I-Biograge
Ubuntu bososayensi baka-Alexander Bella budume ngempela, ngoba ngabe ubuhlakani basungula umtshina wensimbi, ulwandle nocingo - izinto ezaba yingxenye yezimpilo zansuku zonke zomphakathi wanamuhla.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Alexander GlayA Bell wazalelwa edolobheni laseScotland e-Edinburgh ngoMashi 3, 1847, emkhayeni wabasosayensi bezezipilologist. Umkhulu wesosayensi wayengumsunguli wesikole somlomo kanye nomlobi wencwadi ethi "amavesi amahle". Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umkhulu waqala umsebenzi wakhe no-shoemaker, kodwa ukugcwala komuhle kwamholela endaweni yesehlakalo.
Ekuqaleni, le ndoda yenziwa enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, yabe isiba ngumfundi, iqopha izingcaphuno ezivela kuma-shakespeare's play. Impumelelo yaze yazibuza ukuthi yaqala ukunikeza izifundo futhi yavula isikole sayo saseLondon. Ngakho-ke ibhizinisi lomndeni lazalwa, ozongena esikhundleni sawo ayengubaba womsunguli u-Alexander Melville Bell, okwathi ngasikhathi ngasikhathi sinye wakushicilela le mbukiso ngobuciko be-Eloquence.
Umholi weSayensi yesikhathi esizayo wakhulela emkhathini womculo kanye nesimo esihle kakhulu ngemisindo yezwi lomuntu. Lapho eneminyaka engu-14, wathuthela eLondon, kumkhulu wakhe. Futhi ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, ngemuva kokuthola imfundo yezokwelapha nezefilosofi e-Edinburgh naseWürzburg, sekuvele ngaqala impilo yokuzimela, ukufundisa umculo kanye nokuhlobisa e-Weston Hauz Academy.
Ukuhlola ngokuphelele ama-acoustics kanye ne-physics yenkulumo yabantu, insimbi yaba ngumsizi wenhloko yomndeni, ngaleso sikhathi eyayisebenza ngendlela yokukhiqiza isichazamazwi.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi umama woMdali weHydrosapolta kwakuyizwi elikhubazekile futhi kwakunguye ukuthi zonke izinto ezintsha zenzelwe ukutadisha imisindo. Ubaba weza "nenkulumo ebonakalayo", lapho imisindo yenkulumo yayiqokwa khona izimpawu nezithombe ezibhaliwe, okukhombisa ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi kufanele kube khona ukulingisa izinto zenkulumo (okubhalwe phansi kwamagama, kodwa kubantu Akaze uzwe imisindo).
Ngemuva kokuba abafowethu base-Alexander babulawa yisifo sofuba, umndeni wango-1870 wathuthela kuqala eCanada, wabe eseya eMelika. Lapho baqhubeka nokusebenza nabantu nomsindo. Umsebenzi eBoston wahamba ngempumelelo. UJR. Bell wavula isikole sakhe edolobheni, lapho aqeqesha khona izisekelo zendlela yomndeni yabanye abafundisi.
Lapho nje u-Alexander Greiam enomthombo oqinile wemali engenayo, usosayensi wabuyela ezivivinyweni ekudluliseleni amavoti ezihlatsheni, azithanda kakhulu eNgilandi. I-Bell idale ilabhorethri encane lapho ayezama khona ebusuku, ngesikhathi sakhe samahhala.
Phakathi kwezigceme, ukuzwa okubuyiselwe, kwakukhona umkakhe wezesikhathi esizayo - uMabe, indodakazi kasomabhizinisi uGardener Hubbard, kanye nendodana eneminyaka emihlanu yomthengisi wesikhumba ogama lakhe linguThomas Sanders.
Ukuqanjwa Nesayensi
Ngo-1876, emhlabathini ombukisweni wesayensi weSayensi ePhiladelphia Bell wethule ukusungulwa kwakhe okusha ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Ucingo". Ngo-Mashi 7 woMon Ngonyaka, u-Alexander wathola ubunikazi bokusungulwa kwakhe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi embukisweni, abamele umphakathi wezesayensi obizwa ngokuthi yi-toy engenamsebenzi.
Insimbi yokuxazulula izikweletu, ibikulungele ukuthengisa okusungulwe ngo- $ 100 000 Inkampani, kepha abamele i-Western Union abakubheki okuvuthayo okuhle. Kamuva, ubuholi be-Wu bubona ukuthi wenze iphutha futhi wanikeza ababambisene nososayensi.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ezigabeni zokuqala, ifoni ibingaphelele - idivaysi yahlukaniswa ngumsindo, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ikhulume nayo kuphela ebangeni lamamitha angama-250. Ngakho-ke, umsunguli waqhubeka nokuthuthukisa idivaysi njalo. NgoFebhuwari 1880, iBell, kanye nomsizi, wasungula ucingo olubizwa nge-PhotoPhone enzelwe ukudlulisa imisindo ebangeni.
Ngo-1881, usosayensi uthuthukise umtshina wensimbi owenziwe ngekhulu le-XIX ukuyofuna uRudonic waphila. Ukuvela komtshina wensimbi kwagqugquzelwa yimicimbi ebuhlungu. Ngo-1901, insimbi yasungulwa inyoka yomoya wephiramidi. Kwakunezinhlawulo ezine ezinxantathu. Le divayisi ilula kakhulu, iqinile futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Ngokweminye imibiko, angaphakamisa emoyeni womuntu.
Ngokubambisana nomkakhe uBell ngo-1907 wadala "inhlangano ye-aeronautics yokuhlola". Ngo-1909, indiza ebizwa ngokuthi "isiliva i-Dart" yakhiwa. Indiza yokuqala yendiza eyenziwe ngoFebhuwari 23, 1909. Lolu suku lubhekwa njengosuku lokuzalwa lweCanada Aviation.
Ngo-1919, isikebhe se-HD-4 sakhiwa ngokuya ngezifundo zososayensi, ezibeka irekhodi elisha le-Record Speed Record. Kuyaziwa ukuthi le afashini yokubhukuda emaphikweni angaphansi kwamanzi yathuthukisa ijubane elifinyelela kumakhilomitha ayi-113 ngehora.
Ibhizinisi
Ekupheleni kuka-1879, Union waseNtshonalanga waphetha isivumelwano nabangane abasunguli. Ngakho-ke inkampani ehlanganisiwe "Inkampani yeBell" yavela, ingxenye eyinhloko yamasheya awo angu-Alexander. Kuyaziwa ukuthi intengo yengxenye eyodwa yenkampani yayiyi- $ 1,000 le nhlangano. Le nhlangano yabeka ukuqala kokuthuthukiswa kocingo kanye nokuvela kwezinkampani ezintsha zocingo. Kakade ngo-1900, kwafakwa izingcingo eziyizigidi eziyi-1.5 e-United States, futhi eminyakeni emibili - izigidi eziyi-13.
I-Bell yabheka esikhathini esizayo futhi ilungiselele ozimele abasha banikeze ukusekelwa kwezezimali kochwepheshe abasebasha. Sekukonke, ngo-1900, amalungelo obunikazi angaphezu kwenkulungwane abanezinkulungwane zokusungula okuhlobene nocingo akhishwe. I-Money Bell etholwe ngokusungulwa yavulwa yi-Institute for the Italian Physics Alessandro Volta.
Akazange akhohlwe insimbi nangezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngaphezu komsebenzi wesayensi, isibalo sesayensi sabandakanyeka ekuphakameni futhi sasiyinto yemvelo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Alexander wabamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni komphakathi wezwe lonke futhi wasungula umagazini "National Geographic", oshicilelwe manje.
Ngenxa yalokhu, u-Alexander Glahlaza wathola ukuqashelwa komhlaba wonke, futhi inkampani yakhe yayihlala nanamuhla umholi wezwe ekukhiqizweni kwezingcingo, zekhompyutha kanye ne-elekthroniki. Usosayensi wathi njengoba esho ukuthi usuku luzofika lapho umuntu ebona isithombe ocingweni esithi, futhi ngalolo suku luyeza isikhathi eside.
Inkampani esekwe kwi-Bloss isalokhu iyiqiniso kumsunguli wayo. Ubuchwepheshe obusha, obunjengolimi lwezinhlelo lwe-C ++, ama-prototypes okuqala emishini ye-DNA kanye nemephu yesikhala yendaba emnyama - konke lokhu kwadalwa ezindaweni zesayensi zesikhungo sayo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Iningi lamaphepha esayensi kanye nokusungulwa kukaBella kwanikelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwezokuxhumana. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi iminyaka embalwa, usosayensi ufunda izinkulumo futhi wenza abafundi abayizithulu nabanjalo kanye no-ke. Ngenxa yalezi zifundo, ubuhlakani besayensi futhi bahlangana nonkosikazi wokuqala nowokuphela komfazi kaMabbard.
Bahlangane lapho induna yoMdali yocingo yayineminyaka engu-15 ubudala. Ngosuku lokugubha iminyaka engu-18, ukubandakanyeka kwabo kwenzeka. Kusukela lapho, lolu suku seluphenduke iholide elikhethekile labathandi. Ngemuva konyaka nesigamu, insimbi yakopisha imali eyanele futhi yaqinisekisa abazali bakaMabe ukuthi isimo sakhe sezezimali siyamvumela ukuba anikeze indodakazi yabo kanye nezingane zabo ezihlangene. Ngenxa yalokho, ubaba noMama uHubbart bavumisela umshado, noMabele no-Alexander baba ngumyeni wakhe nomkakhe.
Ngokuxhumana kwe-marba noMama, le ntombazane yayivame ukubhala ukuthi nsuku zonke ibona uBella nomusha owayenohlangothi olungakaze libonwe. Lokhu okutholakele okuncane kwanikeza intokazi ukuba iqonde ukuthi yenza isinqumo esifanele futhi manje eseduze kwakhe umuntu ongathenjwa.
Uthando olungenamkhawulo lwe-Hubbart oluvezwe ngokudla, ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa ngemuva komshado, isisindo sososayensi safinyelela uphawu lwe-100 kg (40 kg okungaphezu kokubeka ngaphambi kokushada).
Ngemuva komshado, owenzeka ngo-1877, abasanda kushada benza i-honeymoon edolobheni laseNiagara Falls, engxenyeni eseningizimu yeSifundazwe sase-Ontario (eCanada). Insimbi imvamisa ishiya uhambo lwebhizinisi. Ngesikhathi sokwehlukana, usosayensi waphupha umkakhe futhi, ukuze angahluphi umphefumulo, nganquma ukuthatha nami noMaber kulo lonke uhambo.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ukuphela kwesizathu sokuvela kwezingxabano emndenini wallov kwakuwumkhuba ka-Alexander ukuba asebenze kuphela ebusuku. Usuku lokusebenza lososayensi lwaphela ngehora lesine ekuseni, kwathi kuze kube yileso sikhathi, uHubret washushisa umyeni wakhe eminambitheki, ngoba wayengeke alale ngaphandle kobukhona bakhe eduzane.
Izikhathi ezimbalwa, u-Alexander wazama ukuguqula inqubo yosuku lokusebenza ukujabulisa umkakhe, kepha le mizamo ayiphumelelanga. Kuyo yonke le minyaka yempilo yomshado, umyeni wakhe okhethiweyo anamadodakazi amabili namadodana amabili, kepha bobabili abafana bafa ebuntwaneni. Ukufa kwabo kwaba ukushaywa okukhulu kwabashadikazi, kepha uMabe waphathwa lefilosofi, wathi amadodana akhe ayohlala naye kuze kube phakade, ezinkumbulweni zakhe.
Uthisha nomfundi wakhe bahlala ndawonye iminyaka engama-45 yokuphila komndeni.
Ukushona
Insimbi yeminyaka embalwa yahlushwa ukugula kakhulu futhi isikhathi eside yahlaselwa embhedeni. Ngosuku lokufa, usomabhizinisi weza kuye kuphela imizuzu embalwa. UAlexander wabona uMabeli othandekayo ehleli eduze kombhede wakhe, wamomotheka. Owesifazane ubuze izinyembezi ukuthi angamshiyi, kepha akuzange kulandele impendulo evela kuMdali wefoni. Indoda yancipha isandla somlingani wakhe yavala amehlo kuze kube phakade.
Umsunguli odumile ushonile ngo-Agasti 2, 1922 (75), efeni lakhe esifundazweni saseNew Scotland, empumalanga yeCanada. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-Agasti 4, 1922, wonke amafoni acishwa umzuzu. Ngakho-ke izwe lanikeza umuntu ohlonishwayo kumuntu onikeze abantu ithuba lokuxhumana nomunye, naphezu kwebanga.
Igama lososayensi lingafiseka ekusungulweni kwalo nemibhalo, elisuselwa kumaqiniso okufana nokuphila kobuhlakani. Bambalwa abantu abakwaziyo, kepha ngo-2002 abakwa-US Congress bakwamukele ukuthi ifoni ayiqhamuki neBell, kodwa italyan Antonio Meucci. Indoda yadala ukusungulwa iminyaka embalwa ngaphambi kuka-Alexander, kepha ayitholanga ilungelo lobunikazi futhi yafa ngobumpofu. Ngemuva kwalezi zindaba, umphakathi wesayensi osemhlabeni wonke waqala ukukholelwa ukuthi insimbi imane yasebenzisa ngokuhluleka ukuncintisana futhi yabela khona ukuthi ivule.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Umsunguli wefoni u-Alexander Bell ehlongozwe njengobingelela ngocingo ukuze asebenzise igama elithi "ahoy" elivela ku-lexicon yamatilosi aseJalimane. Kamuva, uThomas Edison wanikeza "sawubona" wendabuko owengeziwe, owangena eRussia, washintsha ukuba "sawubona!".
- U-Alexander Bell, ngaphandle kokusungulwa kwamadivayisi amasha, azamile ukufundisa inja yakhe ukuba ikhulume.
- Ukuba ngumuntu okholwayo ojulile, insimbi ka-Alexander Glawlaim yayikholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi ukusungulwa kwakhe - ifoni - kuzosiza ukuxhumana nemiphefumulo yabafi.
- Umsunguli wefoni akakaze afonele umama wakhe nomkakhe: bobabili babeyizithulu.
Ukusungulwa
- I-1858 - IMISEBENZI YOKUGCINA
- Ngo-1874 - Frotavogram
- 1876 - Ucingo
- 1879 - Audiometer
- I-1880 - Photophone
- I-1881 - I-Metal Detector, Pump Pump
- 1901 - I-Pyramidal Aerial Snake
- Ngo-1909 - Indiza "I-Dart Simple"
- Ngo-1919 - Isikebhe emaphikweni angaphansi kwamanzi HD-4