I-Biograge
Izimiso eziyisisekelo zefilosofi zakhiwa ngesikhathi sasendulo. I-Pythagoras, uSocrates, uPlato - ababhali abavelele, ososayensi nabacabangi besikhathi sabo. Bonke baneqhaza ekwakhiweni kwefilosofi, nango-Plato, i-British Logic Allfred Whitehead yavezwa ukuthi yonke ifilosofi yaseYurophu, qaphela emisebenzini yesiGrikhi sasendulo, esaba umsunguli wesiko lasendulo.Ubuntwana nentsha
Unyaka oqondile lapho izazi zefilosofi zazalwa, ezingaziwa. Kunomqondo wokuthi kwenzeke ngo-428 noma 427 BC. Usuku lokuzalwa lubhekwa njengoMeyi 21 (7 Feregelion), ngalolo suku amaGrikhi agubha usuku lokuzalwa lwendodana kaZeus no-Titanides Summer - Apollo.
Ayikho imininingwane ekhonkolo mayelana nendawo eqondile yokuzalwa. Imithombo eminingi ibizwa ngedolobha lasePlato Athene, kepha kunenye indlela. Ngokusho kwakhe, i-biography yefilosofi ezayo yesikhathi esizayo yaqala esiqhingini sase-Argin, eSinroikos Bay, nase-Athene, umndeni kaPlato, umndeni kaPlato wathuthela ukuze unikeze izingane imfundo enhle.
Ngale ndlela, hhayi kuphela unyaka futhi indawo yokuzalwa kaPlato ibhekwa njengempikiswano. Kunombono wokuthi empeleni i-Wisosopher eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Aristoclon, kanti uPlato uyigama lesidlaliso alithola kulo umqeqeshi we-ariston avela e-Argos, ngenxa yamahlombe abanzi ("ama-plato" ahunyushwe esiGridini sasendulo ). Ngokokuqala ngqa, lokhu kwashiwo isazi-mlando sase-Antique Diogen Lanertsky.
Abazali bakaPlato baphatha ama-aristocrat. Ubaba wefilosofi - inzalo yenkosi yase-Attici CODRA, kanye nonina we-Athene Reformer of Solon. Ngomama kaPlato, uPlato wayenamanga amabili, abucayi futhi alimazayo, womabili amalungu eqembu lababusi abalinqobayo "amaTiranan angamashumi amathathu". Ngaphezu kukaPlato, u-Ariston noPerktoti (ababizelwe ngabazali bakhe) Kwakukhona ezinye izingane - amadodana kaGlavacon no-Odimont, kanye nendodakazi yePokon.
Izingane zithole ukwakheka komculo zakudala - okuthiwa yimfundo, okubandakanya imfundo yobuhle, yokuziphatha neyengqondo ohlelweni (igama elithi ngemuva kwe-muz). Wafundisa uPlato ngaleso sikhathi lapho kudwetshwa isaphulelo sefilosofi, umlandeli we-hercelite efesse. Ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe, umuntu ocabangayo wesikhathi esizayo wafunda izincwadi, ama-rhetoric, ezokuziphatha, izisekelo zesayensi kanye nezinye iziyalo.
Ngenkathi ufunda imiphumela emihle kakhulu, uPlato uzuzwe ezincwadini, ubuciko obubukwayo nomzabalazo, kamuva wabamba iqhaza emidlalweni yama-Olimpiki naseNemean.
Ubuntwana nentsha Plato bawela endabeni yantambama, lapho ubugwala, i-tape noKorestolubiye basakazeka phakathi kwabantu. Isimo saqinisa kuphela ukungqubuzana kwamasosha phakathi kweDosky Union kanye nePelopponesKy.
Isibalo sika-Ariston sezepolitiki sazama ukuthola izimpilo zezakhamizi ezikanye nazo. Ngakho-ke, wayefuna indodana yakhe ngemuva kokuthola imfundo, futhi, waba usopolitiki, kodwa uPlato ngokwakhe wanamathela kweminye imibono ngekusasa. Wazame yena ngokwezicucu, ebhala izinkondlo namadrama.
Ku-408 BC BC Ns. UTato osemncane wanquma ukubethelwa yinhlekelele enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yendawo. Endleleni, wagijimela kwabadala asebekhulile, kodwa indoda enamandla. Babenengxoxo eyashintsha impilo yomfana emilenzeni yakhe ekhanda, futhi yanikeza nokuqala kwempilo entsha. Le ndoda yayingokweSocrates.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu Plato iyimfihlakalo ngisho nezazi-mlando ezathola amaqiniso e-biography yakhe. Isazi sefilosofi sashumayeza ukwenqaba impahla yangasese, kanye nomphakathi wabafazi, abayeni nezingane. Ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukwaba umfazi othile uPlato, njengoba akwazi ukubizwa kanjalo ncamashi nezingane zalo zemvelo.Ngokusemthethweni, uPlato akazange ashade. Naye uqobo wakhuthaza umqondo wothando lwe-plate, echaza lo muzwa wenhlonipho nokunakekela phakathi kwabafundi nothisha, echaza ukuthi akudingekile ukuthanda umzimba womuntu, kodwa umphefumulo wakhe. Imizwelo ayicabangele okuthile okuphansi okudingeka ukwazi ukulawula.
Ifilosofi nemibono
Imfundiso kaSocrates yaguqulwa, yahlukaniswa ngokumangalisayo kulokho okwakukhona ngaphambili. Efilosofi yakhe, gxila ekufundweni kokuthula nemvelo eguqukele kumuntu. Imibono nezitatimende zikaSocrates zihlabe umxhwele yi-Plato young, okuyimisebenzi yamuva eshiwo.
Ku-399 BC Ns. USocrates wagxekwa futhi wagwetshwa ukufa. Isazi sefilosofi sasolwa ngokungahloniphi onkulunkulu, sahlonishwa yizakhamizi, futhi esikhundleni salokho sasabalalisa ukholo olusha, ngaleyo ndlela wonakalise abantu. Ukuhlonishwa kwezimali ezedlule, kufaka phakathi ukubamba iqhaza empini yePoponess, uSocrates wavunyelwa ukukhuluma nenkulumo yokuvikelwa (ngokwesisekelo sawo, i-Socrates "yabhalwa), futhi isijeziso sentambo senziwa ngu ukuphuza ubuthi esitsheni.
Ukubulawa kokubulawa kwathonywa kabi nguPlato, okwenza inzondo yenzondo yentando yeningi. Ngemuva kokushona kothisha, uhamba ohambweni, izinhloso zazo ezijwayelana nabanye ososayensi, ukushintshaniswa kokuhlangenwe nakho nabo kanye nokwazi izilimi ezisekelweni zokuba yizo. Eminyakeni eyishumi nambili elandelayo, isazi sefilosofi savakashela uMegahari, uKypreu, uFinali neGibhithe. Ngalesi sikhathi, wakwazi ukuhlangana futhi axoxe nokwakhiwa kweTartan, nabanye abafundi be-Socrates Euclide kanye ne-Feodor, kanye nabaseMpumalanga. Lesi sakamuva saphoqeka ngokungathi sína uPlato ukuze angene ePhilosofi laseMpumalanga.
Ngemuva kokuzulazula isikhathi eside, uPlato wafika eSicily. Ezinhlelweni zefilosofi kwakuwukudalwa kwesimo esisha kanye nomholi wezempi wendawo uDionisia Seneiors (eyaziwa nangokuthi iSyracuse). Ngokusho kwale ndoda, esimweni esisha, izazi zefilosofi kufanele zibuse, futhi zingaphuzi ubuthi besitsha ngaphansi kwemvuthuluka yesixuku esibhemayo. Kepha umbono awukaze uqashelwe: UDionysius waphenduka omashiqela, imibono kaPlato eyayingayithandi.
Emva kwalokho, isazi sefilosofi sanquma ukubuyela e-Athene. Idolobha laphoqa uPlato ukuze abukeze eminye imibono ngesimo esifanele. Umphumela walezi zinkomba wavulwa ku-387 BC. Ns. I-Academy yisikhungo semfundo lapho uPlato aqala khona ukuqeqesha abanye abantu. Ngakho kwakhiwa inyunyana entsha yezenkolo nefilosofi.
Isikole sikaPlato sabizwa ngokuthi sihlonishwe yile ndawo lapho kwakuqhutshwa khona izifundo (ipaki ngaphandle kwe-Athene), futhi indawo ngokwayo yaqanjwa ngegama le-Jethima. Ku-Platonic Academy, abafundi bafunda izibalo, ifilosofi, isayensi yemvelo, isayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nezinye zesayensi. Ukuqeqeshwa kwenzeka ezingxoxweni: uPlato wacabanga ukuthi le yindlela engcono kakhulu yokwazi umnyombo wezinto.
Enye yezingxoxo zakhe yashicilelwa ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Pier", imelwe ngesimo sengxoxo yamaGrikhi asendulo, adumisa uNkulunkulu u-Erota. Umbhalo wefilosofi ukhuluma ngothando, izinhlobo zalo nolwazi lwalo muzwa. Indawo ephakathi nendawo ihlala imibono yeSocrates inhle, umnyombo wayo omuhle.
Othisha kanye nabafundi bezemfundo bahlala ndawonye, le ndoda yamukela kubalandeli bePythagora. Abafundi kwakungu-Evdokhh (owayesondelene nePlato enezimfundiso nezinkolo zaseMpumalanga) kanye nesazi sefilosofi aristotle.
Ku-366 no-361 BC. Ns. UPlato uvakashela eSicily esimemweni somngane kaDion - uMuder Syracuse kanye noShurin Dionysius Senior. UDioniria akakuthandi ukuhambisana nalokhu, lokho akunika yona kahle ukuqonda ukubulawa kweDion. Ukufa komngane wadabukisayo uPlato kwaphoqelelwa ukuthi abuyele e-Athene, lapho iFilosofi yaqhubeka nokufunda abalandeli ngaphambi kokuphela kosuku.
Kamuva, esifisweni sokudala umqondo ohlanganisa umuntu nesikhala, isazi sefilosofi safika efeni elinengqondo. Emibhalweni, wabona ngomphefumlo nangobulungiswa, ekholelwa ukuthi zonke izinto ezizungeze umuntu zingumphumela wokuxhumana kwendaba engaphili, imiphefumulo. UPlato wayekholelwa ukuthi kunomhlaba omuhle wezinto. Ngokusho kwakhe, zonke izinto zaleli zwe zingamasampula aphelele, ama-prototype wezinto ezikhona ngokoqobo.
Kuze kube manje, akuwona umsebenzi owodwa wokuqala kaPlato ogcinwe, kepha kukhona amakhophi. Ikhophi yasendulo kakhulu yomsebenzi wefilosofi itholakala edolobheni lasePemba (amakhilomitha angama-160 eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeCairo), ebhalwe e-Papyrus yaseGibhithe.
Imisebenzi kaPlato yakha izindlu zasePlatonia. Ngokuphepha kwemisebenzi eqoqwe yefilosofi, mboza i-aristofana yasendulo yamaGreek Bibliopograph. Ngendlela, okokuqala ngqa futhi ahlelwe ngemisebenzi kaPlato, ebahlukanisa eTrilogy.
Kamuva, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwenze isazi sefilososofi esuka eMenda, isilwanyana sezinkanyezi saseTiberius uTiberia uJulia Caesari Augustus. UTrasill uqoqe izingoma zikaPlato eTetrallofy, ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo kuyasetshenziswa manje.
Kwakuneminye imizamo yokukhipha nokuqongelela indalo yefilosofi. Uhlobo lwe-antiquity yaseRussia alexie fedorovich losev iyaziwa. Ngokusho kwencwadi ka-Lohle Platon, kufanelekile ngezikhathi ezi-4 - ekuqaleni ("ama-Crytons", "Harmita", njll.), "Ion", njll.), RETCH ("Thim", " Isimo ", njll.) Futhi sekwephuzile (" imithetho "ne-" post-Plane ").
Isikhathi esisodwa somphakathi sasitholakala kumkhiqizo owodwa wePlato "Timy". Lesi simo salungiswa yisazi sefilosofi sase-Italy Martilio Ficino (1433-1499), esaguqula wonke umsebenzi ovela esiGrekini sasendulo esiya eLatin.
Ukushona
Ngemuva kokubulawa kweDion of Syracuse ngo-354 BC. Ns. UPlato wabuyela e-Athene, lapho ayehlala khona kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku. Ezinsukwini zokugcina zokuphila, waqala ukusebenza encwadini entsha ethi "Kuhle Kanjalo." Isisekelo sezabasebenzi sezabasebenzi sesivele sakhiwe futhi sabelana nabanye ngabafundi. Kodwa-ke, imicabango eshukumisile ephepheni futhi ayiphumanga.Izazi-mlando zazisa zabhala ukuthi umfundi kaSocrates akakaze azibone ehleka, ngenkathi elala noTomik Aristophan, imbongi enkulu. Naphezu kwencazelo kaPlato ngefilosofi, yaziwa ngempilo yakhe yansuku zonke, ezingxoxweni waze ngezikhathi ezithile ezikhuluma ngayo, echaza ezinye izehlakalo ezincane.
Ngosuku lwakho lokuzalwa ngo-348 (noma 347) BC. Ns. UPlato washiya lo mhlaba ngenxa yezizathu zemvelo, acabangele ubudala bakhe. Ayikho inguqulo eyodwa yale micimbi. Kokunye kubo, le ndoda yafa edeskini, ngakolunye umkhosi womshado. Futhi, esinye sezizathu zokufa kwefilosofi, kodwa maqondana nalokhu 'emlandweni wefilosofi "uThomas Stanley wabhala ukuthi abantu abanamahlebezi anjalo abangathandeki azungeze.
Isazi sefilosofi sangcwatshwa ngo-ceramics, hhayi kude ne-academy. Ematsheni akhe ethuna aqoshwe la mazwi:
"Amadodana amabili akhuphukela ku-Apollo, e-Eskulap noPlato. Umuntu uphulukisa umzimba, kanti omunye - umphefumulo. "Ngokukhumbula i-Platon, imidwebo ibhaliwe futhi igqamile. Njengomlingiswa, isazi sefilosofi savela egazini leKinocartes ", ukuSway kanye nokufa" (1948), "Socrates" (1971), "ubusuku" (1985), "Pir" (1989). Ngo-2010, ifilimu lesici "Ukufa kukaSocrates" kwakhululwa, lapho kuvela khona uPlato.
Imibono nokutholakala
Enhliziyweni yefilosofi kaPlato ilele umbono kaSocrates, ngokusho ukuthi ukuqonda kweqiniso kungenzeka kuphela mayelana nemiqondo engaphenduki eyakha umhlaba ongenhla lwe-wesembodiment, ehlangana nomhlaba obonakalayo. UGenesise uwumqondo, u-Eidosa (imibono), isikhala esingeyona ye-perleplex nesikhathi. Imibono ekuqondeni uPlato ozimele ngokuzimele, futhi ngenxa yalokho, bafundwa kuphela. Lokhu kushiwo emisebenzini yesikhashana nesikhathi esivuthiwe.
Emisebenzini kaPlato "Kristen" kanye "nesikhathi", okokuqala uchaza umlando we-Atlantis, okuyizwe elifanele. Kuliqiniso, akunakwenzeka ukunquma indawo yayo ngqo. Ngokusobala, lesi siqhingi sasisentshonalanga yeHercule Heights. Ukunyamalala kwakhe kwefilosofi ehlobene nokuzamazama komhlaba okwenzeka, ngenxa yokuthi isimo sesiqhingi safakwa emanzini kanye nezakhamuzi zalo - ama-Attants.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, intshisekelo e-Atlantis yavela eRenaissance Epoch, kodwa kwisayensi, imibuzo mayelana nokuba khona kwayo okungokoqobo kwahlala kuyimpikiswano. Kulokhu, indaba yalesi siqhingi ibhekwa njengenganekwane, kepha imizamo yokuthola amaqiniso wangempela nemicimbi eqinisekisa ubukhona bayo akwenzekanga kanye.
UPlato uvame ukukhahlela i-diegen yeNinogen evela eSininop (leyo eyayihlala emgqonyeni futhi ihamba ntambama nge-lantern "ngifuna umuntu"). Lapho uPlato esho ngomuntu, ukuthi lesi isilwane esilumileyo, esingenazo izimpaphe, uDiogen wambeka enkukhu yekamelo, ebiza indoda yasePlatonia. Emva kwalokho, isazi sefilosofi kwadingeka sengezwe emazwini ibinzana elithi "ngefulethi (ama-claws abanzi".
UPlato ungumphikisi wothando kanye nokubonakaliswa kwemizwelo ekhanyayo, wayekholelwa ukuthi lokho kuziphatha kwaphansi futhi kuqukethe isiqalo esiyingozi. Umbono ngobudlelwano phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, waveza ngemisebenzi ehlukene.
Amacaphuna
"Ngingoni umngani, kepha iqiniso liyabiza kakhulu" (ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lesi silinganiso saphenduka umngani wami, kepha iqiniso libiza kakhulu ", umlobi owathi kwathiwa u-Aristotle, uMartin Luther nezigqila)." Lapho abantu bephoqeleka ukuthi bakhethe abathukuthele ababili, akekho okusobala ukuthi awukho. Uzokhetha okuningi, uma ungakhetha okuncane. "" Yini ezokhuphuka? Kodwa-ke, kunzima ukuthola kangcono kunalokho okutholakale esikhathini eside kakhulu. Okomzimba, kungukuzivocavoca, ngoba umphefumulo - umculo. "" Ungathethelela ingane eyesaba ubumnyama. Usizi lwangempela lwempilo, lapho umuntu esaba umhlaba. "" Labo abakhali ngokwanele ukuba bangakhuphuki kwezepolitiki bajeziswa yibo babusa abantu abayiziwula. "Umsebenzi
- "Ukuxolisa Kwe-Socrates"
- "I-EvTIFRON"
- "I-Protagor"
- I- "Gorgiy"
- "IHippius Likhulu"
- "Idili"
- "Izwe"
- "I-Sophist"
- "Kozepolitiki"
- "Imithetho"