I-Biograge
Umculo - Yilokhu okusiza ukuphazanyiswa ekuphikiseni kwezinsuku ezimpunga futhi uthole amabutho ngisho nasezimweni ezinzima kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, akukho lutho olumangazayo eqinisweni lokuthi abaqambi, abaculi nabahlabeleli bafundwa ngaso sonke isikhathi - zombili ngezikhathi zenjabulo nakuwashi laseyunivesithi.
Kuzoqaphela ukuthi kungcono ukukhulisa isimo sezulu ngomculo wesigqi esijabule, ikakhulukazi, i-jazz. Leli qiniso lichaza ukuthi kungani amagama abaculi abanjengoLouis Armstrong, uRay Brown, i-Billy Holiday noDuke Ellington baziwa ngalolu suku.
Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Edward Kennedy (kanjalo empeleni ushayele i-jazzman evelele) wazalelwa enhlokodolobha ye-United States of America. Kwenzeka ngo-Ephreli 29, 1899. Umfana waba nenhlanhla eyanele yokuzalwa emndenini we-butler ye-White House of James Edward Ellington nomkakhe uDaisy Kennedy Ellington. Isikhundla sikababa senqabe umfana ezinkingeni ezabhekana nazo ngabantu abamnyama.
Ngokweqiniso kusuka ku-diaper, umama waqala ukufundisa umdlalo we-keyman ka-Edward (yena uqobo wadlala kahle, futhi kwesinye isikhathi naye waze wenziwa emihlanganweni yesonto lesonto). Ngesikhathi seshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ingane yaqasha uthisha onolwazi lwepiyano onolwazi.
Imisebenzi eyakho umfana uqala ukubhala ngo-1910. Umsebenzi wokuqala ogcinwe ngaphambi kwezinsuku zamanje ubizwa ngokuthi yi-Soda Fontain Rag. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwabhalwa ngo-1914. Kwi-Soda Fontain Rag, ungabona inzalo yomculo wokudansa (ikakhulukazi, kwi-ragtaym) ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni sobuciko esikhethekile, u-Edward uthole umsebenzi ngumculi wamaphosta. Umsebenzi awusebenzi, imali oyitholayo eyanele - umfana osemusha owayevame ukuthembeka imiyalo etholwe ekuphathweni kombuso, kodwa lo msebenzi awuzange ulethe uKennedy wangempela lo mdlalo olethwe epiyano. Ngenxa yalokho, u-Edward waphonsa ubuciko, ukwenqaba ngisho nasekuthunyelwe kwakhe ePratt Institute.
Kusukela ngo-1917, uKennedy osemusha uzuza ophilayo ngomculo, ngokufana ngokufana kwama-nuances we-mastery kusuka kupiyano yedolobha elikhulu.
Umculo
Iqembu lakhe lokuqala u-Edward lagoduka ngo-1919. Ngaphezu kukaKenneddy ngokwakhe, iqembu kwakunguSaxophonist Otto Hard noDrummer Sonny Greer. Kamuva, iCimpember Arthur Wandsol yajoyina.
Ngesinye isikhathi, ukusebenza kwabo ukuzwa umnikazi weNew York Bar, owafika enhlokodolobha yezindaba. Ubuye waphakamisa ukuthi abafana bayinkontileka, ngakho kuzofanele bakwenze kuye iminyaka eminingana, futhi umnikazi webha uqinisekisa abaculi emphakathini nakumholo omuhle. UKennedy neNkampani bavumile futhi kakade bango-1922 baqala ukwenza eHarlem Bar "Barron" njenge-Quartet "Washington".
Mayelana nabafana bakhulume. Bamenyiwe ukuba bakhulume nezinye izikhungo, ngokwesibonelo, eHollywood Club, etholakala ngesikwele sesikhathi. Izimali zivunyelwe u-Edward ukuba aqhubeke nezifundo zawo kusuka kumakhosi ekhibhodi owaziwayo endawo.
Impumelelo ye- "Washingtonia" yanikeza ithuba lokubamba iqhaza kwi-Quartet ukuze ijwayelane nomphakathi wendawo - bobabili nabantu abadala nabanomthelela. Ukufanisa i-Yorks New, uKennedy waqala ukugqoka ngezingubo ezikhanyayo nezibizayo, athola isidlaliso esihlekisayo kusuka kuma-comrade (ahunyushwe ngokuthi "Duke").
Ngo-1926, ukujwayelana kuka-Edward no-Irwin Mills, kamuva eyaba ngumphathi womculo. Kwakuyimigqa yelulekwe ukuthi isebenzise umfana esikhundleni segama langempela le-desive pseudonym, ngokususelwa kwigama lesidlaliso nezibongo zikababa. Futhi, ngeseluleko sika-Irwin Duke, waqamba kabusha i-Born Jazz Ensemble "eWashington" eDuke Ellington ne-Orchestra yakhe.
Ngo-1927, u-Ellington neqembu lakhe wathuthela eKork Jazz Club Cotton Club, lapho enza khona ekuhambelweni kwekhonsathi yokuqala yezwe. Ngalesi sikhathi sesikhathi, izingoma ezinjenge-Creole Love Call, umnyama no-Tan fantasy kanye ne-mooche zabhalwa.
Ngo-1929, "kusho uDuke Ellington kanye ne-orchestra yakhe" eyenziwa eFlorence Siegfeld Music Theatre. Ngasikhathi sinye kwi-RCA Records Record Record Studio (manje, okuyingxenye ye-Sony Music Entertainment) yaqoshwa yi-Mood Indigo Hit Ukwakheka, futhi izingoma ze-Orchestra zingahlanzwa kaningi emsakazweni.
Ngo-1931, ukuvakasha kokuqala kweJazz Ensemble yase-Ellington kwenzeka. Ngemuva konyaka, uDuke no-Orchestra benze eColumbia University. Kukholakala ukuthi le nkathi yempilo yomculi kwakuwukungena kwesilinganiso esiphakeme somsebenzi, ngoba kwakunjalo ngaleso sikhathi lapho abhala khona imisebenzi yakhe ayisho lutho ("konke lokho okungekho emthethweni" ("Abathandi ngeshwa").
Eqinisweni, uDuke waba ngumsunguli wohlobo lwe-Swing, ubhala ngo-1933 ukwakheka kwesimo sezulu esivunguza nentokazi eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokusebenza ngekhono izici zomuntu siqu zabaculi, u-Ellington wathola umuntu, akukho msindo ongafani. Abaculi abaphambili eqenjini le-Duke yiStaxophonist John HodGez, Trubuch Frank Jenkins kanye ne-juan juan tisol.
Ngo-1933, uDuki nabaculi bakhe baya kuhambo lokuqala lwaseYurophu, umcimbi omkhulu wawukusebenza ehholo lekhonsathi laseLondon "Palladium". Ngesikhathi senkulumo kaDuke wase-Ellington ne-orchestra yakhe ehholo, abantu babehanjelwe ngabantu begazi lasebukhosini, uDuke abe nethuba lokuxhumana naye ngemuva.
Ugqugquzelwe yimpumelelo yohambo lwaseYurophu, abaculi baya komusha - kulokhu kuqala eSouth America, bese enyakatho. Ekupheleni kohambo, u-Ellington ubhala ukushaya okusha - ukwakheka kwe-caravan ("caravan"). Ngemuva kokuphuma kwakhe, uDuke uthola isihloko somqambi wokuqala waseMelika.
Kepha umucu omhlophe oqinisiwe washintsha emnyama - ngo-1935 kwashona umama uDuke. Kwamthinta kakhulu umculi - usizi lokudala lwaqala ngo-Ellington. Noma kunjalo, uDuke wakwazi ukumhlula ngokubhala umhlobiso wokukhumbula kabusha eTempo, okwakungafani kakhulu kukho konke okushiwo yiDuk.
Ngo-1936, u-Ellington wabhala okokuqala umculo wefilimu - leli tsheni kwakungu-Sam SAM Wood onamahlaya abafowethu abanezindima eziphakeme. Ngo-1938, uDuke wasebenza njengomqhubi weSymharmonic Symphony Orchestra, owachitha e-Saint-Reggie Hotel.
Ngemuva konyaka, abaculi abasha lapho bebhekene ne-tenor-saxophonist Ben Webster kanye ne-counterbasist Jim Blenton bathululelwa eqenjini le-Ellington. Abafana ababili bashintsha umsindo we-Duke Orchestra, eyamkhuthaza kuhambo olusha lwaseYurophu. Umculi Mastery Sazise kakhulu isitoko somqhubi we-English Leopold Stock kanye nomqambi waseRussia u-Igor Stravinsky.
Ngo-1942, u-Ellington ubhala umculo nge-tepi "indlu emafwini", kwathi ngoJanuwari ngonyaka olandelayo aqoqa ihholo leCarnegie eligcwele lekhonsathi eNew York. Imali engenayo ekhonsathini yaya ku-Soviet Union phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili.
Ngemuva kwesesibili selithakazelisa umhlaba, umphakathi kuJazz waqala ukuwa - abantu babhapathizwa esimweni sokudangala futhi besaba njalo. Ngesikhathi esithile, uDuke wakwazi ukwenza futhi akhokhe imali ekhokhwayo yomkhankaso (kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nasephaketheni lakhe), kodwa ekugcineni, abaculi badumala kukho konke. U-Ellington waqala ukuthola imisebenzi yesikhashana ephilayo ngesimo sokubhala umculo wamafilimu.
Noma kunjalo, ngo-1956, uDuke wakwazi ukubuyela eJazz ngempumelelo eJazz, enze umkhosi wohlobo lweNewreport. Ngokubambisana nomhlaseli uWilliam Straihorn kanye nabadlali abasha, u-Ellington wajabulisa abalaleli abanezingoma ezinjalo njengeLady Mac kanye nohhafu wobumnandi, ngokusekelwe kwimisebenzi kaWilliam Shakespeare.
Amashumi ayisithupha ekhulu leminyaka elidlule waba inani lesibili emsebenzini womculi - ngalesi sikhathi uDuke wanikeza imiklomelo eyishumi nanye "uGrammy" ngokulandelana. Ngo-1969, u-Ellington wanikezwa umyalo wenkululeko. Umklomelo kaDuke wethulwa nguMongameli we-US memongeli uRichard Nixon. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi eminyakeni emithathu ngaphambili, u-Ellington wanikezwa omunye uMongameli - uLindon Johnson.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UDuke washada kusenesikhathi ngokwanele - ngoJulayi 2, 1918 (Ngaleso sikhathi, umfana wawungu-18). Umkakhe waba ngu-Edna Thompson, emshadweni u-Ellington wahlala kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe.
NgoMashi 11, 1919, umfana wazalwa umbhangqwana. Ingane yaqanjwa ngokuthi uMerner.
Ukushona
Ngokokuqala ngqa, uDuke wazizwa kabi ngenkathi esebenza emculweni wefilimu ethi "Ukushintshana Kwezingqondo", kepha-ke umculi akazange anake kakhulu. Ngo-1973, u-Ellington wabona umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ngonyaka olandelayo wacosha inyumoniya futhi agijime.
NgoMeyi 24, 1974, uJazzman akazange. U-Ellington wangcwatshwa ngezinsuku ezintathu eWoodlon endala kakhulu yaseNew York, etholakala eBronx.
Ngokusobala uDuke unikeze umklomelo wePulitzer, kwathi ngo-1976 maphakathi negama lakhe ladalwa eSontweni LaseLuthere laseSt. Peter. Lesi sikhungo sihlotshiswe ngezithombe ezikhanyisa izikhathi ezikhanyayo ze-biography yomculi.
Ukwakhelekile
- 1940 - I-Okeh Ellington
- 1944 - Black, Brown & Beige
- 1952 - Lokhu nguDuke Ellington ne-Orchestra yakhe
- Ngo-1957 - eMellotone
- I-1959 - Iseshini Yomkhosi
- Ngo-1964 - Amakhonsathi amakhulu eLondon
- Ngo-1964 - I-O'Clock Enye Yeqa
- Ngo-1968 - Kepha umama wambiza ngoBill
- 1972 - Ama-Ellington Suites