I-Biograge
Akunakwenzeka ukuba ngokweqile okubaluleke kakhulu kwemisebenzi eyabhalwa ngabantu basendulo abahlakaniphile, ukutholakala kwabo kanye namanye amagugu, athathe ebuntwini kusukela ezikhathini. Ngeshwa, imisebenzi eminingi ayikasindile kuze kube namuhla, futhi lokhu kulahleka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, akunangqondo ukuzisola ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukushintsha, ukufaka isicelo, ngesisekelo sesimo samanje. Okungenani, amaGrikhi asendulo namaRoma ahlakaniphile ngokwawo akwamukele, enanini lazo ahlobene nePlutarch evela eHerone.Ubuntwana nentsha
Mayelana nobuntwana bomlobi wasendulo wamaGrikhi nesazi sefilosofi kwaziwa. Wazalwa ngo-46 wesikhathi sethu. Abazali bomfana, yize babevikelekile, kepha akubanga ngabakwa-Aristocrats noma ezinye izifunda ezikhethiwe. Noma kunjalo, leli qiniso alizange livikele i-Plutarch futhi umfowabo wamp yakhe afundwe izincwadi futhi athole imfundo enhle e-Athene.
Ukutadisha ifilosofi, i-rhetoric kanye nezibalo, amaPlutarchs aqala abangane bakhe nothisha we-ammonim - umsekeli wezimfundiso zikaPlato. Lesi sihlobo saholela ekutheni lapho ekugcineni kokuqeqeshwa kwamaPlutarchs kanye nomfowabo nothisha baya eDelphi.
Inhloso yalolu hambo kwakuwumuntu ojwayelene nomuntu uqobo nehlelo lwe-Apollo, kanye nemisebenzi yama-oracles nama-pythies. Lo mcimbi uthintwe kakhulu yiPlutarch encane, eminyakeni eyalandela akazange akhunjulwe lokhu (kufaka phakathi imisebenzi yakhe).
Ukubuyela emuva edolobheni lendabuko laseHeronee, uPlutarch wangena ezinkonzweni zomphakathi, eba yisichazamazwi se-archon. Umsebenzi wokuqala we-archont young u-Archont kwaba umbiko kuConsulus Ahaya esifundazweni ngezidingo zabahlali bakaDolobha. Ukubhekana ngempumelelo nokuyalelwa, iPlutarch yaqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe ngumphakathi.
Ifilosofi nezincwadi
UPlutarch wayehlala azibheka njengomlandeli wezimfundiso zikaPlato. Noma kunjalo, kuzoba yimbi ngokwengeziwe ukuthi ibalule ku-ecleectics - Abalandeli bokugeleza, okwakheke ngokuphelele ngemuva kokushona kwePlutarch yiPolamon yase-Alexandria.
Izici eziningi zabathonya ukwakheka kokubukwa kwePlutarch, phakathi kwazo amaPlatonics ammonium adlala indima enkulu. Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukuthi ekutjenzisweni ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa, isazi sefilosofi esizayo sikwazile ukwazana ne-peripatetics (abafundi bakwa-Aristotle) kanye neStotot. Futhi uma abalandeli baka-Aristotle babonakala befika kuye noma bengakhuli kangako, khona-ke amaStoyi abe, njengama-Epikhuru, amaPlutarchs agxekwa kamuva.
Futhi, phakathi nolunye uhambo lwakhe, ukuthula kwePlutarch kwakwazi ukujwayelana namaRoma noropavorsia. Ifa lokubhala lefilosofi libanzi kakhulu. Ngokusho kwekhathalogu, ehlanganiswe ngumfowabo wesazi sefilosofi ngesibani, uPlutarch wabhala cishe imibhalo engama-210, ingxenye eyinhloko eyagcinwa ngosuku lwanamuhla. Ukusuka kulesi sisindo, abacwaningi babeka "impilo yokuqhathanisa" kanye nomjikelezo we- "molia", oqukethe imisebenzi engama-78 (kanye ne-5 ngaphezulu ngokubhala okuphikisayo).
"Izikhundla zokuphila ngokuqhathaniswa" zingama-biographies amabili ama-Greeks namaRoma angama-22, kuhlanganise noJulius Caesar, u-Alexander Macedonia, uSpartan Tsar Leonid, kanye nezikhulumi ze-demosphen kanye neCicero. Imibhangqwana yayikhethwe ngokufana kwabalingiswa nemisebenzi.
Lapho echaza impilo, isazi sefilosofi sasebenza ngokukhululekile eqinisweni, siphikisana ngokuthi ubhala i-biography, hhayi indaba. Inhloso enkulu yale ndaba bekuwukujwayelana nezibalo ezinhle zesikhathi esedlule futhi waphatha umlingiswa wokufundisa. By the way, ekuqaleni kwangempela kwakukhona umusi owengeziwe ukuze uqhathanise, kepha abanye bebengagciniwe.
Umjikelezo we- "moralia" waphinde wawuthwala umsebenzi wokufundisa, ngoba ingxenye eyinhloko yemisebenzi yemisebenzi eyayibhalwe nguMfundisi wePlutarha. Izibonelo ezithinta kakhulu zihlanganisa imisebenzi enjalo: "Ngokuma nesikhathi ngokweqile", "mayelana ne-Chatty", "ekuhlakanipheni", ngokuhlakanipha "," ekukhulisweni kwezingane ".
Kwakukhona nemisebenzi yemvelo yezepolitiki - "ukufundisa ngezindaba zombuso" kanye "nenkosi, intando yeningi nase-Oligarchy". Ama-plutarchs abo abhale, esethole ukuba yisakhamuzi kanye nehhovisi likahulumeni eRoma (lokhu kwenzeke lokhu ukubonga ukujwayelana nokuncipha kokuncipha). Lapho ukushushiswa kososayensi kanye nezazi zefilosofi kuqala uMbusi uTita Flavia Domitian, wabuyela emuva eHeronee, ebeka engcupheni yokubulawa kwezitatimende zakhe.
Ama-Plutarchs avakashela wonke amadolobha amakhulu eGrisi (kufaka phakathi eKorinth), avakashele uSarda, e-Alexandria kanye namanye amadolobha ambalwa. Ngokusekelwe ekuhambeni kwakhe, isazi sefilosofi sabhala imibhalo enjalo ngokuthi "maqondana ne-Ngako no-Osiris", eyachaza umbono wayo ekuqondeni izinganekwane zasendulo zaseGibhithe, izingqinamba zemithamo emibili "kanye" nemibuzo yamaRoma ".
Kule misebenzi, umlando wezizwe ezimbili ezinethonya kwathiwa, ama-peiographies amabili ka-Alexander Macedonia (ngaphezu "kwempilo yokuqhathanisa") - "Enkazimulweni ka-Alexander" kanye nathi "mayelana nenhlanhla ka-Alexander the Great", njengoba kanye neminye imisebenzi eminingi.
Ama-Plutarchs aveza imibono yakhe yefilosofi ekuhunyushweni kwemisebenzi kaPlato ("Imibuzo yePlatonovsky"), emibhalweni ebucayi ("ekuphikisweni kwesitofu", "ukuthi ngisho nokuphila okumnandi akunakwenzeka, uma ulandela i-Epicurus"), Eqoqweni "Izingxoxo Zokufaka", eziqukethe izincwadi eziyi-9, kanye nasezingxoxweni zePythi ("ukuthi ama-apthies awanwebi amanye amavesi", "mayelana nokwehla kwama-omaries", "maqondana nomvuzo") .
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Wayewuthanda umndeni wakhe wePlutarch, eyashiwo kaningi ngemisebenzi. Wayenamadodana nendodakazi enamadodana, kepha indodakazi yakhe nenye yamadodana yafa ebuntwaneni. Ngandlela thile wehlisa umlingani uTimoksen, isazi sefilosofi sabhala indatshana ethi "Induduzo Kumlingani", igcinwe kuze kube namuhla.
Lapho amadodana ekhula, uPlutarch wanquma ukujabulela ukuqeqeshwa kwabo. Kamuva, izingane zabanye izakhamizi zaziphakathi komfundi wakhe. Kubuhlungu ukuthi ifilosofi ukuba icabange ngabantu ezweni lonke kunaye.
Ukushona
Usuku ngqo lokufa kwesazi sefilosofi alwaziwa, kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuphumula kusuka eminyakeni eyi-125 kuye kwayi-127. Washona ama-plutarchs ngesizathu semvelo - kusukela kwabadala. Kwenzeka ezweni lakubo laseHeronee, kodwa kwangcwaba amaPlutarchs eDelphi - ngokwentando kaWally.
Endaweni yokungcwatshwa kwefilosofi, kwasungulwa itshe lesikhumbuzo, lapho kutholakala khona imivubukulo ngo-1877 ngesikhathi sokumba. AmaPlutarchs ashiye inkumbulo enhle - ama-biographies amaningi abantu abakhulu aqanjwa ngegama lesilifilosofi, kanye ne-crater ohlangothini olubonakalayo lwenyanga.
I-Bibliography
- "Izindlela Zokuphila Ngokuqhathanisa"
- "UMLAYEZO"
- "Izingxoxo Zezinduna"
- "Imibuzo yamaGrikhi"
- Imibuzo yamaRoma
- "EMonarchy, Intando yeningi ne-Oligarchy"
- "Ekuphikisaneni kwesitofu"
- "Mayelana ne-side ne-osiris"
- "Iqiniso lokuthi ama-pythies awasandisi amavesi"
- "Ngenhlanhla ne-Valor Alexander the Great"
- "Imibuzo ye-Platonic"
Amacaphuna
- "Abahlaseli bakhaphela, bona bodwa, bona."
- "IBoltun ifuna ukuzenza uthando - futhi ibangela inzondo, ifuna ukuba nenkonzo - futhi iba nokubonakala, ifuna ukumangala - futhi iyahlekisa; Uyahlambalaza abangane bakhe, ukhonza izitha zakhe nakho konke lokhu ngokufa kwakhe. "
- "Ngubani olindele ukuqinisekisa impilo yabo, ukuhlala eLena, uza njengesiphukuphuku, kanye nomuntu ocabanga buthule ukuze athuthukise izwi lakhe."
- "Imvamisa sibuze lo mbuzo, hhayi esimweni sokuphendula, kepha ukufuna ukuzwa izwi nokusindisa indawo komunye umuntu, efuna ukumdonsela engxoxweni. Phawula ngezimpendulo zabanye, ufuna ukuthwebula amahemuhemu omunye umuntu futhi uthathe imicabango yabanye abantu, kufana nokukhuphukela kumuntu owomile ukwanga komunye, noma wacela ukuzama ukuheha yena. "
- "Ngezinye izikhathi akunakusetshenziswa, kwenzeka ukuvala owonile emlonyeni womuntu ocelayo; Umvuzo onjalo kufanele ube ngamafuphi futhi ungazitholi ukucasuka, akukho ukucasuka, kepha ungazise ukuthi ungakuluma kanjani ngokumamatheka okuvuselelekayo, ubuyela ukushaya; Njengoba imicibisholo indiza kude nento eqinile ibuyele kulowo owathumela yona, futhi ukuthukwa kubonakala kundiza kusuka ku-smart futhi kungumnikazi we-ometor emuva. "