I-Biograge
UGregory Zinoviev - usopolitiki ovelele waseSoviet, uguquko kanye nelungu leqembu leBolshevik. Lo muntu wangena endabeni hhayi nje kuphela njengomholi wokuqala nomholi wamaKhomanisi namazwe omhlaba, kodwa futhi njengembangi enkulu kaJoseph Stalin, ophikisana naye kanye nomuntu owacabanga wena mathupha lesi sikhulu sensimbi.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-Biography of the Revolution yesikhathi esizayo yaqala edolobheni lase-Elisavetgrad (manje yi-Ukraine kropyvnytsky). UGrigory Zinoviev wazalwa ngoSepthemba 11, 1883. Igama elinikezwe umfana kusukela ekuzalweni - u-Evsei-herch. Ubaba uZinoviev, u-Aaron Radomyslsky, unepulazi lakhe lobisi.
Ngegama langempela, u-Evsey Aaronovich waphendula kuphela ebuntwaneni nasebusheni, khona-ke iqembu pseudomlys kaGrigoriev, Shatsky, ZinveVEEV, esetshenzisiwe. Lesi sakamuva sahlala nosopolitiki kuze kube phakade.
UGrigory uZinoviev uthole imfundo enhle yasekhaya, njengoba ayenjalo ngesiko kuleyo minyaka phakathi kwezakhamizi ezivikelwe. Ebusheni bakhe, insizwa yaba nentshisekelo ngefilosofi, kwezepolitiki, umlando womhlaba wonke, futhi kakade yaqala ukuqonda isayensi yezepolitiki empilweni, hhayi emaphepheni ezincwadi, ukujoyina ukunyakaza kwentando yeningi.
Inguquko
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi vele ngo-1901, ngokuba mncane kakhulu, uZinnovier waholwa iziteleka nemiboniso eminingana eNoverossia. Ukushushiswa kwamaphoyisa kwaphoqelela uGregory Zinoveiv isikhashana esishiya izwe. Ngo-1902, inguquko ishukumisela eBerlin, yabe isithuthela eParis futhi, ekugcineni, iyayeka eSwitzerland Bern. Kukhona iZinoviev ihlangana noVladimir Lenin. Lo mhlangano usuphenduke umnandi: Iminyaka eminingi, uGrigori Zinoviev uzoba ngomunye wabaholi, ummeli wakhe nommeleli ogunyaziwe.
Ngo-1903, uGrigori Zinoviev wajoyina iqembu leBolshevik, esekela uLenin. Masinyane emva kwalokho, inguquko yabuyela ezweni lakubo ukuhola lo mkhankaso usebenza phakathi kwabasebenzi. Ngemuva konyaka, uZinoviev waphinde washiya izwe, kulokhu ngenxa yesimo sempilo.
Ukubuyela emuva okuphindaphindiwe kuMnumlomo kwenzeka ngo-1905. UZinoviev waqokwa ngokushesha ilungu lekomidi le-RSDLP City eSt. Umzabalazo wezifiso zeBolshevik wahlala ngaphezulu konyaka. Ngo-1908, uGregory Zinoviev waboshwa, kodwa ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa izinguquko zadedelwa ngenkululeko ngenxa yempilo ebi.
Lokhu kukhululwa kwavumela uGregory Zinoveiv ukuthi ashiye izwe: Ngokubambisana noVladimir Lenin Zinoviev waya e-Austria. Ukutholwa okuphoqelelwe kwahlala kuze kube ngu-1917 - ngo-Ephreli Gregory Zinoviev naseVladimir Lenin nabantu abaningi abanomqondo ofanayo baphinde bangene eRussia, benze uhambo oluyingozi kwiTarricicier ehlukanisayo.
Umzabalazo wamandla waqala wavutha ngokugeleza okugcwele. Uhulumeni wesikhashana wenza imizamo yakamuva yokugcina ukuphakama, kepha ukungaboni ngaso linye kwaqala ezindaweni zeBolshevik. Emhlanganweni olandelayo weKomidi eliCentral, uGrigori Zinoviev noLev KameNev baphikisana nokuphoqelela ukuqeda uhulumeni wesikhashana, okwabangela uVladimir Lenin enganeliseki.
Kulo mthetho, umholi wenguquko ebhekwe njengabasizi bemibono ekhanyayo futhi waphakamisa udaba lokufakelwa ngaphandle kwe-zinoviev ne-kamenev kusuka ekwakhiweni kweqembu. Akuzange kufike ezenzweni ezinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kepha bobabili "abaphikisi" bavinjelwe emihlanganweni egameni leKomidi eliCendelo.
Ukuguqulwa ngesikhathi ahamba ngokujika okugcwele - amaBolshevik akwazile ukubamba amandla enhlokodolobha esenyakatho. Naphezu kokubukeka okubumbana kwabavukeli, kube nokuhlukaniswa okukhulu kobuholi beBolshevik: Amakomidi abasebenzi afuna ukwakhiwa komzimba owodwa wezenhlalo, obekungeke kube yingxenye yeVladimir Lenin noLeo Trotsky.
Kuphuthunyiswe imizwa efanayo ukuze kusetshenziswe uGregory Zinoviev, uLev KameNev, kanye nabasekeli babo uViktor Nogin no-Alexey Rykov. Leli qembu lixhase izidingo ezivezwe, ziphikisana nombono wakhe ngesidingo sokuqedela ukubumbana kwabo bonke abasekeli bezenhlalo ukuze baphumelele. Ekuqaleni, kwabonakala sengathi abasekeli bakwaZinovyev bebezolalela, kepha uLenin noTrotsky basheshe bakwazile ukubuyela emaceleni kwakhe.
Ngosuku olulandelayo, uZinoviev kanye nabasekeli bombono wakhe bawushiya umbiko ekomidi eliphakeme, bebhala izitatimende ezifanele. Ephendula, uVladimir Lenin wabiza abakwa-Comrades abahlaseli bezinhloso eziqhakazile nabalimele.
Kwabonakala sengathi umsebenzi wezepolitiki kaGregory ZinAVEVE waphela. Kodwa-ke, izinguquko ezingenamicinohlwizelwa abaholi abanekhono nabanolwazi, kanti uZinovieb wabuyela kwezepolitiki. Kuze kube yintwasahlobo yango-1918, waholwa nguMkhandlu wePetrograd Bolshevik, wabe esebamba okuthunyelwe kukaSihlalo woMkhandlu wePeterOgrad, inhloko yenhlangano yesifunda saseNyakatho kanye noSihlalo yeKomidi Elikhulu Lokuvikela i-Petrograd.
Ukushayisana kwemibono kweZinoviev noLenin kwaqhubeka: UGrigory Zinoviev akazange awusekele umbono womholi ukuze aqale lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukwethuka okubomvu" ngemuva kokubulawa kukaMose Uritsky no-V. Vododar. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uZinoviev wakhuluma ngokulwa nombono kaVladimir Ilsich ukuzohlehlisa inhlokodolobha yezwe eMoscow.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ngokobufakazi be-pitirima sorokina, isazi sezenhlalo kanye nesazi sezehlakalo, kuyinto ephethe i-zinovier, yabuyisa indawo ye-vladimir lenin ekugcineni, yaba ngumhleli wezehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu "ukwesaba okubomvu" kakhulu ". Ngokwemiyalo yeZinoviev, izihlakaniphi nezicukuthwane zadutshulwa, ngaleso sikhathi okwakuthatha njenge- "Class of Exploiters".
Kusukela ngo-1921 kuya ku-1926, uGregory Zinoviev wayeyingxenye yamalungu e-portburro. Usopolitiki uhlala esebenza nemibiko nezinkulumo futhi waqala ukusebenza emisebenzini eqoqwe. Ngo-1922, uZinoviev kwaba ngowokuqala ukuphakamisa ukuvota kukaJoseph Stalin ekuhambeni kukanobhala jikelele, ukuba nomgomo wokushintsha i-leo trotsky.
Kodwa-ke, ngo-1925, uGrigory Zinoviev uzwakalise ukunganeliseki ngezenzo zeStalin, kufaka phakathi isihloko esithi "Ifilosofi ye-EPOCH", iphrinte "ePravda". Umphumela waba ukususwa kwe-zinoviev emisebenzini yezepolitiki, bese kuthi ngaphandle kweqembu.
I-opal yezepolitiki ayizange ibe noGregory Zinoviev ngesimilo: Ukuguqulwa kwenguquko kwezenzo zakhe nango-1928 wathola ukululama ezikhundleni zeqembu. Iminyaka emine, uZinoviev wafundisa eKazan University, ethatha iposi leRector, ashicilele izindatshana futhi azizwa ephephile.
Kodwa-ke, umshini omubi, owethulwe ngosizo lwakhe, wafika kuye. Ngo-1932, uGrigory uZinoviev waboshwa wagwetshwa iminyaka emine ebhekiswe kuyo. Ngemuva konyaka, lesi sigwebo sakhanselwa. Kwabonakala sengathi isivunguvungu senzeke yiqembu, kodwa ngo-1934 uZinoviev walinda ukuboshwa okusha kanye nomusho omubi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ukwahlulela ngesithombe esigciniwe, uGregory Zinoviev kwakungeyona indoda enhle, kodwa nganginombono wendoda ewukuzithonya. Umfazi wokuqala kaGrigory Zinoviev waba uSara Ravich, emibuthanweni yeBolshevik, e-Olga ethunyelwe. Owesifazane wawusekela lowo oshade naye emisebenzini yokuguqula izinguquko ngisho nangesikhathi esithile kwakunguKhomishani wezangaphakathi kwesifunda saseNyakatho.
Ubudlelwano emshadweni wokuqala buye kuNo, futhi uGrigory Zinoviev washada futhi. Kulokhu inqubomgomo yayiyinqubomgomo kaLilina, eyaziwa ngaphansi kweqembu le-pseudonym zina levin.
ULevin wabuye wabelane ngemibono yezenhlalo ekhuthazwe ngenkuthalo, engumsebenzi wephephandaba "inkanyezi" futhi "yiqiniso". Emshadweni wesibili, uGrigory uZinoviev wazalwa indodana uStefan. Le nsizwa yaphila impilo emfushane - eneminyaka engama-29, uStefanu wadutshulwa.
Umlingani wesithathu uZinoviev ongumngane wesithathu waba ngu-Evgenia Lasman. Isiphetho sowesifazane sibuye sibukeke: U-Eugene Yakovlevna ubuye waboshwa kaninginingi futhi wachitha cishe iminyaka engama-20 ejele.
Ukushona
NgoDisemba 16, ngo-1934 uGregory Zinoviev waboshwa. I-RevotionrArver yafakwa ngaphandle kwezikhundla zeqembu futhi yagwetshwa iminyaka eyishumi ejele. Izincwadi zikaZinoviev zagcinwa, kubhekiswe kuJoseph Stalin, lapho uGrigory Zinoviev wacela isihe futhi waqinisekiswa ukuthi uyaphenduka.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, ngo-1936, uZinovier wagwetshwa esijezisweni esiphakeme kakhulu. Agasti 26 wonyaka ofanayo wezinqubomgomo zangaphambili zadubula. Ofakazi bokuzibonela ngalokho okwenzeka kamuva kuzobhala ukuthi amandla onke aholwa ngukuvuselela umbuso ngaphezulu kwenguquko emizuzwini yokugcina: kugwetshwe ukukhahlelwa kanye nesinyathelo.
Ukubulawa kwakuhanjelwe yiNhloko yeNKVD Henry Beroda, kanye nabasebenzi bomnyango ofanayo uNikolai Ezhov noKarl Puker. Lezi zibalo ezintathu zokungaziphathi kahle zaphela ngekhulu lazo leminyaka kanye noGregory Zinoviev: badutshulwa eminyakeni eminingana kamuva.
Igama likaGregory Zinoviev lavuselelwa ngoJulayi 13, 1988 ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yeSoviet Union.
Amafilimu
- 1927 - "Okthoba"
- 1951 - "Ungalibaleki Ngo-1919"
- 1983 - "Izinsimbi ezibomvu"
- 1992 - "Stalin"
- 2004 - "Izingane ze-Arbat"
- 2013 - "Stalin nathi"
- 2017 - "Ukuvunwa Okubabayo"
- 2017 - "Revolution"
I-Bibliography
- 1918 - "I-Austria neMpi Yezwe"
- 1920 - "Impi Nezinkinga Zobusoshiyali"
- Ngo-1925 - "I-Bolshevinzy-Stindilization"
- Ngo-1925 - "Umlando wenguquko yokuqala yaseRussia"
- 1925 - "Leninism"
- Ngo-1926 - "Impi, Ukuguqulwa kanye Nezinceku"