I-Biograge
NgoFebhuwari 1600, esigcawini sezimbali, iRoma yagwetshwa ugwetshelwa ukufa ngokushiswa komcabangi we-Italiya uJordan Bruno. Ubuntu bukaBruno buqine kakhulu kangangokuba ngeqhaza lakhe kwi-World Science neFilosofi phikisana kuze kube manje. UJordano waqhamuka umbono weCopernicus mayelana nokwakheka komhlaba wonke, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkanyezi zihamba imizimba yasezulwini, futhi indawo yonke ayinamkhawulo ngesikhathi nangendawo. Kodwa ngisho neGalile ngesithombe sayo se-heliocentric somhlaba, inhlolokhono yajezisa ukuboshwa kuphela. Kungani ushise uBruno?
Lesi simo siyathakazelisa futhi emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, iSonto lamaKhatholika selibukeze izinqumo eziningi ze-Inquisition eziphathelene nososayensi kanye nezazi zefilosofi, kodwa uJordani Bruno akazange afake inombolo yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isonto lisekela isinqumo se-Inquisition. Ngakho-ke kungani izinceku zikaJordani zebandla zingakhishiwe? Ngabe bekunjalo emibukeni yakhe yesayensi noma isizathu senzeka ngokujulile?
Ubuntwana nentsha
UFiliphu Bruno wazalwa ngo-1548, edolobhaneni laseNola, eduze naseNaples, emndenini wesosha eliqashiwe uGiovanni kanye nommpofu ompofu. Ngo-1559, umfana waya eNaples ukuze afunde kwisayensi, kubandakanya nezilamva, izincwadi kanye nomqondo. Ngemuva kweminyaka emine, uFiliphu wathumela esigodlweni sezindela, lapho ahlala khona iminyaka eyi-10. Lapho, umfana wathola igama lesibili, waqashwa ngaphansi kwalo - uJordano.
Esigodlweni sezindela, uFiliphu wafunda incwadi kaCopernicus "ekuzuzeni kwezigaba zasezulwini" futhi wamelana nezinkolelo zendabuko zika-Aristotle noPtolemy, ezibonisa ukungahambisani nalo ngalezi zinto ezisebenzayo. Ngo-24, uJordano waba umpristi futhi wachitha inkonzo yokuqala. Ngokusekelwe ezitatimendeni ezinesibindi zomfowethu uJordano, abefundisi bamsola emhluphekini.
Yaphoqa indela encane ukuthi ihambe. Washiya insimu yase-Italy ngo-1574 futhi wazulazula endaweni yaseYurophu. Eminyakeni edlule, uBruno wavakashela eSwitzerland, eNgilandi, eFrance, eJalimane. Ngo-1577, ukufika eToulouse (France), uBruno ufunde izinkulumo kwisayensi nefilosofi ka-Aristotle. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, uJordano, usuvele eParis, watshela umphakathi ngemisebenzi yezefilosofi, i-Thewog Lully, okwabiwe ngayo emhlabeni wonke futhi yena uqobo.
Kepha ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu, ukungqubuzana nabasekeli bezimfundiso zika-Aristotle futhi waphoqa ukuthi ashiye iParis, eseshiye uParis, owayezele ukuzoshiya iParis eLondon. ENgilandi, uJordano wasebenza ngokuthela futhi wabhala iziphambeko eziningi zefilosofi. Ngo-1586, umcabangi waya eJalimane, kodwa wavinjelwa izinkulumo eMarleburg. Ngemuva kwalokho uBruno waqala ukufundisa eWittenberg.
Isayensi
UJordano Bruno wabhala iziphambeko zefilosofi, wakhuluma ngezingxabano, ezifundwayo, kepha ekugcineni yonke indawo yamphoqa ukuthi ayeke ukukhuthaza imibono yawo. USanovnik, kamuva owahlanganyela ekwenzeni isigwebo sentambo, wabhala ukuthi uJordano ungumqondo ovelele, isazi sefilosofi solwazi oluvelele nokulungela.
UBruno waphikisana ngokuqinile iSonto lamaKatolika futhi ngokuvamile, ngokumelene nanoma iyiphi inkolo ekhona ngaleso sikhathi, ubabiza ngesithiyo esibi kakhulu kwisayensi ukunqoba intuthuko yabo. Ngo-1584 umsebenzi wakhe "nge-infinity, umkhathi kanye nomhlaba" washicilelwa.
Lo msebenzi kwesinye isikhathi ubhekwa njengesisekelo sezifundo zesimanjemanje zezemvelo, kubandakanya nemfundiso yobunye bezinto ezibonakalayo zomhlaba kanye nobungako bendawo kanye ne-infinity yendawo yonke.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi "PIR on Ash", okubandakanya izingxoxo ezinhlanu ezinikelwe enkolweni yenkululeko yezinkanyezi kaCopernicus. Kanye nabo, umbhali uveza imibono yakhe mayelana nokungaphansi kwendawo yonke kanye nokuphindaphindwa komhlaba. Kulomsebenzi, lolu kholo lubonakaliswa okokuqala njengoSuperman, uMesiya, ovame ukubalwa kubacwaningi bezefilosofi banamuhla.
Ukukhuthaza imibono kaCopernicus ekujikelezeni komhlaba namanye amaplanethi ajikeleza ilanga, uBruno akazange aphumelele ngisho nasezingqondweni ezikhanyiselwe njenge-bacon ne-shakespeare. Edumele ezifundeni eziphakathi nendawo eYurophu, uBruno waya ePrague. Kwakunezinto ezimbalwa ezinikezelwe kumlingo.
Ngokuvamile, ifilosofi kaBruno yayisuselwa ku-neoplatonism - yakholelwa ukuthi kunesiqalo esithile, esinikeze ukuqhubeka kwakho konke endaweni yonke. Kepha akugcinanga ekuqaleni nje obizwa ngokuthi uMcabangi uNkulunkulu, futhi ngokwendalo, ngisho nomuntu - leli sonto lisusiwe futhi alikwazanga.
Namuhla, abacwaningi bathi akunakuqhathaniswa okubalulekile kwesayensi komqondo kaBruno, ngoba baqhubeka nemfundiso kaCopernicus, bayanda, kepha bangaqinisekisi isisekelo sobufakazi. Yonke imibono esemqoka kanye nokutholwa kweJordano kulele endizeni yemfihlakalo noma ye-Psychology, hhayi i-Astronomy nakancane.
Kodwa-ke, ukukuphika ngokuphelele inani lokutholwa kukaBruno wesayensi yanamuhla. Ngokungeyikho: Ifilosofi kuqala ibeka phambili i-hypothesis mayelana nokuhamba kwamazwekazi, umuntu ongabonakali, njll.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Mayelana nempilo yomuntu siqu uBruno cishe akukho lutho olwaziwayo. UJordano wayengashadanga, akazange abe nezingane, futhi ngisho nabafundi nabalandeli babengacabangi. Ezinye izingogasi zezimbali zivumela ukucabanga kokuthambekela kobungqingili befilosofi. Kodwa-ke, akumangazi ukuziphatha kweNkathi Ephakathi, ikakhulukazi, ngezinceku zesonto.
Esithombeni semidwebo egciniwe, uJordano ubonakala esensizweni entekenteke enenkulumo ecabangayo. Lokhu kucabanga, inkanuko yesayensi kanye nezifundo ze-Mystics kwangena esikhundleni sendoda yokuzijabulisa impilo yezwe kanye nenjabulo yenyama ezingalweni zabesifazane.
Ukushona
Ukubuya ezulazulweni eYurophu emuva e-Italy, uJordani uBrune wawela ezandleni zale nhlobo ebukele. Ngokwezibalo eziningi ze-biographi, ifilosofi ingavikela isigwebo sentambo, ukube bekungengenxa yokwenza kwakhe inzuzo enkulu nezifunda hhayi izidingo zokuthathwa kwazo. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izitatimende zomcabangi mayelana nokuphindaphindwa komhlaba futhi ukungafinyeleleki kwendawo yonke kwaba yisizathu esikhulu esibangela intukuthelo ye-Inquisition.
Kepha emva kwakho konke, imibono yaseGalile yaphikisana ngokusobala izimfundiso zesonto, kungani umbono wamphatha ngokweqile futhi wakubekezelela? Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, impendulo yalo mbuzo ilele ezindleleni ezisetshenziswa ngabacabangi. UGalileo wayengusosayensi wasendulo owasebenzisa amathuluzi wezibalo ekwakhiweni kwemibono. Futhi uJordano, kunalokho, imfihlakalo, umcabangi, owasebenzisa umlingo esikhundleni sezindlela zesayensi lapho kwakungekho zingxabano eyanele.
Iningi lezimbango eziphingqikipha lithi ukubulawa kukaJordani Bruno kwaba ngumphumela hhayi kangako ukulwa nesayensi nokukhanyiselwa, kungakanani umzabalazo wamandla. UBruno wayeqiniseka ngendlela emangalisayo ezimfundisweni zakhe, futhi imibono yakhe eyinhloko kwakumelwe yenqabe inkolo ngaleyoyinye, okwakuyinkululeko eyingozi e-Epoch yeNkathi Ephakathi. UBruno uboshwe ngemuva kokulahla i-uchenigo ethile, esola isazi sefilosofi ekuhlubukeni. Icala lathatha iminyaka eyisithupha, okuyi-Wisosopher echithe ejele laseRoma.
Abaphenyi abaningana bakholelwa ukuthi i-Inquisition yanikeza umpristi owedlule ukuba alahle umpristi futhi aphile, kepha wenqaba. Umbhalo wesigwebo, owenziwe uVordano, walahleka, kwaziwa kuphela ukuthi iphutha lalingeyona nhlobo imibono yesayensi, kodwa ekuhlambalazeni kwalowo owayenguNgqongqoshe Webandla. Kwakuwusongo lweziphathimandla zesonto ezaba imbangela enkulu yokwenziwa kwesigungu esiphezulu nesazi sefilosofi esinenkani.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Ubuntu bakaJordano Bruno buyenqabela kangangokuba izinganekwane ngazo zihamba ngaphezu kwamaqiniso e-biography yangempela. Lokhu kungenxa yobudlelwano obuqine labacwaningi kwimibono kanye nezimfundiso zalo. Futhi empeleni, amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo wenzeka empilweni yomcabangi. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokuphila, esigodlweni sezindela, uMfoweth 'uJordano uzwakalise ukungabaza mayelana nokungasebenzi komqondo kaJesu Kristu ngeVirgin Maria, okuholela ekwesabeka kobaba abangcwele. Leli qiniso labe lisalokhu likhumbula kaningi ebuza ngesikhathi secala.
Umsebenzi wesikhathi eside eFrance, naphezu kokwenqatshwa kwesonto lePhilosophe labafundisi bendawo, kuchazwa ngememori yendawo. UHerrich III wakudonsela ukunaka kukho futhi wacela ukuba amfundise ama-mnemonics. Ngesicelo esifanayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi saphenduka saphenduka i-aristocrat eVenice, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uDonos wabhala amaDonos kumfundisi wakhe, emmangalela ezitatimendeni zamabanga.
Ngokusho kukaVelmazby, uJordano wabheka uJesu Magigian futhi waphikisana nokuthi ukufa kwakhe bekungahleliwe, futhi izono zesintu azikufili nhlobo, futhi imiphefumulo yabantu ibingafi ngomqondo othile, kepha inqubekela phambili ukuphindukuzalwa ngemuva kokushona komzimba wenyama.
Isigwebo esenziwe ngenxa yesazi sefilosofi sizwakala 'njengento yokubulawa kwegazi ebulalayo', eyayisho ukufa emlilweni. Futhi imisebenzi kaJordano Bruno ibisezinhlelweni zezincwadi ezenqatshelwe iSonto lamaKhatholika, kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili.
Manje, esigcawini sezimbali eRoma, kukhona itshe lesikhumbuzo kumcabangi owayezibheka njengomfel 'ukholo. Kepha ngisho nokutholwa kwesikhumbuzo kudlule nesihlangu kanye nomboniso we-anticatolic. Elinye iqiniso elijabulisayo ukuthi, naphezu kwesifiso sebandla, kamuva, umphakathi wezwe wavuselela isazi sefilososofi: Ngo-1973, kwakuyifilimu elinegama elifanayo e-Italy, futhi ngisho ne-crater enyangeni igqoka igama likaJordani Bruno .
I-Bibliography
- 1582 - "Kumathunzi emibono"
- 1582 - "Ubuciko bememori"
- 1582 - "Ingculaza ye-Circale"
- 1582 - "Ekudwebeni okufushaniswa kanye nokungezelelwa kobuciko be-lully"
- 1583 - "Ubuciko beSikhumbuzo", noma "ubuciko bokukhumbula"
- 1583 - "Izimpawu Zokuphrinta"
- 1584 - "Pier On Ash"
- Ngo-1584 - "Ngembangela, ekuqaleni kanye neyodwa"
- 1584 - "Ku-infinity, Universe and Worlds"
- I-1585 - I-Killsensky Donkey
- 1586 - "Ekuchazeni amaphupho"
- Ngo-1588 - "Umunca Ama-Mathematics"
- I-1595 - "Ikhodi yemibandela ye-metaphysical"