I-Biograge
Igalelo kwisayensi yeClaudia Ptolemy akunakwenzeka ukuba likhulise. Ukuqhubeka kososayensi emkhakheni wesayensi yezinkanyezi, i-physics, izibalo, i-geography kanye nomculo wezwe, uma kungenjalo, lapho-ke, okungenani, kwanikeza umfutho ekuthuthukisweni kwalezi zisayensi. Isisindo sezincwadi safika kulolu suku mayelana nempumelelo yesosayensi, kodwa akukho mininingwane yemvelo.
I-Ptolemy yathuthukisa incwadi enemininingwane yezethenjwa ku-Ad Astronomy, eyashicilelwa ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Almagest". Lo msebenzi wososayensi wasendulo waba yi- "Bhayibheli lezinkanyezi" kuze kube yilapho umbono weCopernicus, owabeka ukuqala kwesayensi mayelana nemizimba yasezulwini.
I-latitude yezintshisekelo zesayensi kanye nokujula kokuhlaziywa kwavumela uPtolemy ukuba abe ngumsunguli wezincwadi zesayensi emkhakheni weJografi, i-Physics (Optics), Ithiyori Yomculo, njll. Umbono uphinde wakhiwa nguClaudia, ngokuya ngokuthi izindikimba zezulu zihlala zihamba futhi zisebenza njengendlela eyodwa.
Imfundiso yezinkanyezi nethonya lazo esiphelweni somuntu, elibizwa nge-astrology, lakhiwa ne-ptolemy. Wadala ama-atlas asonkanyezi, lapho izinkanyezi zibonakale khona kusukela esifundeni saseGibhithe.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Imininingwane mayelana ne-biography yososayensi wasendulo ayigcinwanga. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lokho okwenzeka kugwemeka ukukhuluma ngePtolemy emibhalweni yabo. Yonke imininingwane etholakalayo idonswa ezincwadini ze-physics physics physics, kanye nasemisebenzini yayo yesayensi yososayensi wasendulo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uClaudia wayehlala endaweni ye-Egypt yanamuhla, edolobheni lase-Alexandria. Imininingwane ngokuvela kososayensi nayo ayigcinwanga, isithombe sisezingeni elithile lesithombe esivela emisebenzini yabaculi basendulo.
Encwadini ethi "Almagest" Ptolemy kukhombisa izinkathi zokubonwa kwezinkanyezi, ezisiza ukusungula ngokungaqondile ngezinsuku zempilo yesazi: 127-151 iminyaka. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuphela komsebenzi ku- "Almagest", okungenani izincwadi ezimbili kwavela, okuyi-Encyclopedias, umsebenzi owawuhlala iminyaka eyi-10. Futhi ngokuya ngamarekhodi wefilosofi ase-Olympiodore, uClaudius wasebenza eduze ne-Alexandria edolobheni laseNomi - indawo engaphansi kwe-Alexandria Abukir.
Yize igama lososayensi (uPtolemy) likhuluma ngemvelaphi yaseGibhithe, kanye nemininingwane ye-biographical imayelana nokuba yilungu labantu abavela eGreece, igama lokuqala (Clavdy) libonisa izimpande zamaRoma zomnikazi wayo. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemininingwane ethembekile, ukusungula ubuzwe besayensi akwenzeki.
Isayensi nokuvula
Umsebenzi wesayensi wePtolemy uqala emsebenzini ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Ukubhalwa Kunolwazi", oluqoshwe esiteshini edolobheni laseCanopy (indawo engaphansi ye-Alexandria eGibhithe) Amapharamitha wezinkanyezi. Kamuva, uStele wabhujiswa, kodwa imininingwane esetshenziselwe kuyo yagcinwa ngenxa yemibhalo yesandla yasendulo yesiGreek.
Icacisa imininingwane eminingi, uClaudius wathuthukisa "amatafula wekhanda" - into efana nencwadi yenkomba yezinkanyezi. Emcabangweni we-geocentrism, lolu lwazi lusebenza njengobufakazi bokukhala komhlaba nokunyakaza okuzungeze ezinye izidumbu zezulu.
Ngaphambi kwezwe elidume umhlaba wonke, uPtolemy wasebenzela enye inombolo yezincwadi zesayensi, kufaka phakathi "ama-hypotheses weplanethi". Umehluko phakathi kwalo msebenzi kwabanye uhlelo olunye uhlelo lwepharamitha olusetshenziselwa ukuchaza indawo yezinto zezinkanyezi. Kulolu hlelo, igama elithi Aristotle "Ether" liyavela, elifakwe ngokuqinile emcabangweni wePtolemy.
Ku-ptolemy ka-Almagest, ngokunemba okumangazayo kwalezo zikhathi, ibanga ukusuka elangeni nasenyangeni emhlabeni kubalwe. Uphiko lokulinganisa ezifundweni kwakuyimisebe yomhlaba. Kodwa-ke, "ama-hypotheses aneplanethi" afanayo, umbhali wakhomba ibanga phakathi kwelanga namanye amaplanethi, ngaphandle kokuba nemisebe yazo (esikhundleni salokho, usosayensi wasebenzisa lesi siphetho kancane, Entweni elandelayo yendawo ebonakalayo), engakhombisa ukungafani phakathi kwezikhathi zopelo zesayensi.
Incwadi elandelayo, ngokusho kwabaphenyi, kwakuwumsebenzi wesigaba se- "Phase Sezinkanyezi Esihleliwe". Lo msebenzi yimizamo yokuqala yokuhlanganisa izibikezelo ze-meteorological zesimo sezulu, ngokuya ngesimo semizimba yasezulwini kanye nezimo zomzimba ebusweni bomhlaba. Ephepheni elifanayo, ulwazi lwezindawo zezulu namabhande okuma komhlaba womhlaba, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kwancishiswa.
Ukwakha imibono yezinkanyezi, i-ptolemia edingekayo ulwazi lwejometri lomhlaba wethu. I-theorem yokubalwa kwe-radii, ama-arc kanye nemibuthano inikelwe emsebenzini kaClaudia obizwa nge- "araema". Inani elisetshenzisiwe lalolu lwazi ukuklama amawashi elanga, elakhiwa eside ngaphambi kokuba izifundo zePtolemy Study. Umsebenzi we- "Plasferey" unikelwe ekuqageleni kwe-stereographic kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo ekubaleni kwezinkanyezi.
"I-Quadripartituum yaba umsebenzi onzima kakhulu uClaudia, ngoba inikelwe izisekelo zokufunda izinkanyezi, noma ithonya lezindikimba zasezulwini zempilo yomuntu. Kepha i-gegragraph yesishiyagalombili "ye-geography" ngokudumile ayikho ngaphansi ku-Almagesta. Akusikho okuningi okuchazwayo komhlaba njengezibalo ngezisekelo zemidwebo. Emnyameni wokuqala, usosayensi waphakamisa ukuthi iphuzu lesethenjwa ku-zero meridian, eyayisetshenziswa yiCanary Islands.
Izingxabano kanye nezingxoxo eziphathelene nomnikelo we-Ptolemy to Science zisaqhubeka ziqhubeka, ngesisekelo seqiniso lokuthi i-hipparh isikhathi ngaphambi kokuba uClaudia achaze izikhundla zezibane zasezulwini esibhakabhakeni. Ukuqanjwa kokuqala kwemininingwane kutholwe imbongi u-Omar Khayam. Futhi ngokuqala kweCopernicus enkundleni yesayensi yamazwe omhlaba, izimfundiso zezinkanyezi zePtolemy futhi zazingasebenzi nhlobo. Futhi uJordani uBruno waveza umbono we-geocentrism isikhashana, exhasa usosayensi wasendulo ezinkolelweni zakhe. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha uhlelo lwe-geocentric lwendawo yonke lwaphikiswa abanye ososayensi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Esimweni esishadile, kanye nokuba khona kokungabikho kwezingane eClaudia, imininingwane ethembekile ayigcinwanga. Kepha kwaziwa nje ukuthi usosayensi wayenabalandeli nabasizi abamsiza ukuba enze izinto ezinhle kakhulu kwisayensi. Incwadi Yezinkanyezi "Ptolemy" Ptolemy enikezelwe kuSira, kepha ubuntu bakhe abusunguliwe, ukuthi wayenaye esosayensi nokuthi ngabe isimo sengqondo singezwakala yini.
Ekweleni okufanayo, isazi sezibalo i-Theon sishiwo, imininingwane yayo eyayisetshenziswa ama-clawdies ekubaleni kwezinkanyezi, kepha kwadingeka uthisha we-Ptolemy noma osebenza naye.
Abacwaningi abaningana basikisela ukuthi sikhuluma nge-Smirnsky - isazi sefilosofi, umlandeli kaPlato, owayefunda isibhakabhaka esigcwele izinkanyezi futhi wenza imephu yasendulo yeSkyscle ebusuku.
Ubudlelwano bomuntuni beCliadiadial bebuseClaudia kanye nabasebenzi bomtapo wezincwadi wesayensi e-Alexandria yaseGibhithe, ngoba bathola ukufinyelela ezincwadini ezidingekayo. Emithonjeni yomlando yokuqala kwenkathi yethu, uClaudia wahlangana nobuso baseGibhithe bePtolemerév, kodwa abacwaningi banamuhla bavame ukucubungula lokhu kwenzeka.
Ukufa kwePtolemy
Izimo nosuku lokufa kososayensi, njengawo wonke amaqiniso e-biography yakhe, ahlala eyimfihlakalo kuze kube manje. Umbono weningi labaphenyi uncishiswa ukuba athi usuku lokufa kukaClaudia kufanele lubhekwe njengeminyaka eyi-165 yesikhathi sethu.
Ngokwemininingwane yohlanga, ngalesi sikhathi esifundeni sase-Afrika nase-Eurasia, ubhubhane lwesifo, isisulu salo, okungenzeka waba nguPtolemy. Kodwa ngisho neminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezintathu emva kokufa, usosayensi uyaqhubeka nokuphila emibhalweni yakhe futhi azuze inzalo.
I-Bibliography
- "Ukubhalwa Kwokunikwa"
- "Amatafula e-Prudial"
- "I-Planetary Hypotheses"
- "Izigaba zezinkanyezi ezihleliwe"
- "Analm"
- "Plasferey"
- "Quartrointhe"
- "I-Geography"
- "I-Optics"
- "Harmonics"
- "Ngekhono lokwahlulela nokwenza izinqumo"
- "Fetus"
- "Amandla adonsela phansi" kanye "nezinto"