I-Biograge
I-Heraklit iyinto oyithandayo yocwaningo zombili kuma-biographie asendulo nangokwesayensi yanamuhla. Bazama ukuhlukanisa izimfundiso zefilosofi zobumnyama kusuka ku-biography emnyama futhi engaqondakali. Ngakho-ke igama lesidlaliso lefilosofi - umnyama we-graclite noma uHerclite ugcwele. Iphuzu eliyisihluthulelo esifundweni sempilo, futhi ikakhulukazi ukufa, le sefilosofi saphenduka i-antipathy esiyingqayizivele, siphendukela enzondweni, obangela abafundi kanye namabhubezi emiphefumulweni.
Ubutha, obuqondakalayo ngezinga elithile, bufika ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingakaze zibonwe lapho i-heraclit ifa, yangcwatshwa endle. Ukuze uqonde lokhu kufa, kuyadingeka ukubheka i-biography yendabuko kaHeraclit ngokuningiliziwe, ngoba ukusabela kwama-biographs ngokuchazwa kwemisebenzi yefilosofi yempilo kanye nemininingwane yokufa kwale mfihlakalo kubalulekile.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UHeraclit wazalelwa edolobheni lase-Efesu (umhlaba ongumnikazi weTurkey). Usuku oluqondile lwefilosofi alwaziwa, cishe ngo-540 BC. Ngokwesiko, uHeraclit uthathwa njengenzalo yomndeni wakwa-Andrkl ophethe, ngokweminye imithombo, igama likayise wesazi sefilosofi - uGeracon noma iBloson. Ngiseyingane, umfana akazange ahluka kontanga, edlalwa nabanye abafana kugogo (unalogue walo mdlalo ethanjeni).
Lokho nje umbono wokuthola ifa likababa, le nsizwa ayizange indele. Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, wenqaba ilungelo lefa elitholwa ngumfowabo, yena uqobo waphila futhi wazibona efemini yefilosofi ethempelini likankulunkulukazi kankulunkulukazi, oqhubekayo ngezikhathi ezithile ngedayisi kosti.
Imininingwane mayelana nokuphila nokufundiswa kwefilosofi wase-Efesu kwafinyelela ezikhathini zethu emisebenzini kaDiogen, eyayenza njenge-biograph yezazi zefilosofi zasendulo. UDiogen ematheksthini okuqala ahumusha lo mthetho njengobufakazi bokuphana kwe-heraclit, futhi kamuva wabizwa ngokuthi ukuziqhenya, ukuzikhukhumeza, ukuzikhukhumeza noma ukudelela.
Ngenxa yalezi zici, umlingiswa kaHeraclit kamuva waba yiMisanthrop. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda umsebenzi nefilosofi kaHeraclita kuqala ngalezi zimfanelo zomuntu. Abekho othisha noma abalandeli bakwaHerclite abangenabo, ngaphandle kokuthi wapenda edolobheni lase-Athene.
UHeraclit wayevame ukuthi othisha ngeke bafundise abafundi bokuhlakanipha, ngaphandle kwalokho i-xenophane ibizofundisa, nePythagora. Okunye okusho ukuthi uHomer kufanelekile ukuthi waphishekela futhi washaywa yinduku emiqhudelwaneni yezinkondlo. Lokhu kukhombisa izici ezivelele zomlingiswa nobuntu be-hercelite - ukuzikhukhumeza kanye nesimo sengqondo esidelelayo ngabantu. Isizathu salobu buhlobo silula - laba bantu abatholanga ukuhlakanipha, ngokusho kukaHeraclitus.
Isazi sefilosofi kusuka ebusheni sabheka labo abaseduze kwabantu abangafundile futhi bayiziphukuphuku. Ezingxoxweni zezinye izazi zefilosofi azibamba iqhazanga, azizange zikuthathe ezakhe imibono nge-bias esobala esobala, njengoba kufakazelwa izinkulumo zefilosofi. Imibono esemqoka yefilosofi yefilosofi iyaphinde yaqinisekiswa ukuthi umthombo wentuthuko emhlabeni uyimpi, futhi ukufa komuntu okunika omunye umuntu. Kamuva, i-melancholic-heraklite yayiphikisana ne-demoititus ehlekisayo ye-Demond.
Ifilosofi nemfundiso
Ukubukwa kukaHerlica akuqondakali futhi kuyadida. Cishe wonke umsebenzi wakhe unokuhumusha okuxakile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphambi kwesikhathi sesikhathi sesikhathilo sangempela asifinyelelanga ukubuka komhlaba, yimisebenzi yezenye zezazi zefilosofi nososayensi abaziwa ngokubukwa komhlaba. UHeraclita wayenokuqonda kwakhe ubuhlakani. Akazange abonise imicabango ngqo - kuphela ngesimo sezimfihlakalo noma amacebo. Ngakho-ke, igama lesibili lesibili likaHeraclita - imbongi yezevangeli, akazange abhale emavesini, kepha imicabango yakhe yayingafani kangaka, efana nokuvumelanisa kwenkondlo.
Amandla okuqonda umsebenzi wefilosofi ayethembele kakhulu futhi acabangele abantu. Ngisho noSocrates wabhala ukuthi ingxenye encane yemibono emincane ye-herclite yahlaselwa, kodwa yabathola behle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi sefilosofi sase-Efesu sasungula indlela eyingqayizivele: imibono eyinkimbinkimbi yokudlulisa ngendlela yezibonelo ezenziwe lula, njengomthetho, lezi zenzeka zenzeka emvelweni.
Ngakho-ke abalandeli baze ngokuzimela efihlezeliso le-Ploosopher ecabangayo noma ngisho neziphetho zazo ezihlukile. Umnikelo weHeraclitus ekuthuthukisweni kwefilosofi yasendulo yamaGrikhi kwakuwukuqalwa kweLogos Universal. Ekuqaleni, igama elithi laliqonda "futhi" okusho ". Manje ama-logo akhombisa okushiwo ukuba futhi amaphethini akhona.
Imfundiso ye-Heraklite ye-logo iyisibonakaliso sokupenda komhlaba, lapho ukuvumelana khona kugcinwa khona kanye nokwenza ama-Dynamicity. Ngakho-ke, ekufundiseni kwesazi sefilosofi, ukuhlangana komhlaba wonke kuyisikhala sogo. Kepha umuntu akakwazi ukumqonda futhi acabangele iZwi laKhe, ama-logo alo, ngaphezu kwendawo yonke.
Ukuvumelanisa kungobunye: Njengoba uHeraclit ethi, "Konke ukugeleza", uProvethaty uguqulwa waba ngamafomu ahlukahlukene, kepha ilogo ihlala njalo. Ukucaphuna okuthi "kabili emfuleni owodwa ngeke ungene" kwakuqhubeka. Kulezi zinsuku, le nkulumo ithole incazelo entsha, kepha isakhombisa umcabango wefilosofi wombhali.
Ushintsho oluqhubekayo kanye noguquko lwendaba kanye nezinto zeHeraclit ezibizwa ngezwe lamanje futhi lwakholelwa ukuthi konke okusezweni akugcini nje ngokuguqulwa okungapheli, kodwa futhi kungonakali. I-dialectic yomphefumlo wabantu isazi sefilosofi esimelwe kanjena: Umphefumlo uqukethe izakhi ezimbili - Noble (umlilo) kanye nezezimali (amanzi). Umlilo kaHeraklit ekuqaleni wawunjalo.
UHeraclit wabuye wethula umqondo wokuthi "Umlilo Womhlaba", lapho kuchithwa khona isikhala sokuvuselela futhi. Umbono wokubhujiswa kwesikhala waphikiswa yiHegel ngekhulu le-XVIII, futhi uSchleierrar akazange amukele umlilo wento yokuqala. Ngokungafani nemithetho yenguquko yendaba ye-Heraklite, imibono esemqoka yenye isazi sefilosofi sasendulo samaGrikhi - uParmemide, owayephila esikhathini esifanayo, aphetha ngokuthi izinto azinakuvinjwa, njalo.
Ngekhulu lesi-4 BC. Abasekeli be-NaturoFosososophy Plato, u-Aristotle watshalwa ngencazelo entsha ethemu "Logo", njengoba uncishiswe incazelo yalo ye-ontological. Futhi abalandeli bezikole zamaStocism babuyisela ama-logo womqondo wesikhala. Ngendlela, igama elithi "cosmos" liphinde lethule i-heraclitis. Ingxenye yabaphenyi ingeyakwaHeraklite kososayensi nakubadokotela bemvelo, hhayi ezezazi zezazi zezazi zezenkolo. Lokhu kuchazwa ngeqiniso lokuthi ukuphela komsebenzi weHeraclitus, owafika osukwini lwanamuhla, ubizwa ngokuthi "ngemvelo".
Umsebenzi unalo uhlobo lwamakhulu ezinhlamvu zamazwi athile, ukutolika kwalo kwakubandakanyeke ku-Herman Herman Dils. Emsebenzini "ngokwemvelo", uHeraclit wabeka izisekelo zemibono ye-athomism. Umnikelo wesayensi kaHeraclita wasukela ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ngokusho kwabanye ababhali. Usosayensi wethula umqondo we-athomu njengento encane kakhulu yesakhiwo, evumela isakhiwo se-Eleterov, isazi sefilosofi sakha umqondo wokuhlukanisa amabala.
Ngokwemibono yakhe, ngisho nomphefumlo womuntu unama-athomu, okuthi, ngemuva kokufa komzimba, aguqulwa abe ngomunye udaba - okuthiwa umbono we-athomism. I-anatomy yomuntu herctithic ihambelana nesakhiwo somhlaba: umzimba wakhiwe emahlathini afanayo nezwe elizungezile, futhi indikimba enkulu yomzimba womuntu iyisisu. Imithetho yohlobo lomhlaba wenyama kanye nomphefumlo womuntu, evulwa yiHerclic, yabeka isisekelo sesikole se-Miletsky, abamele abamele i-Pythagoras, uLawe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Izinkinga zeHeraclitis ebudlelwaneni nomphakathi, eziqukethe ukwedelela kwakhe abantu, babeke umbono nangempilo yomuntu siqu yesazi sefilosofi. UHeraclit wayengenaye umfazi nezingane, ngoba impilo yachitha ethempelini likankulunkulukazi osemncane naphakade omncane wokuzala kuka-Artemis. Abafundi, kanjalo, i-herclite, nabo abanayo - izinkinga zolwazi lwezwe, azithinta khona emibhalweni yakhe, ososayensi bakwazisa kuphela ngemuva kokufa kwefilosofi.Ukufa Herclita
Abantu besikhathi saseMeracy's kanye nabacwaningi abathukuthelisi akunangqondo kakhulu indlela yokuphila, ukubuka konke kanye nama-goggles eHeraclita, imininingwane yokufa kwesazi sefilosofi. Ngokobufakazi bezinganekwane, uHeraclit wafa, evusa umquba, ezinye izindaba zithi umzimba wakhe wephule izinja.
Umthombo onokwethenjelwa kakhulu wolwazi amarekhodi kaMark auralara, athi imbangela yokufa kwefilosofi sekuyisisu (lesi sifo lapho okwedlulele kwe-fluid kuqongelela khona izifo zezinso kanye inhliziyo).
I-Bibliography
- I-Naturophilososososososososososofonical theory of athomism
- Indlela yokuqala yezilimi
- "Music"
- "Mayelana nemvelo. Ingxenye 1. Emkhathini "
- "Mayelana nemvelo. Ingxenye 2. Ngombuso "
- "Mayelana nemvelo. Ingxenye 3. Kunkulunkulu "
- "Umthetho awusona isimiso esihle sokuphila"