I-Biograge
Inkanyezi emibili itshele iVoltera ukuthi izophila iminyaka engama-33. Kepha umcabangi omkhulu wakwazi ukukhohlisa ukufa uqobo, waqhubeka ephila ngenxa ye-duel ehlulekile ngohlobo lwesikhulu kusuka kuhlobo lwedemoni. I-biography yesazi sefilosofi saseFrance igcwele ukuhlaselwa futhi iwa, kepha, kepha, igama lakhe alifiwa makhulu eminyaka.UVoltaire, oshiye umlobi futhi owabuya eNgilandi, wenza umnikelo ongenakuqhathaniswa nolwazi olukhethekile lolwazi lomhlaba, igama lakhe limi emgqeni owodwa osuka eDenis Didro noJean-Jacques Rousseau. Umlobi, emithanjeni yazo kwakungekho ukwehla kwegazi elihle, uthande ababusi abakhulu - i-Empress Empress Ekaterina II, inkosi yasePrussia Friedrich "Old Fritz" II kanye nomnikazi weSwitzerland Crown Gustave III.
Umuntu ocabangayo washiya inzalo yendaba, izinkondlo, usizi nezincwadi zakhe "okhethwayo, noma ithemba" kanye "nethemba, noma isiphetho" izingcaphuno ezihlukene.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UFrancoisa Marie Arue (igama lesazi sefilosofi ngesikhathi sokuzalwa) wazalwa ngoNovemba 21, 1694 edolobheni lothando - paris. Ingane yayingabi kakhulu futhi ibuthakathaka kangangokuba ngokushesha emva kokuzalwa, abazali bathumela umpristi. Ngeshwa, i-marieryelite domar, umama we-voltaire, washona lapho umfana eneminyaka eyisikhombisa. Ngakho-ke, umbusi wesikhathi esizayo weDuma waseNtshonalanga Yurophu wakhula wakhuphuka noYise, owayesenkonzweni esemthethweni.
Ukungasho ukuthi ubudlelwane bukaFrancois omncane nabazali bakhe babenobungane, ngakho-ke akumangalisi ukuthi eminyakeni evuthiwe yase-Arahe yathi umngane wakini ongemthetho weChevalé de Rocherbryun - imbongi ne-musketeer. UFrancois Aruhe-Sr. Wanikeza ingane yakhe ekolishi lamaJesuit, njengamanje elibizwa ngokuthi yi-lyceum yaseLouis Great.
Kulolu vota yalolokokoko lasekolishi lwafunda "isiLatini nazo zonke izinhlobo zobuntu", ngoba le nsizwa, yize yathola ukuqeqeshwa okuthe xaxa, kodwa ngenxa yokuphila, abashisekeli bobaba basemascemenioland, ababeka izimfundiso zenkolo ngaphezu kwempilo yomuntu.
Ubaba kaWolter wayefuna ukuthi indodana iye ezinyathelweni zayo futhi yaba okolwazi, ngakho-ke uFrancois wanamathiselwa ngokushesha ehhovisi lezomthetho. Ngokushesha le nsizwa yabona ukuthi isayensi yezomthetho, eyayingonkulunkulukazi wasendulo wesiGridi sesikhathi sowesifazane, hhayi indlela yakhe. Ngakho-ke, ukunciphisa ukulangazelela okuluhlaza ngemibala ekhanyayo, iVoltaire yathatha i-inki nepeni hhayi ukubalwa kwamadokhumenti, kodwa ngokubhala kwezindaba ze-saterical.
Into yokufunda
Lapho i-voltaire eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala, waqamba umdlalo wokuqala wabe esengabaza ukuthi nakanjani uzowushiya umkhondo emlandweni njengombhali. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, uFrancois-Marie Arou wayesevele ekwazile ukwehla ezinhlwini zaseParis nakumantombazane ayinkimbinkimbi nenkazimulo yenkosi yokuhlekwa usulu. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izibalo zemibhalo kanye nobuso obusezingeni eliphakeme besaba ukuthola ukushicilelwa kweVoltaire, kubadaphele emphakathini ngokukhanya okungalungile.
Kepha ngo-1717, uFrancois-Marie asheise ukhokhele ama-witty akhe ahlala. Iqiniso ukuthi insizwa enethalente yahlekisa iRegent yoMbuso WaseFrance kuKoyois XV - uFiliphu II Orleans. Kepha umbusi akazange afike ezimbobeni ze-voltaire ngehlekisayo, ngakho-ke umbhali wathunyelwa unyaka wonke eBastilia.
Kepha endaweni eboshiwe eboshiwe kangalahlekelwa uthuli lwayo lokudala, kodwa nakaphambene, kwaqala ukuzibandakanya ezincwadini ezinzima. Lapho endle, iVollotaire yathola ukuqashelwa nenkazimulo, ngoba inhlekelele yakhe "edip", yabhalwa ngo-1718, yabanjwa esigabeni sethiyetha "Comeda Francoz".
Le nsizwa yaqala ukufana nokufana nama-playwrights adumile aseFrance, ngakho-ke uVoltaire owayekholelwa ethalente lakhe lezincwadi aqamba umsebenzi owodwa, futhi lezi kwakungezona kuphela izinhlekelele zefilosofi, kodwa namaveni. Umlobi wancika ezithombeni zomlando, ngakho-ke ama-relts of theatre angabona esigabeni sabadlali, afihliwe kuKhesari, eBruta noma eMagomet.
Ingqikithi ohlwini lwenkonzo kaFrancois-Marie Aruha 28 Imisebenzi engabangelwa inhlekelele yakudala. Futhi, uVoltaire usikisele izinhlobo zezinkondlo ezivela emthethweni, ezivela ngaphansi kwepeni lakhe kwakuvame ukukhishwa ngemiyalezo, izingoma ezigada kanye no-Od. Kepha kufanelekile ukuthi umbhali akesabi ukuzama futhi axube, kungabonakala njengokuhambelana okuhambelana (kubuhlungu futhi okuhlekisayo) ebhodleleni elilodwa.
Ayesabi ukunciphisa amanothi wokubanda okunengqondo wokuzwela okujabulisayo, kanye nasemisebenzini yakhe yasendulo, abalingiswa abangajwayelekile bavame ukuvela: amaShayina, abakhuluma amaScythians kanye neZoroastrias.
Ngokuqondene nezinkondlo, i-epitaire ye-EPERAPEUS ye-Classical Classical "Henriad" yashicilelwa ngo-1728. Kulomsebenzi, uMkhulu waseFrance wagxeka amakhosi adelela ukumhlonipha uNkulunkulu, esebenzisa izithombe ezingelona iqiniso, kodwa amaPrototypes angempela. Okulandelayo, cishe ngo-1730, uVoltaire usebenza ngaphezu kwe-satiric parody eyisisekelo "ye-Orleans Virtual". Kepha le ncwadi ngokwayo iphrintwe okokuqala kuphela nge-1762, ngaphambi kwalokho, ukuhanjiswa okungaziwa kwakungaphandle.
I-voltaire "ye-Orleans lyrgin" ebhalwe nge-syllabic eyishumi nambili, icwilisa umfundi endabeni yobuntu obukhona ngempela, i-heroine yesizwe edumile yaseFrance Zhanna d'ARK. Kepha umsebenzi womlobi akuyona i-biography of Commander yamabutho, kodwa okuxakayo okuqinile kudivayisi yomphakathi waseFrance nebandla.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi u-Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin wafunda lo mbhalo wesandla ebusheni bakhe, imbongi yaseRussia yaze yafuna ukulingisa i-voltera enkondlweni yakhe "uRuslan noLyudmila" (kodwa i-vozrosv, i-pushkin ikhuluma "umeluleki waseFrance" umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu).
Phakathi kokunye, uFrancois-Marie Awiyaise wazihlukanisa neprosesa lefilosofi, elathola ukuthandwa okungakaze kubonwe kwabantu besikhathi. Inkosi ngayinye ayigcini nje ngokugxilisa umnikazi wencwadi yaba yizindaba ze-adventure, kodwa futhi yaphoqeleka ukuthi icabange ngobubi bokuthi, ubukhazikhazi bomuntu, kanye nokunganaki kokuphelelwa yithemba elihlanzekile kanye nokungenangqondo kwethemba elihlanzekile nokubukelwa ithemba eliphelele.
Umsebenzi "olula", oshicilelwe ngo-1767, ukhuluma ngezinto ezingezinhle zomsekeli womsekeli "womthetho wemvelo". Lo mbhalo wesandla uyinhlanganisela yezinto ezinhlobonhlobo, ezothando-ukukhuliswa nendaba yefilosofi.
Isakhiwo sijikeleza umlingiswa ojwayelekile - ukugcotshwa okuhle, uhlobo lokuhamba ngesikebhe kwe-robinson yesikhanyiso sokukhanyiselwa, okubonisa isimilo sokuzalwa komuntu ngaphambi kokuxhumana kwakhe nempucuko. Kepha kufanele futhi ukunaka i-CANID entsha, noma nethemba (1759), esephenduke umdlali wembulunga yonke.
Indatshana yesikhathi eside yawufuna ikhethini engenathemba, ngoba umsebenzi wenqatshelwe ngenxa yokunyanya. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umbhali "uswidi" ngokwakhe wayicubungula le noveli ngobuwula futhi wenqaba ngisho nokubona ubufakazi bakhe. "I-CANID, noma ithemba elithi" Okuthile kufana nenoveli evamile yePlutovSky - uhlobo oluye lwakha eSpain. Njengomthetho, ubuso obukhulu bokusebenza kwalo msebenzi bungumuntu osungula ubani obangela uzwela.
Kepha incwadi ecashunwe kakhulu yeVoltaire inikezwe i-acrerd and angry sarcasm: konke ukufika kwamaqhawe kwasungulwa ukuze kusetshenziswe umphakathi, uhulumeni kanye nesonto. Ikakhulu, iSaxon Pilosopher Gottfried Leibniz, okuphathelene nokufundisa okuchazwe ku- "Tyoditis, noma ekulungiseni uNkulunkulu", wawela ngaphansi kwe-OPAL.
ISonto LamaRoma Katolika laliletha le ncwadi kuhlu olumnyama, kepha lokhu akuzange kuvimbele "uCandida" ukuthi anciphise abalandeli lapho bebhekene no-Alexander Pushkin, i-Gustava Flaubert, umqambi we-Foodor Dostoser noLeonard Bernstein.
Ifilosofi
Kwenzeka ukuthi uVoltaire wabuyela ezindongeni ezibandayo zeBastille. Ngo-1725-1726, ukungqubuzana kwenzeke phakathi komlobi noChevalé de Rogan: Ukuba ngukuphambanisa kuye kwazivumela ukuba avumele uFrancois-Marie Arue, othi, ngaphansi kwe-pseudonym avele, wazama ukufihla imvelaphi yakhe engalingani. Njengoba umlobi wezinhlekelele wegama ephaketheni akakhuphuki, wavumela ukumemezela owonile:
"Sudar, igama lami lilindele inkazimulo, neyakho - ukungaboni ngaso linye!".Kula mazwi anesibindi, umFulentshi wawakhokhela umqondo wangempela - washaywa nguLacey de Rogan. Ngakho-ke, umbhali wazizwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe, okubandlululayo, kwaba yi-Eagle Defender of Justice kanye nezinguquko zenhlalo. Ukuphuma endaweni yokukhishwa, i-voltaire engadingekile ekhaya ngemiyalo yeKing yaxoshwa eNgilandi.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukwakheka kombuso we-United Kingdom, okwakuhlukile kakhulu eFrance ye-Deservative France, yamshaya kwizeluleko zeminwe. Kwakuwusizo futhi ukujwayelana nabacabangi abangamaNgisi, abakuthi ngezwi elilodwa bathi umuntu angaxhumana noNkulunkulu ngaphandle kokuguqula usizo lwesonto.
Umcabangi waseFrance ophikweni "izinhlamvu zefilosofi" ekwelashweni "ezinhlamfeni zefilosofi", ukukhuthaza izimfundiso zikaJohn Locke futhi waphika ifilosofi yothando kuyo. Imibono esemqoka ye- "Filosophical Letters" yayilingana, inhlonipho yempahla, ezokuphepha nenkululeko. Futhi, uVoltaire washintshanisa ngombuzo mayelana nokungafi komphefumlo, akazange aphike, kepha akazange athi iqiniso lokuthi kukhona impilo ngemuva kokufa.
Kepha embuzweni wenkululeko yabantu, uVoltaire wedlulele ekuhlolweni kwe-inneNism ukuze abonakale. ULouis XV, esekufundile ngecala, wayalwa ukuba ushiye umsebenzi we-voltaire, futhi umbhali ngokwakhe uthunyelwe eBastilia uqobo. Ukugwema isiphetho sesithathu egumbini, uFrancois-Marie Aruhe waya ku-champagne, kumuntu othandekayo wakhe.
IVoltaire, umsekeli wokungalingani kanye nomphikisi wentshiseko we-Abortutism, wagxeka insiza yebandla esikhwameni nothuli, kodwa akazange asekele ukungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu. UmFulentshi wayeyisiphetho, okungukuthi, aqashelwe ukuba khona koMdali, kepha anqatshelwe ubuhlakani benkolo nezemvelo. Kepha kuma-60-70s, imicabango engazenzisi yaqonda i-voltaire. Lapho abantu besikhathi bebuza ukukhanyiselwa, noma ngabe "I-Phakazulu Phakade" kukhona, waphendula:
"Akekho unkulunkulu, kepha lokhu akufanele azi amakhambi ami nomfazi, ngoba angifuni ukuba iqembu lami lingikhiphe, futhi umkami wamlalela."Yize iVoltaire, ephambene nezifiso zikaYise, ayizange ibe ngummeli, ifezeli lefilosofi labuye yahlanganyela emisebenzini yamalungelo abantu. Ngo-1762, umbhali "uswidi" wabamba iqhaza esicelweni sokukhanselwa kwesigwebo sentambo, uZhan Kalasov, owaba yisisulu senkantolo enobandlululo ngenxa yokuvunywa kwenye izono. UKalas wamenzela amandla ubuKristu xenophobia eFrance: WayengumProthestani, kanti abanye bavuma amaKatolika.
Isizathu esenza ukuthi uJean ngonyaka we-1762 wabulawa ngezihlalo ezinamasondo, - ukuzibulala kwendodana yakhe. Ngaleso sikhathi, umuntu wakhe obopha ukuhlukunyezwa ngokuphila kwabhekwa njengeselelesi, ngenxa yalokho umzimba wakhe wadonswa obala ezintanjeni futhi walengiswa esigcawini. Ngakho-ke, umndeni wakwaKalas wethula ukuzibulala kwale nzalo njengokubulala, futhi inkantolo yabheka ukuthi uJean wabulala insizwa, ngoba wamukela ubuKatolika. Ngenxa yeVoltera ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, uJean Kalas wavuselelwa kabusha.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Kumahhala kusuka endabeni yokwelashwa kanye ne-filosophical Doom, isikhathi seVoltaire sadlala chess. Iminyaka engu-17, umphikisi wakwaFrance wayenguyise uBaba we-Jesuit, owayehlala endlini kaFrancois-Marie Arue.
Bathandekayo, kanye nemnyuziyamu kanye ne-egqugquzelwe eVoltaire kwakunguMarquis Du Shetle, othanda kakhulu izibalo kanye ne-physics. Le ntokazi yaze yahumushela umsebenzi oyisisekelo ka-Isaac Newton ngo-1745.
U-Emily wayengowesifazane oshadile, kodwa wayekholelwa ukuthi yonke imithwalo yemfanelo ephambi kwendoda kufanele igcwaliseke kuphela ngemuva kokuzalwa kwezingane. Ngakho-ke, le ntokazi, hhayi ukwephula izingxenyana zokuhlonishwa, yacwilisa emanoveli ezindiza ngezezibalo kanye nezazi zefilosofi.
Nge-voltaire, ubuhle bahlangana ngo-1733, kwathi ngo-1734 bafinyelela ekuphetheni kabusha eBastoselle - inqaba edilikayo yachitha iminyaka eyi-15 yempilo yakhe, ibuya lapho ivela khona.
UDu Shatle wabeka inkululeko ezilinganisweni, imithetho ye-physics kanye namafomula wezibalo, ngakho-ke abathandi bavame ukuxazululwa imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi. Ekwindla ka-1749, u-Emily ushonile ngemuva kokuzalwa kwengane, noVoltaire, olahlekelwe uthando lwempilo yakhe, wangena ekucindezelekeni.
By the way, bambalwa abantu abakwaziyo ukuthi empeleni i-voletaire ibiyisigidigidi. Ngisho nasebusheni bakhe, isazi sefilosofi sahlangana nabasekeli abafunde uFrancois ukuba batshale imali enkulu. Kutholwe iminyaka engamashumi amane, umbhali watshala imali egibeni lebutho laseFrance, wanikeza imali yokuthenga imikhumbi kanye nemisebenzi yezobuciko, kanye nokukhiqizwa kobumba kwakusendaweni yakhe eSwitzerland.
Ukushona
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila, uVoltaire wayedumile, ngalinye lesimanje lalicubungula umsebenzi walo lokuvakashela indlu yaseSwitzerland yokuhlakanipha kwendoda endala. Isazi sefilosofi sasicasha kumakhosi aseFrance, kodwa ngosizo lokukholisa lwabuyela ezweni laseCezanna noParmesan, lapho afela khona eneminyaka engama-83.
Izinsalela zezitatimende eziyinkimbinkimbi zombhali futhi zingcwatshwe ethuneni likazwelonke ePantheon (Paris).
I-Bibliography
- 1730 - "Indaba karl XII"
- 1732 - UZaire
- 1734 - "Izincwadi zefilosofi. Izincwadi zesiNgisi
- 1736 - "Umlayezo Newton"
- 1738 - "I-Essay On Fire Nature"
- 1748 - "Izwe njengoba linjalo"
- 1748 - "I-Zadig, noma Isiphetho"
- 1748 - "Semiramid"
- 1752 - "I-Micromegas"
- 1755 - "Orleans nto Virtual"
- 1756 - "UMarquake weLisbon"
- 1764 - "White and Black"
- 1768 - "Tsarevna Babylonian"
- 1774 - "Don Pedro"
- 1778 - "Agafokl"
Amacaphuna
- "Akunakwenzeka ukukholelwa kuNkulunkulu, hhayi ukukholelwa kukho - okungenangqondo"
- "Kubantu abaningi, kuyalungiswa - kusho ukushintsha izithiyo zakho"
- "AmaKhosi ayazi ngezindaba zalabo bangqongqoshe babo kungabi ngaphezu kweCuckold mayelana nezindaba zabafazi bawo"
- "Ukungalingani kubuhlungu, kepha umlutha"
- "Akukho lutho olungathandeki, ukuthi luzokwenziwa kanjani kokungaziwa"