I-Biograge
UJean-Jacques Rousseau wazalelwa eGeneva ngoJuni 28, 1712. Lesi sefilosofi saseFrance, umlobi we-Epoch of incane waziwa ngemisebenzi yabahamba ngezinyawo, imibono. URousseau ubiza umsunguli wezothando e-Filosophical Science. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi uJean-Jacques Rousseau ngezinga elithile acasule i-Great French Revolution.Ubuntwana nentsha
Ubuntwana bakaFranco Swiss Jean-Jacques alibizwa ngawo ukubizwa ngokungakhathali. Umama, uSuzanna Bernard, washona ekuseni, eshiya indodana ekunakekeleni uyise ka-Isaka Rousseau, owayesebenza ngumlindi futhi wasebenza njengothisha wokudansa. Ukufa komuntu womshado umuntu wahlupheka kanzima, kodwa wazama ukuqondisa uthando lwemfundo uJean-Jacques. Kwaba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kweRousseau encane.
Umntwana kusukela eminyakeni yakhe ufunde imisebenzi kaPlutarha, ufunda "no-Abstrey" noyise. UJean-Jacques wazethula esakhiweni seqhawe lasendulo lezigcawu futhi washisa isandla sakhe ngokukhethekile. Ngokushesha i-Rousseau yakudala kwadingeka ihambe iGeneva ngenxa yokuhlaselwa okuhlomile, kodwa umfana wahlala emzini wakhe nomalume. Umzali akazange asole ukuthi indodana izoba yisazi sefilosofi esibalulekile kule nkathi.
Kamuva, izihlobo zanikeza uJean-Jacques ku-Lamberry yempesheni eProthestani. Ngemuva konyaka, uRousseau wokuqeqeshwa wadluliselwa emjondolo, kamuva wadluliselwa egrengeni. Naphezu komsebenzi omkhulu, le nsizwa yathola isikhathi sokufunda. Imfundo yafundisa uJean-Jacques ukuqamba amanga, yenza sengathi yeba.
Eminyakeni engu-16, iRousseau iphunyuka eGeneva futhi ingena ezindlini zezindela, eziseTurin. Cishe izinyanga ezine kwaba nefilosofi yesikhathi esizayo lapha, okwathi emva kwalokho wangena kwinkonzo eya kuma-aristocrats. UJean-Jacques wasebenza nge-lacquer. Indodana yesibalo yasiza lo mfo ukuba aqonde izisekelo ze-Italian. Kepha amakhono enhlamvu Rousseau athole uMomashi - uNkk de Varan.
UJean-Jacques Rousseau kweminye imisebenzi, ebhalwe mathupha, umele amaqiniso athakazelisayo kwi-biography yabo. Ngenxa yalokhu, sifunda ukuthi le nsizwa yasebenza nguNobhala kanye noMento wangasese ngaphambi kokuba ifike kwifilosofi nezincwadi.
Ifilosofi nezincwadi
UJean-Jacques Rousseau ungowokuqala, isazi sefilosofi. Izincwadi "Isivumelwano Somphakathi", "New Eloise" kanye ne- "Emil" namanje afunda abamele isayensi. Emisebenzini, umbhali wazama ukuchaza ukuthi kungani kunokungalingani komphakathi emphakathini. URousseau kuqala wazama ukuthola ukuthi ngabe kunendawo yokuba yindlela yesivumelwano sokudala isimo.
UJean-Jacques wabheka umthetho wokuveza intando evamile. Kwakufanele avikele abamele bakahulumeni, abangakwazi ukuwugxeka umthetho. Ukulingana kwempahla kungenzeka, kepha kuphela esitatimendeni sentando evamile. URousseau unikeze abantu ukuthi bathathe abantu ngokuzimela, ngaleyo ndlela balawule indlela yokuziphatha kweziphathimandla. Ngenxa kaJean-Jacques, iRousseau yadala i-referendum, inciphise izinsuku ezinqabile zePhini Lika-Authority, wethule uhlelo lwezomthetho lukazwelonke, igunya eligunyaziwe.
"New Eloise" - uphawu lweRousseau. Inoveli ngokusobala yalandela amanothi kaClarissa Garloa, owadalwa nguRichardson. Le ncwadi uJean-Jacques wacabanga ngomsebenzi omuhle kakhulu obhalwe ngohlobo lwe-epistolary. "New Eloise" imele izinhlamvu eziyi-163. Lo msebenzi waholela ekuthokoziseni umphakathi waseFrance, kusukela ngaleyo minyaka ngalesi sikhathi sokubhala amanoveli athandwa.
"I-Eloise entsha" ilandisa ngendaba yenhlekelele esekupheleni komlingiswa ophambili. Kubeka ingcindezi yobumsulwa kuwo, ukuba nentombi ukuze ujabulele uthando futhi uzithobe ekusunguleni isilingo. Incwadi yanqoba uthando lwabantu futhi yenza uRousseau nobaba wezothando ngefilosofi. Kepha impilo ebhaliwe yombhali yaqala ngandlela thile ngaphambili. Emuva maphakathi nekhulu le-XVIII, iRousseau lalinenkonzo yenxusa eVenice. Ngokushesha indoda ethile ithola umsebenzi wobuciko.
EParis, ejwayelene kwenzeka, edlale indima enkulu ekufezekisweni kwesazi sefilosofi. UJean-Jacques wahlangana nensimu yeGolbach, uDenis Didro, u-Etienne de Kondillak, uJean D'Amber noGrimm. Izinhlekelele zakuqala namahlaya akuthandwa, kepha ngo-1749, ekuphetheni, wafunda ephephandabeni ngomncintiswano. Isihloko sasiseduze neRousseau:
"Ngabe ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi kanye nobuciko bokwehla kwezimilo, noma kwaba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwazo?".Yaphefumulela umbhali. Ukuthandwa phakathi kwezakhamizi uJean-Jacques uthole ngemuva kwe-Opera "Rustic Stirecer". Lo mcimbi wenzeka ngo-1753. Isimo sengqondo kanye nohlobo lwengoma efakazelwe kubantu bendawo. Ngisho noLouis XV walwa chip e-Aria uvela emsebenzini.
Kepha "umthakathi omkhulu" kanye "nokucabanga" kwanezela izinkinga zaseRussia. UGrimm noGolbach babona ubuciko uJean-Jacques ngokungafanele. UVoltaire wema ohlangothini lokukhanyiswa. Inkinga enkulu, ngokusho kwezazi zefilosofi, kwaba yintando yeningi ye-plebee ekhona emsebenzini weRousseau.
Izazi-mlando no-Eustice zifunde ukudala i-austicoographic of Jean-Jacques ezibizwa nge- "Consure". Ukuba neqiniso nobuqiniso bakhona emgqeni ngamunye womsebenzi. URousseau ubonise abafundi amandla nobuthakathaka, waveza umphefumulo. Izilinganiso ezivela encwadini zisasetshenziswa ukudala i-biography yefilosofi kanye nomlobi, ehlola ubuhlakani kanye nomlingiswa uJean-Jacques Rousseau.
-Obandla
Emkhakheni wezintshisakalo zokukhishwa, uJean-Jacques Rousseau wayengumuntu wemvelo ongathinti izimo zenhlalo. Isazi sefilosofi sasikholelwa ukuthi imfundo ithintekile ukukhula kwengane. URousseau wasebenzisa lo mbono lapho ethuthukisa umqondo wokuhlehlisa. Imibono emikhulu yokuhamba ngezinyawo kukaJean-Jacques eyethulwe emsebenzini ka-Emil, noma ngokukhuliswa. Le mpikiswano, ekwamukelweni ngumlobi, ihamba phambili futhi ibalulekile. Ngezithombe zobuciko, uRousseau wazama ukuveza imicabango mayelana ne-pedagogy.
Uhlelo lokufundisa nolwemfundo aluzange lunelise isazi sefilosofi. Imibono kaJean-Jacques yaphikisana neqiniso lokuthi isisekelo salawa masiko yiBandla, hhayi intando yeningi, esatshalaliswa kabanzi kuleyo minyaka yaseYurophu. URousseau wagcizelela ngesidingo sokuthuthukisa amakhono emvelo enganeni. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemvelo komuntu ngamunye kuwumsebenzi oyinhloko wemfundo.
NgokukaJean-Jacques, imibono ekukhulisweni kwezingane kufanele iguqulwe kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umuntu kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa nasekufeni njalo uvula izimfanelo ezintsha ngokwawo kanye nezwe elizungezile. Ngokusekelwe kulolu, izinhlelo zemfundo zidinga ukwakha. UmKristu onomusa nomuntu omuhle akuyona into edingwa umuntu. URousseau wayekholelwa ngokweqiniso ukuthi kucindezelwe futhi kubacindezeli, hhayi ububele noma izakhamizi.
Imibono ye-Pedagogical Jean-Jacques Rousseau ibisezeluleko zabazali ngesidingo sokukhulisa ngesifiso sendoda encane yokusebenzela umsebenzi, ukuzihlonipha, umuzwa wenkululeko nokuzimela. Akunakusho ukuthi ungazithathela noma uzivumele izidingo, ngisho nezinsizwa zezingane. Ngasikhathi sinye, udinga ukulahla okuphansi kwengane. Kepha onolwazi kakhulu kwisazi sefilosofi sokushintsha umthwalo wemfanelo wemfundo yengane.
Indima ebalulekile ekufundiseni umuntu idlalwa ngumsebenzi, okuzoholela umuzwa wokufa womsebenzi nomthwalo wemfanelo ngezenzo zakhe. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kuzoqhubeka nokwenza umntwana ukuthola ukudla. Ngaphansi kwezemfundo zabasebenzi, iRousseau yayisho ukuthuthukiswa komuntu ngokomqondo, ngokuziphatha nangokomzimba. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezidingo nezintshisekelo zengane kufanele kube kubaluleke kakhulu kubazali.
NgokukaJean-Jacques, Rousseau, kuzo zonke izigaba zabantu abadala kuyadingeka ukuhlakulela okuthile okuchazwe ku-CHAD. Kuze kube yiminyaka emibili - ukuthuthukiswa ngokomzimba. Kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-12 - okubonakalayo, kusuka ku-12 kuye ku-15 - ngokwengqondo, kusuka eminyakeni eyi-15 kuye kweli-18 - ngokuzimisela. Ngaphambi kukaBaba noMama, kungumsebenzi oyinhloko - ukuba ubekezele futhi uphikelele, kepha akunakuphikelela, kodwa akunakukwazi ukukwenza "ukuphula" ingane yomphakathi wanamuhla. Ukuzivocavoca nokuqina kuzosebenza ekumelaneni kwengane, ukuvezwa kanye nokuqinisa impilo.
Esikhathini sokukhula osemusha ngolwazi lomhlaba, kudingeka ufunde ukusebenzisa izinzwa, hhayi incwadi. Izincwadi zinhle, kepha utshala imali ezingqondweni ezisheshayo zombono wayo wezwe.
Ngakho-ke, ingane ngeke ithuthukise ingqondo yazo, kepha izobona amazwi abanye okholweni. Imibono esemqoka yemfundo yezengqondo yayixhumana: abazali kanye nothisha bakha umkhathi lapho ingane ifuna ukubuza imibuzo futhi yamukele izimpendulo. I-Rousseau ibhekwa njengebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto, i-biology, chemistry kanye ne-physics.
Abantu abadala eneminyaka eyi-15 banemizwa engapheli, ukuqubuka kwemizwa ehlanganisa intsha enamakhanda. Kubalulekile ngalesi sikhathi ukuthi ungakusebenzisi ngokweqile ngokuziphatha, kepha ukuzama ukuqinisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha. Umphakathi uyaziphatha kabi impela, ngakho-ke akudingekile ukususa lo msebenzi kubantu bakwamanye amazwe. Kulesi sigaba, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa umusa wemizwa, izahlulelo nentando. Kulula ukukwenza kuzoba kude namadolobha amakhulu nezilingo zawo.
Lapho nje le nsizwa noma le ntombazane izoba neminyaka engama-20, kuyadingeka ukushukumisela ekwakhekeni kwemisebenzi yomphakathi. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lesi sigaba sabamele abesifazane bavunyelwe ukweqa. Imisebenzi ye-Civil Delivestation. Emisebenzini kaJean-Jacques, uRousseau walandelela umuzwa womuntu, ophikisana neNhlangano yekhulu le-XVIII.
Amacala Rousseau enza isivumelwano ezweni labasebenza ngezinyawo, kepha iziphathimandla zakubheka njengengozi, zisongela ukuvota kwezwe lomphakathi. I-Emil "i-Emil, noma ngokukhuliswa" okushisiwe, futhi maqondana noJean-Jacques kwakhipha isimemezelo ngokuboshwa. Kepha uRousseau wakwazi ukucasha eSwitzerland. Imicabango yefilosofi, naphezu kokungamukeleli uhulumeni waseFrance, wathonya i-pedagogy ngaleso sikhathi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemali ukushada nentokazi ebabazekayo, uJean-Jacques wayengenalo ithuba, ngakho-ke isazi sefilosofi sakhetha uTeresa Leacher. Owesifazane wasebenza yi-Maid ehhotela eliseParis. Ingqondo nobuhlakani beTeresa ayizange ihluke. Intombazane yaqhamuka emjahweni wabampofu. Imfundo ayitholanga - ayizange ichaze isikhathi esingakanani. Emphakathini, uVevasser wabonakala engcolile.
Noma kunjalo, emshadweni uRusseau wayephila kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-20 yempilo yokushada, kanye noTeresa, owesilisa waya esontweni, lapho babeshade khona. Abalingani baba nezingane ezinhlanu, kepha izingane zasheshe zanikeza indlu yezemfundo. UJean-Jacques wachaza lo mthetho ngokuntuleka kwemali. Futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, ngokwesazi sefilosofi, izingane zaphazamisa uRousseau lokho akuthandayo.
Ukushona
Ukufa kukaNastigala Jean-Jacques Rousseau Julayi 2, 1778, ehlala ngendlu yedolobha laseChateau D'Ermenonville. Lapha ngo-1777 kwaletha umngani wefilosofi owabona ukuwohloka esimweni sempilo yaseRussia. Kwezokuzijabulisa, umlingani wezivakashi wahlela ikhonsathi esiqhingini esisepaki. UJean-Jacques, othandana nale ndawo, wacela ukuhlela ithuna lapha.Umngani wanquma ukufeza isicelo sokugcina seRousseau. Indawo esemthethweni yesibalo somphakathi yisiqhingi sama-Yves. Amakhulu abalandeli unyaka nonyaka avakashela epaki ngenxa yokwazi kanye ne-Martyr, echaze ngokukhanyayo iSchiller ezinkondlweni. Ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwesiFulentshi, izinsalela zikaJean-Jacques Russo zathuthela ePantheon. Kepha ngemuva kweminyaka engama-20 kwaba nomcimbi omubi - izigebengu ezimbili zebiwe ngothuli lwefilosofi futhi ziphonswe emgodini, zigcwele uLime.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- URousseau wafunda esikoleni somculo, wabhala imisebenzi yomculo.
- Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana yokuzulazula, ngo-1767 wabuyela eFrance, kodwa ngaphansi kwegama elihlukile.
- ESwitzerlandland kukhona isiqhingi eRhone River, waqanjwa ngokuthi uJean-Jacques Rousseau.
- Isazi sefilosofi sikujabulele ukuthandwa ngabantu bamakhaya.
- URousseau wayengeyena amakhono ngenxa yomlingiswa wamapayipi.
I-Bibliography
- 1755 - "Ukubonisana Ngemvelaphi Yokungalingani Phakathi Kwabantu"
- 1761 - "UJulia, noma Eteloise New"
- 1762 - "kwinkontileka yomphakathi"
- 1762 - "I-EMIL, noma Mayelana Nokukhuliswa"
- 1782 - "Ukuhamba Uphupha One-Lonely"
- 1782 - "Ukucabangisisa Kuhulumeni WasePoland"
- 1789 - "Ukuvuma"