I-Biograge
ILazar Moisevich kaganovich yangena endaweni ekhethekile phakathi kwezibalo ezibalulekile zesikhathi se-stalinist. Umlutha we- "Steel" wezidakamizwa uyamangalisa ukuthi kwavela ukuthi ube ngomunye wamaJuda amabili noma amathathu esixhumanisi esiphakeme kakhulu, osindile futhi wasinda kakhulu kuGenerusissimus ngesikhathi sokulwa kwama-anti-amaSemite. Izazi-mlando ziguqula ngombono wokuthi uKaganovich walahla izihlobo nabangane, okwasindisa impilo yakhe.Ubuntwana nentsha
Umngane kaJoseph VissarionOVich wazalwa ngonyaka we-1893 edolobhaneni laseKabana Kyiv, ezinganeni eziningi (izingane eziyi-13) umkhaya wamaJuda. Kuze kube yiminyaka engu-18 ubudala, izingane zakini eziyi-7 zikaMose Gershkovich Kaganovich zaziphila.
ULazar kaganovich waqiniseka ukuthi wazalwa futhi wakhulela emndenini ompofu, eguqulwe ngaphansi kwezindlu zaraj, lapho izingane eziyisikhombisa "zalala egumbini elilodwa ezitolo." Ubaba wasebenza esitshalweni seSmolyan, ethola penny. Kepha isazi-mlando uRoy Medvedev siqinisekisa ukuthi ilangavu isiguquli selangabi uLukavit. Ngokwemininingwane yakhe, iKaganovich-SR. Iphoqeke izinkomo, ithengiselwe ama-kiev saqanda futhi yayingumuntu ocebile.
Isazi-mlando sivumelana no-Isabella Allen Feldman. Uthi uBaba, uTaganrog Kommelant, waholela kuMose uGershkovich, ngaleso sikhathi umthengisi weqembu lokuqala. Ngokolwazi olungaqinisekisiwe, ubaba womlutha we- "Steel" wahlukana ekuqaleni kwempi yezwe yokuqala ngenxa yezivumelwano ezingaphumelelanga nezinto zempi.
Imfundo kaLazar kaganovich yathola okunesizotha: Ukuphothula iziqu ezivela ezifundweni zesikole ezi-2 ezifundeni, zahamba ziyosuka edolobhaneni elingumakhelwane. Kepha eneminyaka eyi-14, le nsizwa yasebenza eKiev. Usebenze emafektri, wawuxazululwa efektri yezicathulo, lapho angena khona emihlanganweni yezicathulo. Kusukela emsebenzini wokugcina - uLazari wayengumthwalo osensimini - waxoshwa ozakwabo abayishumi ukuze bagqugquzele ekubhikishweni kwesenzo sokubhikisha.
Ngo-1905, i-Senior Spring of Kaganovichi yangena ezikhundleni zamaBolsheviks - UMikhail. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-6, uLazar Kaganovich waba yilungu lephathi.
Inguquko
Ngo-2014, uShoemaker osemusha waba yilungu lekomidi leqembu leBolshevik eKiev, osemusha waphazamisa amaseli. Ngaphansi kwekhethini lika-1917 eYuzovka (IDonetsk), uKaganovich waqokwa nguSihlalo weKomiti Yeqembu lendawo futhi waphathiswa esikhundleni sekhanda loMkhandlu Wezabasebenzi.
Ngonyaka ka-1917 uLazarus Kaganovich wahlanganiswa. Isiphithiphithi esihle kakhulu nesipika somlilo saba umuntu obonakalayo eSaratov. Waboshwa, kepha uLazari wabekwa eGomel yomugqa ongaphambili, aqonde eKopand Bolshevik Committee. EGomeli, inguquko eneminyaka engama-24 yahlangana nemicimbi ka-Okthoba.
ULazar kaganovich waphakamisa ukuvukelwa okuhlomile, okwakutholwa umqhele ngempumelelo. Ukusuka eGomeli Kaganovich wathuthela ePetrograd, lapho akhethwe nguNobhala weKomidi eliKhuzi le-RCP (B).
Ngo-1925, ngemuva kokufa kukaLenin kanye nomzabalazo omangalisayo we-Izating, uLazari wahlanganiswa noJoseph Stalin, "wabonga" umngane wakho othembekile ekuqokwa kweKomidi Le-GP (B) lase-Ukraine. Iminyaka emithathu, uKaganovich wayengumholi weqembu leRiphabhulikhi futhi wahola ngamandla inqubomgomo ye-Stalinist evela ezingxenyeni ezimbili: Ukrainazation kanye nokulwa nobuzwe bezwe elithi "Pourt-bourgeois."
Ngenxa yezinxibi - uLazarus Kaganovich wasolwa ngokuthatha izinyathelo ezinzima kakhulu zokulwa nobuzwe - ukuhlangana kukaStalin ngo-1928 ngo-1928 wayiswa eMoscow.
Enhloko-dolobha yoNobhala Jikelele okwakuthathwa kuye uKaganovich, kwasiza umhlangano ukuba ahlose ikomidi ledolobha leqembu futhi athole ubulungu eKomitini Ephakathi ye-Popburo. ILazaru kaganovich yanikeza amandla ahlukahlukene ahlukahlukene: ngaphandle komkhakha wezolimo kanye nokuqoqwa kokuqoqa, umsebenzi owenziwayo ekwakhiweni kabusha kwenhloko-dolobha.
"Merit" Kaganovich biza ukubhujiswa kukaKristu Kristu uMsindisi. Ngokwenye inguqulo, uLazar Moisevich wakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwendlu yamaSoviet akwenzi indawo yethempeli, kodwa ezintabeni zaseSparrow.
Ukuzungulwa kwemfihlo "ye-Curator" yenhloko-dolobha kubiza ukwakhiwa kweMetro. I-Lazar kaganovich yahola le misebenzi, lapho umkhumbi uneminyaka engama-20 ubudala wambiza ngegama.
Ukwesaba okukhulu kwawo-1930s, lapho kuhileleka khona uLazar Kaganovich, ibala elimnyama lalala phansi nge-biography. Isiginesha yakhe ingaphansi kwamakhulu ezinhlu "ezigxile", ezingaphikanga "okuhlanzayo" kweqembu. UKaganovich wavuma ukuthi kwenzeke ukuthi "iziphanzi" zenzekile, kodwa zaveza ngaleso sikhathi nangesimo.
Umfowenu osemdala weKhomishani "yensimbi" - uMikhail Kaganovich, i-NARCA yemboni yezindiza kanye ne-NARCA. Akazange alindele ukuboshwa kwakhe - kwadutshulwa yena.
Kusukela ngo-1935 kuya ku-1944 (nge-Breaks) uLazar Kaganovich wabamba umlutha wezindlela zokuxhumana. Ukuba sezikhathini zaseStalin 'zeNkosi yemigwaqo' kwakufana nokuzibulala: Imboni ethuthukayo edingekayo ukusebenza, njengewashi, ukuxhumana kwesitimela.
Kepha uKaganovich waba nethalente lokuhlela elingewona ama-rafy futhi wakwazi ukufeza futhi weqa amasu alehlisiwe. EMoscow Kratodo, i-commissoman yabantu ihlelwe izingane ujantshi wokuqala emhlabeni, osebenza nanamuhla.
Ukuhlolwa komlutha kwakuyimpi enkulu yokuthanda izwe. Izinxushunxushu nokudideka kweminyaka yokuqala yathintwa kanye nezindlela zokuxhumana. Ukukhishwa kwamabhizinisi ngemuva, empumalanga, kwaphumelela, futhi lokhu kungukufaneleka kukaKaganovich Lazaru. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthwa okuvela kokuthunyelwe entwasahlobo yango-1942 kwaqashelwa ngokushesha, futhi uKaganovich waqhubeka nokuphatha imboni.
Ebusika bango-1943, umngani kaGetionalyissimus wanikezwa isihloko seqhawe somsebenzi wezenhlalo, kodwa-ke uLazarus Kaganovich waqala ukushona kwelanga ngomsebenzi. Intandokazi yangaphambili yaya emathunzini, uStalin akazange ambone phakathi kwabangaphezu kwalowo nalowo. Kepha ngo-1953, empilweni kaKaganovich, ngokuzayo lapho kwenzeka ukuba senzeke: Waba yiphini likasihlalo wokuqala woMkhandlu. Lesi sipho esinjalo sangeniswa kuye uNikita Khrushchev noGeorgy Malenkov ngobunye ngokumelene neLavrentia Beria.
Kepha ngo-1957, iKhrushchev yabeka iphuzu emsebenzini kaKaganovich: Ngihlabe ukwehlula kwe- "Anti-Party Group of Molotova-Malenkov-Kaganovich". Kepha izikhathi sezishintshile, abaphikisi abadutshulwa, kodwa bathunyelwa ekuthuleni. Ngo-1961 uNikita Sergeevich uzuze okuhlukile kumphikisi ephathini.
I-Lazar kaganovich ingufakazi wokugcina wesikhathi sokugcina. Waphila nokwakhiwa kabusha, kepha igama lakhe njalo "ligijimela" emaphephandabeni, ebiza umlingani wattapy futhi asola ngokucindezelwa. UKaganovich uvikelekile ukuxhumana nezintatheli, awuzange uvumele inhlolokhono futhi akazange azithethelele. Eminyakeni engama-30 edlule yokuphila, imilutha evumelana nezidakamizwa evamile yayivaliwe futhi yabhala incwadi yezikhumbuzo.
ILazarus kaganovich ephathini ayizange ibuyise, kepha impesheni yomuntu siqu ayikhethwanga. UmKhomanisi wakudala akazange azisole ngalo futhi washiya izinhloso zobusha.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi kaLazaru uKaganovich wayengumkakhe, nomngane wakhe. UMaria Markovna Lelovskaya wajoyina amazinga e-RSDLP ngo-1909. Usebenze ezinhlanganweni zabasebenzi, waqokwa ePhini likaMoset, oholwa yizindlu zezingane.
I-triuro yahlangana noLazar Moisevich, lapho esebenza njengesiphithiphithi. Bashada futhi bahlala ndawonye ekufeni kukaMariya ngo-1961. Ukubuka eminyakeni engama-68 ubudala, uKaganovich akaseshadi.
Abashadikazi bazalwa yindodakazi kaMaya, ababezilungiselela i-Press 6 Emva kokushona kwencwadi kayise, okuthiwa "amanothi akhumbulekayo".
Emndenini kaKaganovich, indodana yokwamukelwa uYuri isikhule, abanye abacwaningi bempilo kaStalin bambiza ngokuthi yindodana eyayingemthetho, ezalwa umshana kaLazar Kaganovich - uRaheli Rose.
Ukushona
Ngemuva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi, umlingani we-stalinsky wayehlala endlini emboza efrankmen.ULazar kaganovich ushone eminyakeni engama-97. Akazange aphile ngokuwa kwe-USSR izinyanga ezi-5 - washona ngoJulayi 25, 1991. Wangcwatshwa esizeni 1 sika-Metropolitan ogodliwe, eduze nonkosikazi kaMaria Kaganovich.
Ngo-2017, umjikelezo obhalwe phansi wamafilimu acishe abe yizinombolo eziyisikhombisa zokuhola kwezwe amaSoviet kusuka ngo-1917 kuya ku-1953 weza kwizikrini. Bakhumbula iteyipu ne-lazar kaganovich.
Ukukhumbula
- Ngo-1938, igama likaKaganovich labizwa ngokuthi isifunda saseKaganovic sesifunda sasePavlodar, kodwa ngemuva kuka-1957 waqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi u-ERmakovsky.
- Isikhungo Sokulwa Nezempi Esidumile saqanjwa ngokuthi uLazarus Kaganovich.
- Ngo-1938-1943, idolobha lasePopasna Lugansk esifundeni sabizwa ngokuthi uL. M. Kaganovich.
- Esifundeni se-KIEV, ama-SSR ase-Ukraine ayesendaweni yokuhlala, ogama lakhe linguKaganovichi kuqala (ngo-1934) igama lesimanje lePolesskoe), neKaganovichi Second (indawo yokuzalwa kukaLazarus Kaganovich).
- Esifundeni sase-Oktyabrskk esifundeni sase-Amur, kunesikhungo sesifunda sasedolobhana lase-Ekaterinoslavka, esiteshini esedlule "Kaganovichi".
- Igama elithi l. M. UKaganovich lalinge-1935-1955, i-MOSCOW Metro, ibhukumaka kanye nokwakhiwa kwesigaba sokuqala sokuthi iKaganovich ikomise njengonobhala wokuqala weKosi le-WCP (B).
- ENovosibirsk, manje uKaganovichsky wabizwa ngokuthi yindawo yesitimela yedolobha.
- E-Dnepropetrovsk, i-Institute of Unjiniyela Wezokuthuthwa Kwezitimela yaqanjwa uL. M. Kaganovich.
- Ngo-1957, igama elithi kaganovich lasuswa kuzo zonke izinto ezaziwayo edumo lakhe.