I-Biograge
Kunesigaba sabantu abathi ukuze kufinyelelwe imiphumela esezingeni eliphakeme, imibandela / amakhono / imishini / imishini / imishini / imishini ye-Archimedee (ayisongelwa ukuguqula umhlaba phambi kwephuzu elifanelekile lokusekelwa). Kepha kunesinye isigaba sabantu, naphezu kwanoma yini efleshfini nothuli, izinkolelo zokuqala izibonelo zabo. I-biography yesimo esisodwa saseVenezuela nosopolitiki esibonelweni esikhanyayo.Ubuntwana nentsha
USomlomo wesikhathi esizayo wazalwa futhi umholi weVenezuela Hugo Rafael Chavez Frias eSabareta - idolobhana elisendaweni encane edonsweni kaBarinas. Lo mcimbi wenzeka ngoJulayi 28, 1954. Umfana waba owesibili wezingane eziyisikhombisa zikaHugo de Los Reyes chávez nomkakhe u-Elene Friaz de Chavez.
Ukuqabulana kwezingane kusenesikhathi edolobhaneni laseLos Rastrohos, okuthi, kanye nomfowethu osemdala, wahamba ngemuva kokuphela kwezigaba zamabanga aphansi. Abazali bathumela abafana kugogo wakhe eSabaret, ukuze bahlale naye, uHugo no-Atan bafunda eLyceum ebizwa ngegama elithi General O'liiri.
UChavez, ukhumbula ubuntwana, wayevame ukuthi bekungaphandle kwabampofu bakhe, kodwa bajabule. Ngemuva kwalokho waphupha ngokuba ngumdlali we-baseball ochwepheshe lapho ekhula (ngokwengxenye, leli phupho lagcwaliseka eminyakeni yabafundi). Ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu eLyceum, uHugo wangena esikhungweni sezempi. Ezifundweni ezihambisanayo, umfana udlale i-baseball ne-softball - kwamholela ekubambeni iqhaza eminyakeni yobunzima bezwe ngokwemidlalo.
Futhi, ukuba ngumfundi wezempi wezempi, uChavez wayenesifiso sokuphila kanye nezitatimende zeNational Hero - General Simon Bolivar. Kamuva, wangena ezandleni zakhe incwadi ethi "Diary Che Guevara", futhi uHugo wabamba umlilo ngemibono ye-Latin American aver armerpary. Ngasikhathi sinye, uChavez wadonsela ukunaka ebuphofwini bekilasi labasebenzi baseVenezuela futhi wanquma ukulungisa lokhu kungenabulungisa emphakathini ngokuzayo.
Ngo-1974, ubuholi be-Academy buthumele abafundi bayo ukuthi bagubhe ukufa kwempi ka-Ayakucho, okwenzeke ngesikhathi sokuzimela kwePeru. Lo mcimbi wenziwa yiNhloko yoMbuso Juan Velasco Alvarado. Inkulumo kaMongameli ngesidingo sobutha ezintshelweni zesigaba sabasebenzi ngenxa yenkohliso yesigaba esibusayo yaveza umbono onamandla kuHugo Chavez oneminyaka engamashumi amabili.
Omunye umcimbi ongumhlaba owenzeka eChavez ngesikhathi sokutadisha e-Academy wawazi nendodana yomkhuzi ophakeme weNational Guard Panama, omar Torryhos, nokuvakashela ePanama. UVelasco neTorrichos baba abakhuthazayo abanezimpendulo zeHugo - ezibonelweni zabo, imibono kanye nokuxoshwa kwabaholi bezempi abaphathi bezempi kwakususelwa ezibonelweni zabo. Ngo-1975, uHugo waphothula iziqu ezidunyisiwe eyunivesithi yezempi waya empini.
Ipolitiki
Ngesikhathi senkonzo esigabeni se-anti-partisan, esibanjelwe eBarinas, ngemuva kokuhlaselwa okulandelayo, umfana wathola isilondolozi nezincwadi zesimo samaKhomanisi (kufaka phakathi imisebenzi kaKarl Marx noVladimir Lenin). Izincwadi eziningana ezijulile zazishiya zazijwazise ngazo ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula. Ukufundwa kwe-chávez okufundwe kugxile ekubukeni kwakhe kwesobunxele.
Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, esimweni se-Angegieve, ukuboshwa kukaHugo kwalwa neqembu "i-batch yefulegi elibomvu". Ngemuva kokuxhumana neziboshwa, iqembu le-Ungo laqala ukuqonda ukuthi akuwona kuphela amandla ombuso onakele, kodwa futhi esiphezulu sobuholi bamasosha. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuthi ungachaza kanjani iqiniso lokuthi imali engenayo evela ekuthengisweni kwamafutha ayiyi kusizo lwabahlali bezwe abampofu.
Isambulelo esinjalo siholela eqinisweni lokuthi ngo-1982, uChavez wafaka "iqembu lezinguquko eBolivaring - 200 (kamuva inhlangano ye-" Revolutionary Bolivarian Souths-200). Umqondo wokuqala wenhlangano wabekwa ocwaningweni lomlando wezempi woMbuso ukuze wakhe uhlelo olusha lwe-combat imisebenzi.
Kamuva, usosayensi wezombusazwe uBarry Cannon waphikisa ukuthi i-"Revolutionary Bolvanian Souths-200" ibiqala ukwakheka komfanekiso omusha, owayemukele konke okuhle kakhulu kusuka kumamodeli wezedlule. Ngo-1981, uHugo uthola isihloko sikaKaputeni futhi ngesikhathi semester efundisa eyunivesithi yakhe yangaphambili, ehlanganyela imibono nokuqashwa kwakhe phakathi kwabo.
Emva kwalokho, kwathunyelwa uChavez ngobuholi edolobheni laseClors. UHugo unezinsolo zokuthi kwakuyisixhumanisi, ngoba abaholi bezempi baqala ukukhathazeka ngezenzo zakhe. UChavez akazange adidekile - esikhundleni salokho, waqala ukwazi izizwe zakwaYaruro noKuiba - izindlu zezwe, ngaleso sikhathi ezazingesimo saseVenezuela saseVenezuela.
Ukugcwala nge-yaruro noKuiba, uChavez wabona ukuthi kwakudingeka ukunqanda ukucindezelwa kwezakhamizi zomdabu zezwe futhi ubuyekeze imithetho ekuvikelweni kwamalungelo abahlali bomdabu (okwakuzosetshenziswa kamuva). Ngo-1986, uHugo Chavez uthole isihloko esikhulu.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, okuthunyelwe ngumongameli kwathatha uCarlos Andres Perez. Ukwazile ukunqoba umjaho ngesikhathi sokhetho ngenxa yezithembiso ezimenyezelwe emkhankasweni wokhetho. Ikakhulu, isithembiso sokuyeka landela inqubomgomo yezimali ye-International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Eqinisweni, uPeres wethule enye indlela ebibi kakhulu - imodeli yeNooliberal inzuzo kakhulu e-United States ne-IMF. Izakhamizi iVenezuela azizange zibe ngokwesigaba. Abantu beza emibuleni, kodwa ngesimemezelo sikaMongameli, yonke imibhikisho eminingi yayicindezelwa ngesihluku ngosizo lwezempi. UChavez ngaleso sikhathi wayelele esibhedlela, ngakho lapho izindaba zeza kuye, wabona ukuthi kudingeka amasosha.
Ngokusho kweCugo ethuthukisiwe nethimba lakhe, lolu hlelo lulandele izindawo ezibalulekile zezempi kanye nabezindaba, eliqeda uPerez, libuyisela esikhundleni sokufakazelwa okufakazelwe - uRafael Caldea (omunye wabamongameli bezwe). Konke bekukulungele lokhu.
Kepha, noma kunjalo, umzamo we-State Coup, ekhiqizwa ngo-1992, akazange athweswe umqhele ngempumelelo. Ngenxa yenani elincane labasekeli, ukubhejiswa okuningi, idatha engaqinisekisiwe nezinye izimo ezingalindelekile, uhlelo lukaChavez lwehlulekile. NgoFebhuwari 5 woMon Ngonyaka, uHugo ngokuzimela wazinikela kubaphathi futhi wakhuluma ngethelevishini yabasekeli bakhe ukunikela, wathi kuze kube manje walahleka.
Lo mcimbi ubhekwe ngokuningiliziwe kwabezindaba emhlabeni wonke (izindatshana ezinesithombe seHugo zazikuzo zonke izincwadi ezinkulu zomhlaba) futhi waletha isiboshwa sikadumo ejele lamasosha eSan Carlos Chavez. Futhi, le micimbi yayingeyona i-bypass kanye no-carlos Andres Peresa - izikhulu nokukhulekelwa kwesabelomali sombuso ngezinhloso zomuntu siqu nezingokwezibophezelo ngo-1993, uMongameli watholwa enecala. UCaldera weza esikhundleni sakhe.
URafael Caldera wakhulula uHugo nabasekeli bakhe, esusa konke ukumangalelwa, kepha kwenqabe ukuyokhonza ezinhlwini zamabutho ahlomile ezwe. IChavez yabe isithuthukisa masinyane imibono yakhe phakathi kwezakhamizi ezikanye nayo, kanye nokufuna ukusekelwa phesheya (khona-ke ukujwayelana kwakhe noFidel Castro).
Ngesikhathi sohambo lwe-Uruguay, eChile, eColombia, iCuba no-Argentina Chavez bafunda kwabangane ukuthi izenzo zikaMongameli wamanje weCaldera azifani nezenzo zePheresi. Esola okuthile okungalungile, uHugo wabuyela ezweni lakubo.
UChavez waqonda ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ubeke amandla ngendlela enobudlova, ngoba ama-oligarch awamvumela ukuthi aphumelele i-caldera okhethweni oluzayo. Noma kunjalo, uHugo wanquma ukuzama ukungqubuzana kwezingxabano ezihlomile, esungulwe ngo-1997 "ngokunyakaza kweRiphabhulikhi yesihlanu" (kamuva waba yiqembu leSocialies elihlanganisiwe laseVenezuela) - Iqembu le-Socialist yangakwesobunxele.
Emijahweni kaMengameli yango-1998, uHugo Chavez wakwazi ukudlula uRafael Caldea, u-Irene Saas kanye no-Enrique Cheesers, abajoyine isikhundla sikaMengameli Venezuela ngo-1999.
Isikhathi sokuqala sikaMongameli sikaChavez sahlala kuze kube ngu-2001 futhi saphawulwa ngokulungiswa kwemigwaqo kanye nezibhedlela, ukwelashwa kwamahhala nokugoma, ukuvuselela imithetho ekuvikelweni kwabantu bomdabu, kanye nokwethulwa kokudluliselwa kwamasonto onke " Sawubona, uMongameli "lapho kungenzeka ukuthi noma ngubani waxoxa noChavez umbuzo ocindezelayo noma acele usizo.
Igama elithi likaMongameli lokuqala lalilandela lesibili, lesithathu futhi lifushane lesine. I-Oligarchy ayikwazanga ukuqothula isilwane sabantu, uMongameli waseHugo Chávez, naphezu kokudonswa ngo-2002 naseRefendum ngo-2004.
Isikhathi sesine sikaMongameli seChuvez saqala ngoJanuwari 2013 futhi saphela ngoMashi wonyaka ofanayo ngenxa yokufa kukaHugo. Eqinisweni, indima yenhloko yoMbuso yenziwa nguNicholas Maduro, owaba ngumongameli olandelayo waseVenezuela. Futhi uHugo Chavez ushone eneminyaka engama-58.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Washada kabili. Umfazi wokuqala waba ama-nown, uRosa Virginia wendodakazi kaChaveZ (1978) noMaria Gabriela (1980) kanye nendodana kaHugo Rafael (1983). Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwendodana kaHugo kwahlukana noSurtomatenares, kuqhubeka nokunakekela izingane Zakhe.
Kusukela ngo-1984 kuya ku-1993, wahlanganisa nobudlelwano obungabhalisiwe no-Erma Marxman - umngane wakhe. Ngo-1997, waphinde washada futhi okwesine waba ubaba - unkosikazi wesibili uMarisabel Rodriguez wabeletha indodakazi yama-rosines. Ngo-2004, lo mbhangqwana wahlukaniswa.
Ukushona
Ngo-2011, uChavez wafunda ukuthi yini egula umdlavuza. Ngemuva kwalokho, esimemweni somuntu siqu, uFidel Castro wafika eCuba ukuba ahlangane. UHugo wasusa isimila esibi, futhi waqala ukuzizwa engcono. Kodwa-ke, ngasekupheleni kuka-2012, izinhlungu zaphinde zazenza zazizwa.
NgoMashi 5, 2013, uHugo Chavez ushonile. Isikhathi eside, imininingwane ayidalulwanga, kodwa kamuva yamemezela ukuthi imbangela yokufa yayisihlaselwa yinhliziyo. Kwakukhona amahlebezi okuthi, empeleni, uChavez wagcotshwa ubuthi baseMelika noma umhloliso wakhe wangaphambili, owaba ngumsizi, uFrancisco Ariaas Cardenas.
Ekuqaleni, uHugo Chávez wayefuna ukumhlobisa, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezithile azange akwenze. Esikhundleni salokho, umzimba kaChavez ovela e-Authert Academy, lapho afunda khona futhi afundisa khona, ethwalwa emnyuziyamu wenguquko, lapho kwenzeka khona umkhosi noMongameli kanye nomngcwabo. Izinhloko zezithunywa ezivela emazweni ahlukene eza nezinkulumo, kufaka phakathi ezivela e-United States (yize zithi amaseshini e-UN General Assembly, Chavez, "Ngaphambi kokuba izakhamuzi ze-White House,.