I-Biograge
UNapoleon uthe ngokuqinisekile wayezokwenza ukugcwala kukaPascal nguSenator, uLion Tolstoy wambiza ngokuthi ungumqondo omkhulu, no-Ivan Turgenev wancoma ubukhulu balolu usosayensi. UmFrance wenza izimpumelelo ezazibaluleke kakhulu esizukulwaneni esizayo: UPascal wema emithonjeni ye-informatics, wafakazela ubukhona bengcindezi yasemkhathini futhi weza nomshini wokufingqana osephenduke uPrototype we-Calculator.
Ezinye zisetshenziselwa ukubona isithombe se-pascal ezincwadini zemibhalo kwizibalo kanye ne-physics, noma kunjalo, ubuhlakani bukhumbule futhi imibhalo yefilosofi, okuyisitolo sokungcwaziyi kwe-aphorisms kanye nezingcaphuno ezihlakaniphile.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Usosayensi, unyaka wokuzalwa kwawo mathupha emuva ngoJuni 19, 1623, wazalelwa emhlanganweni eningizimu yengxenye yeFrance, edolobheni laseClermont-Ferrand. I-Mathemating yesikhathi esizayo yakhula yakhulisa emndenini omkhulu (uPascals wayenezingane ezintathu), ezazingezo izikhulu semi.
Umnakekeli ophambili endlini, u-Etienne Pascal, wasebenza nguSihlalo womnyango wentela, nonkosikazi wakhe u-Antoinette Beyon, indodakazi kaSereshal Ovensha, wahola abendlu futhi ekholwa naye.
Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-3 ubudala, umama wakhe wabulawa ngenxa yokugula, ngakho-ke kwakhula izihlakala zakhulisa noyise. U-Etienne, owahlukaniswa nge-mathematics futhi waqala ukuvulwa kwenkumbi yePascal, wanikeza izingane zakhe imfundo yakhe, eyaqala ukukhombisa ilukuluku kusukela ebuntwaneni.
Ubhekane nengane enesiphiwo, ngakho-ke ukufundwa kwezincwadi nolwazi lwesayensi lwanikezwa ngaphandle kobunzima obuningi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-biography ye-worcal encane ikhumbuza iminyaka yokuqala yeLabitsa. I-Blaze yafuna ukutadisha izincwadi zezazi zefilosofi ezindala kunazo zonke kanye nezazi-mlando, kepha uyise wanamathela ngombono wokuthi inqubo yokufunda kufanele ihambisane neminyaka yomfana.
Ngakho-ke, ngohlaka lohlelo lwemfundo ye-Etienne, iBlaze kwakufanele ajwayele izilimi zasendulo eneminyaka eyi-12, futhi ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu yaqala ukuqala ukufunda izibalo, kepha umfana bekungezi izisekelo zeQueens yesayensi. Ngakho-ke, etafuleni lokudlela, iPascal Young yabuza ubaba wayo ngokungezelela nokususa amanani, kepha u-Etienne wayekholelwa ukuthi uthando lwezibalo eminyakeni yokuqala luzothinta ukutadisha ulimi lwesiLatin.
Ngesinye isikhathi, i-Brier yabuza umzali wayo, okwakukhona kuyo ijometri, futhi wachaza ukuthi le ndlela yokudweba izibalo ezifanele futhi uthole isilinganiso phakathi kwazo. Kuhlatshwe umxhwele ngempendulo kaPascal, uPascal wathatha amalahle waqala ukudweba onxantathu, izigcawu kanye nokujikeleza phansi, kubiza umugqa ", indandatho".
UPascal osemusha wazama ukuthola incazelo ngisho nezinqubo ezijwayelekile, ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sasemini, othile uthinte etafuleni lezitsha zezitsha ezindathane, yingakho umsindo wezwakala. Lapho umfana oneminyaka eyishumi nanye ethinta umunwe wakhe esitsheni, umsindo wanyamalala. Umhlabe umxhwele uPascal wazama ukuchaza le nqubo engaziwa, ngenxa yokuthi "inqubo emisindo" yavuka.
Lapho le nsizwa ineminyaka eyi-14, yena, naphezu kwezinqalo zikaYise, yaqala ukuya ezinhlosweni zezibalo zaseFrance kanye ne-Oriseli Glelemna, eyayihola i-Galilee Galileem, oHorirci, uGassendi nabanye ososayensi, babekhona 78 IZIMBALI EZIQHAWULEKILE EKHAYA. Akathumelanga uPascol kuphela embhedeni ofanele, kodwa futhi ne-Descartes nepulazi.
Ukusungulwa Nokutholwa
Ngesikhathi seminars, uPascal wajwayelana ne-geometer Dzarg futhi waqala ukutadisha imisebenzi yakhe. Imibhalo yesandla ye-Dzarga yabhalwa ngolimi oluyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho-ke ihlakazeka, idweba imibono nokuphefumlelwa emaphepheni akhe esayensi, okunamathiselwe ekubukeni okwenziwe lula kwezibalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, insizwa eneminyaka engu-17 ubudala yenzeka e-Press: Ngo-1640, ukukhanya kwabona "isipiliyoni semfundiso yezigaba ezi-conical", okwaba yinqubo eyisisekelo yokusebenza okwengeziwe emkhakheni wejometri. I-lemma yesithathu yalo msebenzi yi-pascal theorem, esiza ukwakha isigaba sezincwadi zezincwadi zamaphuzu amahlanu.
Ebusika bonyaka ofanayo, uPascal wathuthela enhlokodolobha yaseNormandy - uRouen. Kuleli dolobha, uPascal-ophakeme wasebenza ngokukhethekile, wenza ukubala okuyisidina futhi okunengqondo kukholamu. UBlaze wafuna ukwenza lula umsebenzi kababa, ngenxa yalokho anawo umbono ngokudala umshini wokufingqa.
Kakade ngo-1642, impumuzo yayibandakanyeka ekuthuthukisweni kwesabelo sezimangaliso. Its A I-arithmeter eyenziwe ngomgomo wetekisi wasendulo yayibukeka njengebhokisi elinamagiya amaningi futhi livumele ukubala ngezinombolo ezinamadijithi ayisithupha, futhi ukubalwa kwenziwa kwimodi ye-semi-othomathikhi.
Kodwa-ke, ukusungulwa kwePascal akuzange kulethe ama-laurels odumo kuMdali wawo. Ngalezo zinsuku eFrance, izibalo zentela zenziwa ezinhlangeni, ze-su nosuku, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa komshini onohlelo lwe-decimal lwe-Calculator kunkimbinkimbi kuphela le nqubo, yize uPascal ezamile ukuthuthukisa indalo yakhe iminyaka eyishumi.
Kepha ukutholwa kwePascal kwaba ukhiye kumaphepha wesayensi: Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVI, iCezanna neParmesan, futhi ngo-182tor wokubala wokuqala wawungenalungelo lobunikazi, owayeletha umcebo woMdali wakhe. - UCharlem Xavier Tom de Colmar.
Ekupheleni kuka-1646, ama-pascal ashintshile, afunde ngeshubhu, asungula iTorrichelli, aqala ukuhileleka ku-physics. Usosayensi waqala ukubeka izivivinyo, efakazela ukuthi umbono ka-Aristotle mayelana "nokwesaba ukungabi nalutho" unemikhawulo. I-Torricelli yase-Italy yase-Italy ithole okuhlangenwe nakho nge-tube egcwele nge-turbury ukufakazela ubukhona bengcindezi yasemkhathini, futhi yafika esiphethweni sokuthi yize kube yize ku-tube yehliswe ku-tuber.
Blaze washintsha lokhu kuhlolwa futhi waphetha ngokuthi ingxenye engenhla yeshubhu ayigcwele ngababili bamakhemikhali, udaba oluhle noma enye into. Imiphumela ye-pascal yabo yokusebenza eshicilelwe ekwelashweni "izivivinyo ezintsha eziphathelene nokuphelelwa yithemba", yabe isifuna ukuphetha ngokuthi isichibi esinensimbi enobuthi sibanjwa ngengcindezi yomoya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Blaise Pascal ikhiphe umbhalo wesandla "ngokwethulwa kokulingana" (1653), yakha umbono we-hydraulic Press futhi wasungula umthetho oyinhloko we-hydrosostatics, ukhombise izimfundiso zefilosofi yasendulo yamaGrikhi.
Ngo-1651, uPascal washona uBaba, nodadewabo uJacqueline, lapho athole khona umngani, wakujabulela kakhulu empilweni yezwe waya esigodlweni sezindela. Ukuze aphazamise ebunzimeni bokuba, amagilavu aqala ukuvela kaningi emphakathini, kwathi ngo-1652 athola ukuqashelwa nenkazimulo, ethula umshini wayo weNdlovukazi yaseSweden Christine.
Impumelelo yabangela uPascal onentshisekelo yemisebenzi eyengeziwe yesayensi, inkazimulo kanye nempilo yezwe. Usosayensi wayevame ukuhlangana nabangane bakhe futhi adlale ukugembula. Ukubuka umdlalo ethanjeni, uPascal nasepulazini babeka izisekelo zethiyori yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amagagasi anentshisekelo kulezi zibalo abhale indatshana "(1657).
Ifilosofi
I-Blaze Paase ishiye umkhondo emlandweni njengezibalo kanye ne-physist, kepha bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuthi uPascal wasuswa emisebenzini yesayensi, ifilosofi encamelayo.
Iqiniso ngukuthi ngo-1654, uBlaze Paascal, obehlelele ukubhala "izibalo zecala", wanquma ukuzisusa empilweni yezwe ngenxa yokuqonda, okwenzeka uhhafu weshumi nambili. Ngemuva kwentambo engazi lutho, umcabango owawufika emqondweni, waqala ukubhala imibono yakhe esihlahleni sokuqala esihlathini sokuqala, waxosha lo mbhalo ohlwini lwezingubo. Lokhu kufakwa, okubizwa ngokuthi "Isikhumbuzo" futhi kwashintsha isiphetho sososayensi, kwatholakala kuphela ngemuva kokufa kwePascal.
Utshelwa ukuthi uthathe isinqumo sokushiya inhloko-dolobha yaseFrance futhi abe ngumquba esigodlweni sesigodlo-upiyano, ukulinganisa konke ukuxhumana kwezwe okwakunethemba lokuphila okujabulisayo, ukona. UPascal wamukelwa endaweni yokuhlala waqala ukunamathela endleleni enokhahlo. Naphezu kwenqubo enzima yosuku, inani elincane lokulala kanye nemikhuleko engapheli, usosayensi wazizwa ethuthukile kanye nokuphakanyiswa komoya.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uBlaise Pascal, ngemuva kwengxoxo namaYasesenists namaJesuits, okuthi emoyeni wezobutheziwe abeke inkulumo-ze yezindinganiso zokuziphatha, Indlela yePascal, eshicilelwe ngaphansi kwe-pseudonym kanye necala elicelayo, kwabingela ihlazo emphakathini, ngakho-ke usosayensi, obeka engcupheni yokuthola imigoqo, waphoqeleka ukuba acashe futhi aphile ngaphansi kwesibongo somunye umuntu.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi uVoltaire, ophikisana naye onesizotha, wancoma umbhalo wesandla wePascal, ophawula ukuthi emsebenzini wakhe, amaJesuits abukeke hhayi nje, kodwa futhi ahlekise. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uPascal, owenqabile ekusungulweni okusha, waqhubeka nokuxoxa ngezibalo nabangane bakhe, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi waqala ukutadisha i-cycloid ukuphazamisa izinyo eligulayo.
Esixazululweni esifanele sePascal, esasibheka umsebenzi kaMERsenna, safika ngobusuku obubodwa, sathola ukutholakala okusha. Usosayensi ubengafuni ukumela imiphumela yomphakathi emphakathini, kodwa umngani wakhe, uDuke de Ro Ruanne, wahlela umncintiswano phakathi kobuhlakani be-Europe, lapho phakathi nomncintiswano kwadingeka ukuthi banqume isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi nendawo Imizimba yama-cycloids.
Naphezu kwemizamo yengqondo eminingi, isinqumo samalungu e-pasc we-jury samukelwa njengasekuhle kakhulu, futhi umbhalo wakhe wesandla wawunomthelela ekwahlukanisweni kanye neCalcial Calculator.
Naphezu kokunqotshwa kwesayensi, uPascal waqhubeka nokuzibandakanya ngendlela ekhethekile yolwazi lomhlaba futhi waqala ukuphikisana ngokuthi "ukuxolisa kwenkolo yamaKhristu", lapho agxeka khona eFluff nothuli lokukholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu. Kepha uPascal waba nobunzima ekwakhiweni kwe- "Apology", kanye nezimo ezahlukahlukene ezivela empilweni baba isikhubekiso sokubhala lo msebenzi wefilosofi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amacebo akhe angokwenkolo ashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngakho-ke, amarekhodi aqhekeke kasosayensi eshumayela ama-Apoloetics wobuKristu wobuKristu ayehlukile ngohlobo futhi anokuqukethwe. Kamuva, le mibhalo yesandla yangena emhlanganweni wemibono ebizwa ngokuthi "wacabanga ngenkolo nangezinye izifundo", lapho umlobi wacabanga ukuthi ungubani uJesu Kristu futhi ecabanga ukuthi ungubani uJesu Kristu futhi ecabanga ukuthi ungubani uJesu Kristu futhi ecabanga ukuthi ungubani uJesu Kristu futhi ecabanga ukuthi ungubani uJesu Kristu futhi ecabanga ukuthi ungubani uJesu Kristu futhi ecabanga ukuthi ungubani uJesu Kristu futhi eboniswa umazisi kaJesu Kristu.
Futhi uPascal wethulwa ngengxabano ukukhombisa ubukhosi bokholo olungokwenkolo, ujwayelene nesizukulwane samanje njengePassal Paris. Umnyombo wokucabanga ukuthi ngaphandle kokholo kuNkulunkulu, kuyingozi ukuphila, ngoba endabeni yokuba khona komuntu ongakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona, ufulawa waphakade ulindelwe, "okulahlekelwa". Kepha intengo ye- "winnings" incane, ngoba uma ama-vaults enkolo asungula, khona-ke akunikezi i-chalmere.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Isimo sePascal kufanele sahlulelwe ngokucabanga kwakhe kwefilosofi, futhi okuwukuphela kothando empilweni yakhe kwakuyisayensi. UPascal wanamathela endleleni yokuphila e-ascetic, ngakho-ke kungaba khona inkulumo ngenzalo yososayensi omkhulu. Kuyaziwa nangokuthi uBlaze wawunempilo ebuthaka: ngokusho kwenganekwane, futhi, ngokuba ngumfana oneminyaka emithathu, waqabulwa nguwesifazane owabuza izipho.
U-Etienne wayekholelwa kubuthakathi, ngakho-ke, esola okuthile okungalungile, bathola isangoma futhi bayala ukusindisa indodana kusukela esiqalekiso. Umonakalo washukunyiswa ekati elimnyama, kepha uPascal uhlangabezana nezifo ezibonakalayo empilweni yakhe yonke. Isibonelo, ngolunye usuku ngemuva kokudla kwakusihlwa, isazi sefilosofi saqala ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuqinisiwe, okucishe kwaletha izibalo esimweni esinciphile.
UPascal wayekholelwa ukuthi imbangela yesifo senhliziyo yayiwukuphazamiseka kwakhe. Kepha, ngokusho kwemibhalo yesandla egciniwe, uPascal wahlupheka uhlu lwezifo - kusukela ngomdlavuza ubuchopho ezinkingeni zomgogodla. Abantu ababenjengokwesikhathi bePascal babefana nendoda endala eyake yaba nokuphila eneminyaka engama-37 ubudala, kodwa yaphanga, naphezu kwemisebenzi yodokotela, yaqhubeka nokuzibandakanya emisebenzini yesayensi nokubhala. I-physist yaqonda ukuthi usesemalini lokufa, kodwa ayizange ibe nokwesaba ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe.
Ukushona
Njalo ngonyaka, impilo kaPascal yaqala ukuwohloka, futhi uLekary akakwazanga ukwelapha usosayensi kuzo zonke izifo, futhi wathola nesifo sofuba.
UTelepecked ngo-Agasti 19, 1662, ngonyaka wempilo. Ngenkumbulo yososayensi, owashaya umhlaba ngezimpumelelo namazwi ayo, waqanjwa igama elithi Crater enyangeni, e-University eFrance nolimi lwePascal nolimi lwePascal nolimi lwePascal kanye nolimi lwezinhlelo zePascal kanye nolimi lwe-Pascals.
Ukutholwa
- 1634-1635 - "Izeluleko Emisindo"
- I-1640 - "Isipiliyoni semfundiso yezigaba ezi-conical"
- 1642 - Ukufingqa umshini we-pascal
- 1647 - "Ukuhlolwa okusha okuhlobene neze"
- 1653 - "Qapha unxantathu we-arithmetic"
- 1653 - "Izeluleko ku-Equilibrium ketshezi"
- Ngo-1854 - "Isikhumbuzo"
- 1657-1658 - "Imicabango"
Amacaphuna
- "Ezimfanelweni Zokuziphatha Zomuntu, akudingekile ukwahlulela imizamo yakhe ehlukene, kodwa empilweni yakhe yansuku zonke"
- "Kimi, hhayi emiBhalweni kaMontaton, iqukethe engikufunda kuyo"
- "Umuntu akufanele azilinganise noma ngabe ubheke ezilwaneni, noma ezingelosini, akufanele futhi zihlale ekungazisweni kwenkathi yakhe. Makazibise ukuthi empeleni uyini "
- "Ukuletha i-apolest kuya kwezenkolelo-ze kuwukuhlehlisa"
- "Mhlawumbe okuthile akunangqondo iqiniso lokuthi umuntu onjalo unelungelo lokungibulala, ngoba uhlala ngaphesheya komfula noma olwandle, futhi ngenxa yokuthi uhulumeni wakhe usengxabanweni nangokwami yena "