I-Biograge
UStefan Collegu - Umlobi wase-Austrian, umbhali wenoveli "amahora angama-24 empilweni yowesifazane" kanye "nohlamvu lwabafokazi". Umnikazi wefektri yezindwangu eVienna Moriza Collegue ngoNovemba 1881 wazalelwa indlalifa ezobizwa ngokuthi uStefan. Umama ogama lingu-Ida Breattaueer wahlanganyela emfundweni yengane. Owesifazane uqhamuka emndenini wasebhange. Isikhathi sobuntwana asifundwanga ngama-biographs Stephen Collega Collega.
Umbhali wezincwadi nezinkondlo waphikisana nezinkumbulo zezingane okufanele kwabelwane ngazo, cha. Eminyakeni yezingane ngoStefanu babeqhutshwa ngendlela efanayo nabanye izingane ezazalelwa emindenini yabantu baseYurophu. Ngesikhathi seminyaka engu-19, umfana wathola idipriploma yokuphela kwendawo yokuzivocavoca.
Ngemuva kwalokho, e-biography kaCollega, sekufikile indawo entsha. Insizwa enethalente yayiseyunivesithi yaseVienna. Ifilosofi yathunjwa uStefanu, ngakho umbhali ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4 yokufunda wathola iziqu zobudokotela.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuqomisana nentsha kudala iqoqo lezinkondlo, ezibizwa ngokuthi "izintambo zesiliva". Ithonya emsebenzini kaStefan Collega ngalesi sikhathi sanikezwa yiHugo Background Hoffmanstal kanye noRainer Maria Rilke. Ngembongi uRilke, uStefan wayenezincwadi ezinobungane. Amadoda ashintshana ama-Essays abo futhi abhala ukubuyekezwa emsebenzini.
Ukutadisha e-University of Vienna kusondela ekupheleni, kwaqala uhambo olukhulu lukaStephen Collega Collega. Iminyaka engu-13, uMlobi 'wezincwadi womfokazi "uvakashele eLondon neParis, e-Italy naseSpain, i-USA neCuba, India kanye ne-Indochina, Panama naseSwitzerland. Imbongi encane yakhetha ukuhlala unomphela eSalzburg.
Ngemva kokuphothula Vienna University, Collega waya naseParis (1905), wabe eseya e-Italy naseSpain (1906), wavakashela e-India, Indochytay, USA, Cuba, Panama (1912). Iminyaka yokugcina yempi yezwe yokuqala yayihlala eSwitzerland (1917-1918), nangemva kokuba impi yahlala eduze kwaseSalzburg.
Into yokufunda
Ngemuva kokuthuthela eSalzburg uStefan Collega uCollega wahlala ukusungulwa kweNovella ebizwa nge- "Incwadi Yase-Stranger". Lo msebenzi wahlaba umxhwele abafundi nabagxeki balesosikhathi. Umbhali utshela indaba emangalisayo yomfokazi nombhali. Le ntombazane yathumela incwadi atshele khona ngothando lonke kanye nesiphetho sekusasa, ukuhlangana kwemikhondo yabalingiswa abaphambili.
Umhlangano wokuqala wombhali nomuntu osemzini kwenzeka lapho intombazane ineminyaka engu-13 ubudala. I-Noterovest yayihlala eduze komnyango. Ngokushesha ukufuduka kwenzeka, ngenxa yokuthi le ntombazane eyeve eshumini elinambili kwadingeka ihlupheke ngesizungu esiziqhenyayo, ngaphandle kokubona othandekayo. Imbuyiselo ebilindelwe isikhathi eside eVienna yavumela umfokazi ukuthi angeniswe ezweni lezothando.
Ngokuphazima kweso, intokazi ifunda ngokukhulelwa, kepha ingane ayikaziwa ngalo mcimbi obalulekile. Omunye umhlangano nothandekayo wenzeka ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-11, kepha umbhali akazange aqaphele okukodwa, inoveli eyathatha ngayo izinsuku ezintathu. Umuntu osemzini wanquma ukuyobhalela umuntu incwadi kuphela, intokazi eyayicabanga ngayo impilo yakhe yonke, ngemuva kokushona kwengane. Indaba esuka enhliziyweni, ethi, ngomphefumulo womuntu ogqoke kakhulu, wawususelwa kwifilimu.
UCollegu unekhono elimangalisayo, elivezwa kancane kancane. Kepha inani eliphakeme lomsebenzi lafika kuNewlyl of "Amok", "ukudideka kwemizwa", "i-Mendel-Bukikist", "I-Star Watch of Humbanity", okungukuthi, isikhathi esivela ngo-1921 kuya ku-1941 . Yini okusemazwini nemisho yomlobi onjalo izinkulungwane zabantu ezikhathini zangaphambi kwempi nge-fun amaqabunga ye-tomiki ngemisebenzi ye-cweig?
Konke, ngaphandle kokuhlukile, kukholelwe ukuthi ukungajwayelekile kweziza kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukucabanga, cabanga ngalokho okwenzekayo, ukuthi kwenzekani ngokuphela kwabantu abajwayelekile. UStefan wayekholelwa ukuthi inhliziyo yomuntu ayinakuvikeleka, kepha yakwazi ukwenza ama-feature.
Amanoveli eSvelig ahlukahluka emisebenzini yabantu besikhathi sikaphila. Iminyaka eminingi uStefan wasebenza ngemodeli yakhe yomsebenzi. Njengesisekelo, umlobi wathatha uhambo, owaba nesidina, khona-ke adventure, ke kuyingozi.
Izigameko ezinamaqhawe aCelia akwenzekanga emgwaqweni, kodwa ngezikhathi zokuma. Ngokuka-Stephen, izinsuku nezinyanga azidingeki emzuzwini okhuthele, imizuzu embalwa nje noma amahora.
Ukubhala amanoveli, i-tsweeig ayizange ithande, ngoba angizange ngiqonde uhlobo futhi angikwazanga ukulingana nomcimbi ekulandisweni kwendawo. Kepha phakathi kwemisebenzi yombhali kunezincwadi ezenziwa kulesi sitayela. Lokhu "ukubekezelela inhliziyo" kanye "nokuphoqelela". Into yokugcina umlobi ayiqedanga ngenxa yokufa. Ngokokuqala ngqa le nqalo yabonwa ngo-1982, yadluliselwa eRussia kuphela ngo-1985.
Ngezikhathi ezithile uStefan College wakhetha ukunikeza konke ukudalwa kwama-biografikhi wezinto zabantu besikhathi sabantu besikhathi sabantu bomlando. Phakathi kwabo, uJoseph Fusha, uMaria Stewart, uFernan Magellan, u-Erasmus Rotterdam. Le misebenzi yayithakazelisa abalinganiseli, njengoba i-collegia yecebo lathatha amaphepha asemthethweni, kepha kwesinye isikhathi umlobi kufanele afake ukucabanga okumnandi nokungokwengqondo.
Emsebenzini onesihloko esithi "Ukunqoba nosizi luka-Erasmus Rotterdam" umlobi wakhombisa imizwa nemizwa yakhe eduze kwe- "Mina" yakhe. Umbhali wasithanda isikhundla se-erasmus mayelana nesakhamuzi somhlaba. Usosayensi ochaziwe ukhethe ukuphila impilo ejwayelekile. Le ndoda ibingabafokazi ezikhundleni eziphakeme namanye amalungelo. URotterdamsky akazange athande impilo yezwe. Injongo esemqoka yempilo yososayensi yaphenduka inkululeko.
UStefan Tswedeig ukhombise u-Erasmus njengempande yabantu abangazi futhi abashisekeli. Ummeleli weRenaissance waphikisana nesitha sabantu abashisekayo beReta phakathi kwabantu. I-Europe isiphenduke yaba yithonya eliphakeme elinegazi ngemuva kwesizinda esandayo se-Intericnic kanye ne-NICLCLASSS. Kodwa uColga wakhetha ukukhombisa izehlakalo ngakolunye uhlangothi.
Umqondo kaStefanu ubehanjelwe umbono wokuthi u-Erasmus wezwa inhlekelele engaphakathi ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuvimba lokho okwenzekayo. UColpegu wasekela uRotterdam futhi akholelwa ukuthi impi yezwe yokuqala yayiwukungaqondi kuphela okungaphinde kwenzeke. UStefanu noHenri Barbus noRowena Rollyn bazama ukufeza lokhu, kodwa bahluleka ukusindisa umhlaba empini. Ngesikhathi kudalwa incwadi ekhuluma nge-Erasomon endlini yomlobi, kwaqhutshwa khona ukusesha, kulandelwa yiziphathimandla zaseJalimane.
Mayelana nencwadi ethi "Maria Stewart", okwabhalwa ngo-1935, uStefan wathi njenge-biography biography. UCalega wafunda izincwadi eziningi ezabhalwa nguMaria Stewart e-English Queen. Inzondo kude - ukuze ukwazi ukuchaza ubudlelwano bababili abanomqhele.
Inoveli "amahora angama-24 kusukela ekuphileni kowesifazane" kwavela ngo-1927. Eminyakeni emine kamuva, le ncwadi yayivikelwe umqondisi uRobert Land. Abenzi befilimu banamuhla balinganise inoveli futhi bethule inketho yabo. Ifilimu elisha lakhishwa kwizikrini ngo-2002.
UStefan Celieg wahlangana nezincwadi zaseRussia e-Gymnasium. Umlobi wathandana ekuqaleni nje emisebenzini yama-Classics. Ukufeza okuyinhloko ngumlobi wenoveli neRomanov kubheka ukuhunyushwa kwencwadi yokwakheka kwemibhalo esiRussia.
UMaxim Gorky ubhekwa njenge-collega ukuze abe ngumculi ofundayo wokuqala, phakathi kwamathalente awo anesipho sokucabanga. Umlobi waseRussia wathi uStefan angadlulisela yonke indawo yokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu ojwayelekile.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, iTsweeig yavakashelwa yiSoviet Union ngo-1928. Ukuvakasha bekuhlotshaniswa nomgubho weminyaka eyi-100 kusukela kwazalwa uLeo Tolstoy. UStefan wahlangana noVladimir Lidin noKonstantin Fedin. Maduze, umbono we-CWEIG nge-Soviet Union washintsha. Ukwaneliseka kuveze umlobi weRoman Rollan. Umlobi wenoveli waqhathanisa ama-veterans avumayo wenguquko ngezinja ezihlanya. NgokukaTephen, isikhalazo esinjalo nabantu asizamukelekile.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umfazi wokuqala uStephen Collega waba nguFritrik Maria von winnLitz. Umshado wentsha wenzeka ngo-1920.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-18, umshado Friedrik noStephen bakhipha isehlukaniso. Isitembu esisha sivele kwiphasiphothi yombhali isitembu esisha esiphethweni senhlangano enoNobhala uCharlotte Altman.
Ukushona
Emuva ngo-1934, uColqoga uphoqeleka ukuthi ashiye i-Austria ngenxa yokufika kukaHitler. Indlu entsha uStefan ifakwe eLondon. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-6, uColqo nonkosikazi wakhe baya eNew York. Isikhathi eside sokuma edolobheni lama-skyscrapers, umbhali akazange ahlele. Intsha iya ePetropolis, etholakala endaweni engaphansi kweRio de Janeiro.Impilo kude nezwe lasekhaya nokuntuleka kokuthula kulo lonke izwe kwangena uStephen Collega ekucindezelekeni. Ukudumazeka kwaholela embhalweni ukuze azibulale. Nginomkakhe, umbhali wenoveli uthathe umthamo obulalayo wezidakamizwa. Abalingani batholakale beshonile. Babamba izandla.
Kamuva endlini, lapho kwahlelwa khona ukufa kukaStephen Tswedeig, kwahlela umnyuziyamu. Nase-Austria ngomgubho wekhulu leminyaka, kwavela isitembu sokuposa ngokuhlonipha umlobi.
Amacaphuna
Akukho lutho olubi ngokwedlula isizungu phakathi kwabantu. Uzwa incazelo nenjongo yempilo yakhe, kuphela uma kubonakale ukuthi kuyadingeka kwabanye. Inhliziyo ingakhohlwa kalula futhi ngokushesha, uma efuna ukukhohlwa. Uma sonke sazi konke abakushoyo ngathi sonke, akekho noyedwa ozokhuluma namuntu. Ngubani owake wazitholela, akakwazi ukulahlekelwa yilutho kulokhu kukhanya. Futhi oke waqonda umuntu uqobo, uyabaqonda bonke abantu.I-Bibliography
- 1901 - "Izintambo zesiliva"
- 1911 - "" UGoliya O ""
- Ngo-1912 - "Indlu Ngasolwandle"
- Ngo-1919 - "Amakhosi Amathathu: Ama-Dickens, i-balzac, dostoevsky"
- 1922 - "Amok"
- 1922 - "Incwadi Yomfokazi"
- 1926 - "Iqoqo elingabonakali"
- Ngo-1927 - "Amahora angama-24 avela empilweni yowesifazane"
- Ngo-1942 - "Inoveli ye-Chess"