu olahlekile. Kungenzeka kuphela ukuqeda isithiyo, isithiyo - akunandaba ukuthi yikuphi ukulahleka okwenziwe ngasikhathi sinye - futhi ithemba nenjabulo futhi kubuyile
- "Awucabangi ukuthi kunezinto ongaziqondi, kepha ubani okhona ukuthi kunabantu ababona lokho okungeke bakubone; Kepha khumbula, kunezinto ongeke uzibone. Eqinisweni, iphutha lesayensi yethu, bonke bafuna ukucacisa, futhi uma behluleka, lithi lokhu akusizi ukuchaza. "
- "Ngikhathazekile kakhulu, futhi okuwukuphela kwento ebilokhu ngithulisa kimi ithuba lokukhuluma kwidayari; Kubukeka kimi ukuthi ngibambe iqhaza emfihlakalweni yomunye umuntu futhi ngasikhathi sinye ngibheka ukuhleba kwami. "
- "Cishe, enhliziyweni yabo bonke abesifazane baphila umuzwa womama, usiphoqa ukuthi siphakeme kunokubandlululo nezwe lomhlaba."
- "... Madness kulula ukudlulisa kuneqiniso elinjalo ..."